Carroll is a lunar crater provisionally named by the Artemis II crew in honor of Commander Reid Wiseman's late wife Carroll Taylor Wiseman. It can be seen from Earth in backyard telescopes if you know where and when to look. Two maps show its location near the western limb of the Moon's near side. || 5646 || How to See the Proposed Carroll Crater || Carroll is a lunar crater provisionally named by the Artemis II crew in honor of Commander Reid Wiseman's late wife Carroll Taylor Wiseman. (The name is in the process of being submitted to the International Astronomical Union, the entity responsible for naming planetary features.) It can be seen from Earth in backyard telescopes if you know where and when to look. Two maps on this page show its location near the western limb of the Moon's near side, and a table lists the dates of especially favorable librations.Carroll is located at 18.633°N, 86.533°W. Although small (6 kilometers or 4 miles wide), it is relatively young and surrounded by bright ejecta that make it easier to find. It is in sunlight from Full Moon through the thin waning crescent just before New Moon, but it may be best seen in the early morning hours beginning at the Third Quarter phase, to take advantage of diurnal libration. At Third Quarter, the Sun is high over Carroll's neighborhood, so finding it relies on albedo features rather than shadows. Crater hop starting at Grimaldi, a prominent dark patch near the equator and just off the western edge of Oceanus Procellarum, and move north through Riccioli, Hedin, and Glushko, all of which have easily recognizeable features. || A map of the Moon's northwest quadrant during Third Quarter showing the location of Carroll crater. || carroll_high_sun.jpg (1200x900) [174.0 KB] || carroll_high_sun.tif (2048x1536) [3.0 MB] || A few days before New Moon, long shadows in Carroll's neighborhood make nearby craters easier to identify. Look for the equal-size pair of craters Cardanus and Krafft and take a short hop northwest to the nearby bright patch of ejecta. || A map of the Moon's northwest quadrant during the waning crescent phase showing the location of Carroll crater. || carroll_low_sun.jpg (1200x900) [138.2 KB] || carroll_low_sun.tif (2048x1536) [2.8 MB] || Favorable Libration Dates || Because Carroll is so close to the western limb of the Moon, its visibility depends crucially on lunar libration in both longitude and latitude. The following table lists the dates of the most favorable libration conditions through the end of 2029. If the Moon isn't above your horizon at the listed times, the libration will still be favorable up to a day before or afterward.| Date | Libration | View Angle | Sun Angle || :--- | :---: | ---: | ---: || 10 May 2026 16:00 UT | 0.796°N 7.405°W | 79.46° | 26.1° || 07 Jun 2026 18:00 UT | 0.648°S 7.514°W | 79.83° | 17.6° || 05 Jul 2026 11:00 UT | 1.567°S 6.789°W | 80.82° | 25.3° || 01 Aug 2026 09:00 UT | 1.246°S 5.433°W | 81.99° | 51.8° || 27 Aug 2026 21:00 UT | 0.118°S 4.458°W | 82.54° | 85.9° || 05 Apr 2027 06:00 UT | 3.830°S 5.129°W | 83.14° | 77.7° || 02 May 2027 22:00 UT | 4.341°S 5.880°W | 82.60° | 56.5° || 31 May 2027 00:00 UT | 5.283°S 6.836°W | 82.02° | 41.0° || 28 Jun 2027 07:00 UT | 6.198°S 7.488°W | 81.73° | 29.2° || 26 Jul 2027 18:00 UT | 6.772°S 7.524°W | 81.89° | 21.7° || 24 Aug 2027 06:00 UT | 6.717°S 6.789°W | 82.56° | 19.4° || 21 Sep 2027 06:00 UT | 6.261°S 5.480°W | 83.63° | 27.1° || 16 Oct 2027 09:00 UT | 6.534°S 4.717°W | 84.43° | 73.7° || 21 Jun 2028 15:00 UT | 4.162°S 5.226°W | 83.15° | 84.1° || 19 Jul 2028 09:00 UT | 3.693°S 6.135°W | 82.14° | 64.7° || 16 Aug 2028 15:00 UT | 2.373°S 6.802°W | 81.07° | 51.3° || 14 Sep 2028 