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The exoplanet is HD 189733b, a gas giant similar to Jupiter, but about 14 percent larger and more massive. The planet circles its star at a distance of only 3 million miles, or about 30 times closer than Earth's distance from the sun, and completes an orbit every 2.2 days. Its star, named HD 189733A, is about 80 percent the size and mass of our sun.
Astronomers classify the planet as a "hot Jupiter." Previous Hubble observations show that the planet's deep atmosphere reaches a temperature of about 1,900 degrees Fahrenheit (1,030 C).
HD 189733b periodically passes across, or transits, its parent star, and these events give astronomers an opportunity to probe its atmosphere and environment. In a previous study, a group led by Lecavelier des Etangs used Hubble to show that hydrogen gas was escaping from the planet's upper atmosphere. The finding made HD 189733b only the second-known "evaporating" exoplanet at the time.
The system is just 63 light-years away, so close that its star can be seen with binoculars near the famous Dumbbell Nebula. This makes HD 189733b an ideal target for studying the processes that drive atmospheric escape.
When HD 189733b transits its star, some of the star's light passes through the planet's atmosphere. This interaction imprints information on the composition and motion of the planet's atmosphere into the star's light.
In April 2010, the researchers observed a single transit using Hubble's Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS), but they detected no trace of the planet's atmosphere. Follow-up STIS observations in September 2011 showed a surprising reversal, with striking evidence that a plume of gas was streaming away from the exoplanet.
The researchers determined that at least 1,000 tons of gas was leaving the planet's atmosphere every second. The hydrogen atoms were racing away at speeds greater than 300,000 mph.
Because X-rays and extreme ultraviolet starlight heat the planet's atmosphere and likely drive its escape, the team also monitored the star with Swift's X-ray Telescope (XRT). On Sept. 7, 2011, just eight hours before Hubble was scheduled to observe the transit, Swift was monitoring the star when it unleashed a powerful flare. It brightened by 3.6 times in X-rays, a spike occurring atop emission levels that already were greater than the sun's. Astronomers estimate that HD 189733b encountered about 3 million times as many X-rays as Earth receives from a solar flare at the threshold of the X class.
Fomalhaut is the brightest star in the constellation Piscis Austrinus and lies 25 light-years away.
In November 2008, Hubble astronomers announced the exoplanet, named Fomalhaut b, as the first one ever directly imaged in visible light around another star. The object was imaged just inside a vast ring of debris surrounding but offset from the host star. The planet's location and mass — about three times Jupiter's — seemed just right for its gravity to explain the ring's appearance.
Recent studies have claimed that this planetary interpretation is incorrect. Based on the object's apparent motion and the lack of an infrared detection by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, they argue that the object is a short-lived dust cloud unrelated to any planet.
A new analysis, however, brings the planet conclusion back to life.
"Astronomers thought disk galaxies in the nearby universe had settled into their present form by about 8 billion years ago, with little additional development since," said Susan Kassin, an astronomer at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., and the study's lead researcher. "The trend we've observed instead shows the opposite, that galaxies were steadily changing over this time period."
Today, star-forming galaxies take the form of orderly disk-shaped systems, such as the Andromeda Galaxy or the Milky Way, where rotation dominates over other internal motions. The most distant blue galaxies in the study tend to be very different, exhibiting disorganized motions in multiple directions. There is a steady shift toward greater organization to the present time as the disorganized motions dissipate and rotation speeds increase. These galaxies are gradually settling into well-behaved disks.
Blue galaxies — their color indicates stars are forming within them — show less disorganized motions and ever-faster rotation speeds the closer they are observed to the present. This trend holds true for galaxies of all masses, but the most massive systems always show the highest level of organization.
Researchers say the distant blue galaxies they studied are gradually transforming into rotating disk galaxies like our own Milky Way.
On Dec. 11, 2010, images from the University of Arizona's Catalina Sky Survey, a project of NASA's Near Earth Object Observations Program, revealed the Scheila to be twice as bright as expected and immersed in a faint comet-like glow. Looking through the survey's archived images, astronomers inferred the outburst began between Nov. 11 and Dec. 3.
