The Winter of 2013 – 2014: A Cold, Snowy and Icy Winter in North America

The well-known Polar Vortex, frigid air originating in the Arctic, was pushed southward in the 2013 – 2014 winter by a high-pressure system in the Pacific, contributing to a cold, snowy and icy winter in North America.

By early December, snow blanketed the mountains in the western United States and by January and February snow and unusually cold weather, with some record-breaking low temperatures and snowfall amounts, had reached parts of Canada and the eastern United States. New York City, Philadelphia, and Chicago all had one of their ten snowiest winters, while Detroit had its snowiest winter on record.

Ice formed early in the 2013 – 2014 winter, and stayed late on the Great Lakes. The maximum ice extent, 92.5 %, occurred on March 6^th. This is the second most extensive ice cover observed over the Great Lakes during the satellite era (the record was 94.7% in 1979). Four of the Great Lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron and Erie) became 90% or more ice covered for the first time since 1994. Lake Michigan reached 93.3% ice cover on March 8, 2014, setting a new record. The ice season persisted until the official ice-off date of June 6^th. The extensive and thick ice cover on the Great Lakes in 2014 caused significant difficulties for shipping throughout the season.

Lake Superior reached its maximum ice extent on March 5^th at 95.7%.The United States Coast Guard icebreaker, USCGC Mackinaw, attempts to establish a shipping lane and escort three lake freighters from the Duluth area to the locks at Sault Ste. Marie. Although the locks opened for the shipping season on March 25^th, owing to the severe ice conditions the first freighter did not transit the locks until April 4^th. Part of the ship track of the Mackinaw is shown in the animation (from March 21^st to March 24^th 2014). Some views of the extensive ice cover, having a thickness up to 42 inches in eastern Lake Superior, are reminiscent of sea ice in polar oceans.