00:00 UT | 0.601°S 6.951°W | 80.34° | 39.6° || 12 Oct 2028 08:00 UT | 1.288°N 6.361°W | 80.28° | 28.4° || 09 Nov 2028 08:00 UT | 2.704°N 5.100°W | 81.02° | 20.2° || 06 Dec 2028 08:00 UT | 2.583°N 3.944°W | 82.15° | 35.6° || 01 Jan 2029 06:00 UT | 0.450°N 4.527°W | 82.29° | 75.9° || 09 Aug 2029 00:00 UT | 3.219°N 5.422°W | 80.55° | 85.5° || 05 Sep 2029 13:00 UT | 3.533°N 6.485°W | 79.45° | 63.3° || 03 Oct 2029 11:00 UT | 4.402°N 7.357°W | 78.35° | 45.7° || 31 Oct 2029 13:00 UT | 5.411°N 7.574°W | 77.82° | 30.8° || 28 Nov 2029 12:00 UT | 6.126°N 6.937°W | 78.21° | 19.8° || 25 Dec 2029 23:00 UT | 6.308°N 5.695°W | 79.32° | 28.5° | || Planets & Moons || Artemis Program (Human Spaceflight — Moon to Mars) (Artemis) || DEM (Digital Elevation Map) [LRO: LOLA] || LROC WAC Color Mosaic (Natural Color Hapke Normalized WAC Mosaic) [Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter: LRO Camera] || DE421 (JPL DE421) || Ernie Wright (USRA) as Visualizer ||

The experience guides listeners through a narrative journey across space exploration and science. || 14983 || “Cosmic Echoes” Audio Activation || The experience guides listeners through a narrative journey across space exploration and science, including:Historic milestones such as the radio “beeps” from Sputnik 1 and audio from the Apollo 11 mission.Natural electromagnetic waves in Earth’s magnetosphere and similar plasma waves detected near Jupiter.Astrophysics sonification using multi-wavelength data from NASA observatories including Chandra X-ray Observatory, Hubble Space Telescope, and Spitzer Space Telescope to “hear” the center of our galaxy.Earth science applications, including agricultural data from the Landsat program translated into musical patterns representing crop acreage.Planetary exploration sounds, such as wind and rover activity captured by Perseverance rover and flight audio from the Ingenuity helicopter on Mars.A concluding moment highlighting the touchdown signal from the Philae lander during the Rosetta mission. || SoundsofSpace.mp3 [11.2 MB] || Cosmic Echoes Audio Activation || CosmicEchoes.mp4 (1920x1080) [174.8 MB] || SoundsofSpace.mp3 [11.2 MB] || CosmicEchoes.srt [10.5 KB] || CosmicEchoes0.jpg (1920x1080) [594.9 KB] || Earth || Planets & Moons || Sun || Universe || Apollo Missions || Audio Stories || Jupiter || Landsat || Perseverance Mars Rover || Podcast || Narrated Movies || Erin Roberts (NASA/GSFC) as Producer || Jacob Pinter (eMITS) as Editor || Alexa Halford (NASA/GSFC) as Narrator || Alexa Halford (NASA/GSFC) as Scientist || Kathryn Mersmann (NASA/GSFC) as Technical support || Kathryn Mersmann (NASA/GSFC) as Accessibility ||

Over 6,000 worlds and counting! NASA recently reached an incredible milestone in the search for planets beyond our solar system: more than six thousand confirmed exoplanets. From blazing hot Jupiters to mysterious super-Earths and puffy gas giants, each new discovery expands our view of the galaxy and deepens our oldest questions.When the Hubble Space Telescope launched in 1990, not a single exoplanet was known. Yet Hubble’s precision and ultraviolet vision helped pioneer this field, revealing the atmospheres of distant worlds, tracing escaping gases, and uncovering exotic planets unlike anything in our solar system. Its studies have shown planets that are football-shaped, evaporating into space, or as dark as fresh asphalt, each one a testament to nature’s imagination.Today, Hubble continues to team up with NASA’s new generation of observatories like Webb, TESS, and the upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope to explore these alien worlds in ever greater detail. Together, they’re unraveling what these