Three days after the outburst was announced, Swift's Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope (UVOT) captured multiple images and a spectrum of the asteroid. Ultraviolet sunlight breaks up the gas molecules surrounding comets; water, for example, is transformed into hydroxyl (OH) and hydrogen (H). But none of the emissions most commonly identified in comets — such as hydroxyl or cyanogen (CN) — show up in the UVOT spectrum. The absence of gas around Scheila led the Swift team to reject scenarios where exposed ice accounted for the activity.
Images show the asteroid was flanked in the north by a bright dust plume and in the south by a fainter one. The dual plumes formed as small dust particles excavated by the impact were pushed away from the asteroid by sunlight. Hubble observed the asteroid's fading dust cloud on Dec. 27, 2010, and Jan. 4, 2011.
The two teams found the observations were best explained by a collision with a small asteroid impacting Scheila's surface at an angle of less than 30 degrees, leaving a crater 1,000 feet across. Laboratory experiments show a more direct strike probably wouldn't have produced two distinct dust plumes. The researchers estimated the crash ejected more than 660,000 tons of dust—equivalent to nearly twice the mass of the Empire State Building.
For the collision animation go to #10759.
National Archive webpage: https://catalog.archives.gov/id/105636
SVS webpage: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13059
National Archives Identifier: 105636
Local Identifier: 306.10-23
Creator: U.S. Information Agency
From: Record Group 306: Records of the U.S. Information Agency, 1900-2003
This item was broadcast 07/10/1959
Production Series: New Horizons in Science
Launch of the Hubble Space Telescope, April 24-29 1990
Astronauts: Loren Shriver, Charles Bolden, Bruce McCandless, Steven Hawley, Kathryn Sullivan
09:50 - Launch
12:27 - Opening bay doors
20:40 - Taking telescope out of payload bay
24:50 - Deploying the solar arrays
26:08 - Deploying the high gain antennas
26:56 - Unfurling the first solar array
30:16 - EVA preparation
31:24 - Unfurling the second solar array
32:00 - Second solar array gets stuck
34:30 - Disable tension monitoring software to unfurl the solar array
36:25 - Go for Hubble release
39:07 - Student experiment
43:50 - Commands sent to open aperture door
45:45 - Thank you to training crew
46:40 - Thoughts on historical significance
50:09 - Closing bay doors
50:58 - Shuttle re-entry and landing
54:59 - Astronauts exiting Shuttle
Digitized tape of the press conference from June 27, 1990 where Ed Weiler and others explain the Hubble Space Telescope's spherical aberration problem and its impact to the science instruments. The aberration wouldn't much affect UV or IR observations, but the Wide Field Planetary Camera would be largely affected since it used visible wavelengths.
TRT: 30:00
Participants: Douglas Broome, HST Program Manager; Jean Olivier, Deputy Project Manager; Dr. Edward Weiler, HST Program Scientist at NASA HQ; Dr. Lennard A. Fisk, Associate Administrator Space Science and Applications at NASA HQ; Dr. Peter Stockman, Deputy Director of the Space Telescope Science Institute
Longer notes:
Describing the initial spherical aberration problem with the Hubble Space Telescope’s primary mirror. Describe how they conclusively determined the nature of the problem. It affects one of their science objectives. Weiler: “We can still do important science.” UV capability and IR capability not impacted. Spatial resolution is about at ground-based resolution. Explains impacts to each of the instruments.
