Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Predictions of air pollution are created using complex models that combine information about weather and the emissions, transformation, and transport of chemical species and particles. The Goddard Earth Observing System Composition Forecasting (GEOS-CF) system is a research model maintained by NASA’s Global Modeling and Assimilation Office to help scientists understand the causes and impact of air pollution. It is one of the highest resolution and most detailed models of its kind in the world, made possible through ongoing collaborations between NASA and university scientists. GEOS-CF tracks the concentrations of hundreds of gas phase chemical species and dozens of types of particles characterized by their composition and size. It is used by a wide variety of stakeholders around the world to develop new methods for improving local predictions, understanding the impact of pollution on human health, and improving the quality of NASA satellite datasets.

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) is the collective name for nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Scientists often group the two together because they have short lifetimes of only a few hours in the atmosphere and react frequently with each other. Nitrogen oxides affect human health in two important ways. Large concentrations of nitrogen oxides can damage the respiratory tract directly and contribute to the risk of asthma and respiratory infections. In addition, nitrogen oxide concentrations are a precursor for ozone production, which causes additional damage. Sources include vehicles, industry, and natural phenomena like lightning. Because of their short lifetime, nitrogen oxides are concentrated near the sources that emitted them and are visible in the animation near urban areas, power plants, and roadways.