planets are made of, how they evolve, and whether some might harbor life. As we celebrate 6,000 confirmed exoplanets, we look ahead to the next 6,000 and to the discoveries still waiting beyond our cosmic horizon.For more information, visit science.nasa.gov/mission/hubbleCredit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Paul Morris: Lead ProducerVideo Credits:Artist’s Impression of WASP-121bNASA, ESA, and J. Olmsted (STScI)Music Credit:"Winds" by Frederik Helmut Wiedmann [GMR] via Thousand Notes Music [GMR] and Universal Production Music || || 14912 || The Weirdest Worlds Hubble Has Seen || Over 6,000 worlds and counting! NASA recently reached an incredible milestone in the search for planets beyond our solar system: more than six thousand confirmed exoplanets. From blazing hot Jupiters to mysterious super-Earths and puffy gas giants, each new discovery expands our view of the galaxy and deepens our oldest questions.When the Hubble Space Telescope launched in 1990, not a single exoplanet was known. Yet Hubble’s precision and ultraviolet vision helped pioneer this field, revealing the atmospheres of distant worlds, tracing escaping gases, and uncovering exotic planets unlike anything in our solar system. Its studies have shown planets that are football-shaped, evaporating into space, or as dark as fresh asphalt, each one a testament to nature’s imagination.Today, Hubble continues to team up with NASA’s new generation of observatories like Webb, TESS, and the upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope to explore these alien worlds in ever greater detail. Together, they’re unraveling what these planets are made of, how they evolve, and whether some might harbor life. As we celebrate 6,000 confirmed exoplanets, we look ahead to the next 6,000 and to the discoveries still waiting beyond our cosmic horizon.For more information, visit science.nasa.gov/mission/hubbleCredit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Paul Morris: Lead ProducerVideo Credits:Artist’s Impression of WASP-121bNASA, ESA, and J. Olmsted (STScI)Music Credit:"Winds" by Frederik Helmut Wiedmann [GMR] via Thousand Notes Music [GMR] and Universal Production Music || Master VersionHorizontal version. This is for use on any YouTube or non-YouTube platform where you want to display the video horizontally. || 14912_EXOPLANET_WIDE_PRINT.jpg (1920x1080) [763.5 KB] || 14912_EXOPLANET_WIDE_THUMB.jpg (1920x1080) [763.5 KB] || 14912_EXOPLANET_WIDE_SEARCH.jpg (320x180) [42.6 KB] || 14912_EXOPLANET_WIDE_MP4.mp4 (1920x1080) [598.1 MB] || 14912_EXOPLANET_WIDE_CAP.en_US.srt [7.0 KB] || 14912_EXOPLANET_WIDE_CAP.en_US.vtt [6.6 KB] || Vertical VersionThis vertical version of the episode is for IGTV or Snapchat. The IGTV episode can be pulled into Instagram Stories and the regular Instagram feed. || 14912_EXOPLANET_VERT_THUMB.jpg (1080x1920) [439.1 KB] || 14912_EXOPLANET_VERT_MP4.mp4 (1080x1920) [598.5 MB] || 14912_EXOPLANET_VERT_CAP.en_US.srt [6.4 KB] || Universe || Exoplanet || HST || Hubble Space Telescope || Paul Morris (eMITS) as Producer || Aaron E. Lepsch (ADNET Systems, Inc.) as Technical support ||