HRS - will be able to do most of the science, just not in crowded fields, still excellent for planetary features, least impacted instrument
FOS - UV science not impacted except on crowded fields, quasar absorption lines won’t be impacted because point sources,
FOC - highest spatial resolution of the cameras, visible wavelengths will be ground-based resolution except maybe better for bright objects,
HSP - won’t be able to do science with high signal to noise, but can do about half of proposed science esp in UV
WFPC - probably no real science we can do with this because in visible
Fine guidance sensors for astrometry - can do 100% of science we proposed, will be able to look at star’s wobble to find exoplanets
Biggest impact is loss of spatial resolution for WFPC
Insurance policy - planned for maintenance program, are already building a second wide-field camera with a corrective mirror, think we can take out all the aberration and get back to original specification, 40% of science was going to be done with wide-field camera, developing NICMOS for near-IR capability that includes corrective optics
For HRS and FOS, have STIS under development which would replace spectrographic capabilities
Haven’t yet figured out how the problem occured; putting together a review board
Don’t know if the aberration is in the primary or secondary mirror
Didn’t test the two mirrors in combination because it would have been tremendously costly and difficult (hundreds of millions of dollars)
Cuts off at end
Audio missing from 11:10 - 11:20
After five spacewalks by the STS-125 mission to repair Hubble, commander Scott "Scooter" Altman confirmed a successful release of the Hubble telescope from the Space Shuttle Atlantis.
Shortly after the deploy, Maryland Sen. Barbara Mikulski visited controllers in Goddard's Space Telescope Operations Control Center. Mikulski, who praised the Hubble team for their hard work and dedication during this mission.
For more info: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2009/hubble_deploy.html
The Hubble Space Telescope is humanity’s window to the cosmos. Just in time for the release of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Hubble’s newest and final ‘Frontier Field’ image shows just how vast and crowded our universe is. There are thousands of galaxies in the narrow field of sky Hubble looked at – an area no bigger than looking at the sky through a soda straw. Thanks to Hubble, scientists estimate there are some two trillion galaxies. Now that’s a lot of galaxies in need of guarding!
So what exactly is a galaxy and what kind of superpower did Hubble use to capture this new image? Chat with NASA on Friday, May 5, from 6:00 a.m. – 11:30 a.m. ET to show your viewers this new deep field image, and find out how Hubble uses nature’s own magnifying lens to see some of the faintest galaxies ever seen.
Hubble’s Frontier Fields program uses the gravitational power of massive galaxy clusters deep in space to magnify the light of galaxies too faint and distant for Hubble to see directly. The resulting image is like a funhouse mirror, showing galaxies that appear distorted and stretched. This gravitational lensing effect is the best tool for finding and studying one of nature’s biggest secrets, something called dark matter.
**To book a window contact**
Michelle Handleman/ michelle.z.handleman@nasa.gov/ 301-286-0918
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Suggested Questions:
1. What is a galaxy and can you show us some that need guarding?
2. What superpower did Hubble use to see faint and distant galaxies in this new image?
3. Dark matter sounds like something a villain would use. How do missions like Hubble help us learn about one of nature’s biggest secrets?
4. Hubble just celebrated its 27th birthday. What’s next for the famous space telescope?
5. Where can we see this beautiful image and learn more about Hubble?
Location: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center / Greenbelt, Maryland
Interviews with:
Jim Jeletic / Hubble Space Telescope Deputy Project Manager
Dr. Padi Boyd / NASA Scientist
Dr. Dan Coe / Astronomer / Space Telescope Science Institute
Dr. Susana Deustua / Associate Scientist / Space Telescope Science Institute [Spanish interviews]
Video: NASA will roll all insert videos during live interviews. If needed, stations can roll a clean feed of all video at 5:45 a.m. ET on May 5, 2017, at the above listed satellite.
Learn more: nasa.gov/hubble
Follow us: @NASAHubble
Scientists are available for live TV or radio interviews on Thursday, Feb. 23, from 6:00 a.m. – 11:30 a.m. EST to share these exciting results with your morning viewers, and talk about how NASA is exploring these strange new worlds. We will also give you a sneak peek into upcoming NASA missions that will further the search for life in the universe.