This gallery contains time series animations which utilizes the extensive Landsat data archive of Earth’s surface. Watch seasonal shifts in cropland, long-term coastline change, and more. || 15039 || Landsat and HLS (Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2) Time Series || This gallery contains time series animations which utilizes the extensive Landsat and HLS (Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2) data archive of Earth’s surface. Watch seasonal shifts in cropland, long-term coastline change, and more. || Landsat Time Series || 15005: Mount Saint Helens Recovery || 15037: The Receding Breiðamerkurjökull Glacier, Ic... || 15007: Urban Growth in Nouakchott, Mauritania || 15008: The Shrinking Amistad Reservoir || 15009: Water Loss in Lake Milh (Razzaza), Iraq || 15010: Lake Mead Recedes || 15017: Urban Growth in Las Vegas || 15019: Reno, Nevada and Surrounding Areas || 15020: The Shrinking Great Salt Lake || 15021: The Meandering Ucayali River || 15022: The Ephemeral Lake Carnegie || 15023: Erosion in the Beaufort Sea Coastline || 15024: Deforestation in Santa Cruz, Bolivia || 15025: Saudi Arabia’s Desert Agriculture || 15026: Deforestation in Paraguay’s Gran Chaco || 15027: Undamming the Klamath || 15029: Fluctuations in Egypt’s Lake Nasser || 15030: The Retreat of Alaska’s Mendenhall Glacier || 15034: Braided River in Tibet Redraws Its Channels || 15035: Forty Years of Change in Louisiana’s Wetlan... || HLS (Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2) Time Series || 15036: Lithium Ponds of Tibet’s Lake Zabuye || 15006: Lithium Ponds of Chile's Salar de Atacama || 15018: Agricultural Cycles in the Imperial Valley || 15028: Harmful Algal Blooms in California’s Pyrami... || 15031: Seasons Change in Southwest Virginia || 15032: Plants and Algae Swirl Across a South Afric... || Earth || Landsat || Remote Sensing || Satellite || Time Lapse || Time Machine || Time Series || Landsat || Landsat 7 || Landsat 8 || Landsat 9 || LDCM: Landsat Data Continuity Mission || Ross K. Walter (SSAI) as Visualizer ||

Short videos produced for and during the duration of the Artemis II flight || || 15012 || Artemis II Mission Social Media Products || Short videos produced for and during the duration of the Artemis II flight || "Moments of Moon Joy," Produced by Ryan FitzgibbonsMusic: "Flight," Universal Production MusicContains both horizontal and vertical formats. || Moon_Joy_Horizontal_Thumb.png (1920x1080) [3.7 MB] || Moon_Joy_Vertical_Thumb.png (1080x1920) [3.4 MB] || Moon_Joy_Horizontal_Thumb_print.jpg (1024x576) [311.6 KB] || Moon_Joy_Horizontal_Thumb_searchweb.png (320x180) [125.3 KB] || Moon_Joy_Horizontal_Thumb_thm.png (80x40) [8.3 KB] || Moon_Joy_Horizontal.mp4 (1920x1080) [103.5 MB] || Moon_Joy_Vertical_CaptionsOn.mp4 (1080x1920) [103.9 MB] || Moon_Joy_Vertical_CaptionsOFF.mp4 (1080x1920) [103.8 MB] || Moon_Joy_Horizontal.en_US.srt [2.1 KB] || Moon_Joy_Horizontal.en_US.vtt [1.9 KB] || MoonJoy_Vertical.en_US.srt [2.2 KB] || MoonJoy_Vertical.en_US.vtt [2.1 KB] || "Day 5 Wrapup," Produced by Liz Wilk and Ryan FitzgibbonsMusic: "Timeless Icons," Universal Production Music || day5_wrapup_thumb.png (1182x2140) [2.2 MB] || day5_wrapup_thumb_print.jpg (1024x1853) [215.0 KB] || day5_wrapup_thumb_searchweb.png (320x180) [65.1 KB] || day5_wrapup_thumb_thm.png (80x40) [9.2 KB] || Wrap_up_Day_5_Vertical_YouTube.mp4 (1080x1920) [98.5 MB] || Wrap_up_Day_5_Vertical_YouTube.en_US.srt [2.7 KB] || Wrap_up_Day_5_Vertical_YouTube.en_US.vtt [2.6 KB] || "Solar Eclipse as Seen by Artemis II Crew," Produced by Ryan FitzgibbonsMusic: "Buttercups Bloom," Universal Production Music || eclipse_thumb.png (1188x2130) [1.8 MB] || eclipse_thumb_print.jpg (1024x1835) [170.5 KB] || eclipse_thumb_searchweb.png (320x180) [51.1 KB] || eclipse_thumb_thm.png (80x40) [7.6 KB] || Eclipse_Vertical.mp4 (1080x1920) [16.2 MB] || Planets & Moons || Artemis || Artemis Program (Human Spaceflight — Moon to Mars) (Artemis) || Ryan Fitzgibbons (eMITS) as Producer || Dan Gallagher (eMITS) as Producer || Lauren Ward (eMITS) as Producer || Sophia Roberts (eMITS) as Producer || Swarupa Nune (eMITS) as Producer || James Tralie (eMITS) as Producer || Lacey Young (eMITS) as Producer || Joy Ng (eMITS) as Producer || Elizabeth C. Wilk (eMITS) as Producer || Paul Morris (eMITS) as Producer || Aaron E. Lepsch (ADNET Systems, Inc.) as Technical support || Sarah Loff (Mori Associates Inc) as Production manager ||

From 1986 to 2024, the Mendenhall Glacier retreated by about a mile and in some places thinned by 2,000 feet. This Landsat time series uses infrared bands to differentiate ice, rocks, soil, and vegetation. Although Mendenhall’s retreat began centuries ago, warming has accelerated its decline. The Juneau Icefield, Mendenhall’s source, lost 63 of 1,050 glaciers and 10% of its ice between 2005 and 2019. || 15030 || The Retreat of Alaska’s Mendenhall Glacier || From 1986 to 2024, the Mendenhall Glacier retreated by about a mile and in some places thinned by 2,000 feet. This Landsat time series uses infrared bands to differentiate ice, rocks, soil, and vegetation. Although Mendenhall’s retreat began centuries ago, warming has accelerated its decline. The Juneau Icefield, Mendenhall’s source, lost 63 of 1,050 glaciers and 10% of its ice between 2005 and 2019. || An infrared-color Landsat time series of Alaska’s Mendenhall Glacier, spanning from 1986 to 2024, showing its retreat of nearly a mile and thinning of up to 2,000 feet as warming accelerates ice loss. || Mendenhall_Glacier,Alaska-Hyperwall.mp4 (5760x3240) [619.8 MB] || Mendenhall_Glacier,_Alaska-Web.mp4 (1920x1080) [6.3 MB] || Mendenhall_Glacier,_Alaska-_Vertical.mp4 (1080x1920) [125.7 MB] || 15030---Mendenhall-Glacier_thumb.png (1280x720) [1.5 MB] || 15030---Mendenhall-Glacier_print.jpg (1280x720) [822.2 KB] || 15030---Mendenhall-Glacier_searchweb.jpg (1280x720) [822.2 KB] || Earth || Glaciers || Landsat || Satellite || Time Series || Landsat || [Landsat] || Ross K. Walter (SSAI) as Visualizer ||

Egypt’s Lake Nasser is one of the world’s largest man-made lakes, stretching over 300 miles long and 10 miles wide. This time series shows Landsat’s view of Lake Nasser’s transformation between 1972 and 2024, during which the lake’s water levels fluctuate dramatically due to the region’s arid climate and seasonal rainfall. High evaporation rates in the dry season can cause the lake to shrink, while flooding seasons can bring the water levels to a high point. || || 15029 || Fluctuations in Egypt’s Lake Nasser || Egypt’s Lake Nasser is one of the world’s largest man-made lakes, stretching over 300 miles long and 10 miles wide. This time series shows Landsat’s view of Lake Nasser’s transformation between 1972 and 2024, during which the lake’s water levels fluctuate dramatically due to the region’s arid climate and seasonal rainfall. High evaporation rates in the dry season can cause the lake to shrink, while flooding seasons can bring the water levels to a high point. || A natural-color Landsat time series of Egypt’s Lake Nasser from 1972 to 2024, showing annual fluctuations in water levels caused by seasonal rainfall and evaporation in the arid region. || Lake_Nasser,Egypt-Hyperwall.mp4 (5760x3240) [600.0 MB] || Lake-Nasser-Egypt-Vertical.mp4 (1080x1920) [57.8 MB] || Lake_Nasser,_Egypt-_Web.mp4 (1920x1080) [9.9 MB] || 15029---Lake-Nasser_thumb.png (1280x720) [1.3 MB] || 15029---Lake-Nasser_print.jpg (1280x720) [544.9 KB] || 15029---Lake-Nasser_searchweb.jpg (1280x720) [544.9 KB] || Earth || Lake || Landsat || Satellite || Time Series || Water || Landsat || [Landsat] || Ross K. Walter (SSAI) as Visualizer ||