HD Satellite Coordinates for G17-K18Upper: Galaxy 17 Ku-band Xp 18 Slot Upper| 91.0 ° W Longitude | DL 12069.0 MHz | Vertical Polarity | QPSK/DVB-S | FEC 3/4 | SR 13.235 Mbps | DR 18.2954 MHz | HD 720p | Format MPEG2 | Chroma Level 4:2:0 | Audio Embedded
**** To book a window contact **** Michelle Handleman/ michelle.z.handleman@nasa.gov/ 301-286-0918
Live Shot Details:
Location: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Greenbelt, Maryland
Scientists:
Dr. Paul Hertz / Director, Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Headquarters Washington
Dr. Padi Boyd / Chief , Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory
Dr. Nikole Lewis / Astronomer, Space Telescope Science Institute
Dr. Hannah Wakeford / NASA Scientist
NASA scientists chatted about the new FRONTIER FIELD image from the Hubble Space Telescope that takes us to the very edge of space and time. This is one of Hubble’s deepest views yet of the universe. There are thousands of galaxies in this image, each teeming with billions of stars, home to many strange distant worlds. Just as Captain Kirk and the crew of the Starship Enterprise have stretched our imagination for the last 50 years, for a quarter century Hubble has turned science fiction into science fact.
Hubble’s Frontier Fields program uses the power of massive galaxy clusters deep in space. The gravity of these clusters is so massive that it distorts and magnifies the light around it, allowing us to see the very faint light of the distant galaxies behind it.
**** To book a window contact **** Michelle Handleman / michelle.z.handleman@nasa.gov / 301-286-0918
Suggested Questions:
For more than a quarter century, Hubble has inspired generations of people around the world with its views of the universe. Can you show us the new "Frontier Field" image?
So this image is literally taking us back to the very edge of space and time. How is this image helping us explore the final frontier?
Star Trek has stretched our imagination for 50 years. The Starship Enterprise (and its successors) explored hundreds of strange new worlds. How does Hubble compare in seeking out life and new civilizations?
Star Trek helped us imagine many wonders out there in the Final Frontier. What are some of the wildest things Hubble has seen?
Where can we learn more? Can you #SpotHubble in everyday life? Find more Hubble on Twitter @NASA_Hubble
Mars Makes Major Comeback in Night Sky During Alignment With Earth
NASA To Release New Hubble Space Telescope Image of Mars
The night sky in late May will have a very special feature this year. That’s because Mars will shine bigger and brighter than any other time in the past two years as the Red Planet approaches the closest point in its orbit to Earth. No fancy telescopes are needed. You’ll be able to spot the Red Planet with the naked eye.
Mars and Earth travel at different speeds in their elliptical orbits around the sun. While they line up every 26 months, this will be Mars’ closest orbit to Earth since 2005!
The Hubble Space Telescope will take advantage of this great viewing opportunity and turn its gaze toward Mars to capture a new, detailed snapshot of the Red Planet.
NASA scientists are available on Friday, May 20th from 6:00 a.m. – 11:30 a.m. EDT to show your viewers Hubble’s newest image of Mars, tell you how you can spot Mars next weekend and show you some of Hubble’s other images of planets, moons, and fascinating objects in our solar system.
For 26 years, Hubble has taken stunning pictures of the planets right here in our solar system, in addition to its more than a million observations of far away galaxies and nebulae. These views of the planets in our solar system have provided scientists with a treasure trove of data about Earth’s closest neighbors.
****To book a window*** Contact: Michelle Handleman/ michelle.z.handleman@nasa.gov/ 301-286-0918 work
HD Satellite Coordinates for AMC9-K17: AMC-9 Ku-band Xp 17 Slot AB| 83.0 ° W Longitude | DL 12045.8 MHz | Horizontal Polarity | QPSK/DVB-S | FEC 3/4 | SR 13.235 Mbps | DR 18.2954 MHz | HD 720p | Format MPEG2 | Chroma Level 4:2:0 | Audio Embedded Click to learn more about Hubble's new Mars image. Or on Twitter @NASA_Hubble More about Mars in the night sky.
Since Hubble’s launch in 1990, Hubble has given humankind an unobstructed view of the universe that has rewritten the textbooks and profoundly transformed our understanding of the cosmos and our place among the stars. Hubble has given us a closer look at galaxies far, far away, and the planets and moons right here in our solar system. This is helping NASA in its quest to understand the solar system and beyond. Hubble continues to generate powerful images that show us the real ‘star wars,’ turning science fiction into science fact. Hubble Sees the Force Awakening in a Newborn Star. Click to download the new "lightsaber" image. Extended Hubble resource collection with additional videos, interviews, animations and packages