The Great Salt Lake is shrinking. Driven by upstream water diversions and a shifting climate, the largest saline lake in the Western Hemisphere has experienced a severe, decades-long decline. This time series captures the transformation of the Great Salt Lake, watching it plummet from historic highs in the 1980s to record low water levels in the 2020s. || 15020 || The Shrinking Great Salt Lake || The Great Salt Lake is shrinking. Driven by upstream water diversions and a shifting climate, the largest saline lake in the Western Hemisphere has experienced a severe, decades-long decline. This time series captures the transformation of the Great Salt Lake, watching it plummet from historic highs in the 1980s to record low water levels in the 2020s. || A natural-color Landsat time series of the Great Salt Lake, spanning from 1984 to 2023, highlighting the dramatic loss of water over time. || Salt-Lake-Hyperwall.mp4 (5760x3240) [702.2 MB] || Salt_Lake_-_Web.mp4 (1920x1080) [15.5 MB] || Salt-Lake-vertical-1.mp4 (2160x3840) [62.6 MB] || Salt-Lake-vertical-2.mp4 (2160x3840) [62.1 MB] || Salt-Lake-vertical-3.mp4 (2160x3840) [62.1 MB] || TheGreatSaltLake_Thumb.png (1280x720) [1.6 MB] || TheGreatSaltLake_Print.jpg (1280x720) [256.0 KB] || TheGreatSaltLake_SearchWeb.jpg (1280x720) [256.0 KB] || Earth || Landsat || Satellite || Time Series || Water || Landsat || [Landsat] || Ross K. Walter (SSAI) as Visualizer || Allison Nussbaum (SSAI) as Visualizer ||

In this animation, crop fields in Saudi Arabia cycle through their growing seasons. Corn, barley, sorghum, and wheat—Saudi Arabia’s four main crops—all follow different crop calendars, but the bulk of the harvesting occurs in late spring and early summer. The time series spans 2024 and January 2025. || 15025 || Saudi Arabia’s Desert Agriculture || In this animation, crop fields in Saudi Arabia cycle through their growing seasons. Corn, barley, sorghum, and wheat—Saudi Arabia’s four main crops—all follow different crop calendars, but the bulk of the harvesting occurs in late spring and early summer. The time series spans 2024 and January 2025. In this false-color band combination, which combines near-infrared, red, and green wavelengths of light, bright red represents healthy plants, whereas black or grey represents stressed vegetation or fallow fields. The circular fields are a result of center-pivot irrigation. In the water-scarce desert of Saudi Arabia, water for crops is pumped from aquifers buried deep underground. This water dates back to the last Ice Age. To reach it, Saudi Arabians have drilled wells as much as a kilometer below the region’s sandy surface. Since these farms get very little rainfall each year, these aquifers don’t get replenished; it’s likely that they’ll run dry within decades. || An infrared-color Landsat time series of crop fields in Saudi Arabia, spanning 2024 to January 2025, showing seasonal vegetation cycles with near-infrared, red, and green light. || Saudi-Arabia-Crops-Hyperwall.mp4 (5760x3240) [1.0 GB] || Saudi_Arabia_Crops_-Web.mp4 (1920x1080) [8.6 MB] || Saudi_Arabia_Crops-_Vertical.mp4 (1080x1920) [107.0 MB] || SaudiArabia_Thumb.png (1280x720) [1.8 MB] || SaudiArabia_Print.jpg (1280x720) [259.8 KB] || SaudiArabia_SearchWeb.jpg (1280x720) [259.8 KB] || Earth || Agriculture || Biosphere || Landsat || Satellite || Time Series || Landsat || [Landsat] || Ross K. Walter (SSAI) as Visualizer ||

The animation showcases the Valley and Ridge province of the Appalachian Mountains, named for its characteristic parallel ridges and valleys. When the supercontinent Pangea formed, the region was compressed, one of the factors producing this folded landscape.The region’s forests, largely deciduous, undergo color change in the fall before shedding their leaves. Certain species change color earlier, while others lose their green pigment later in the season. || 15031 || Seasons Change in Southwest Virginia || As the seasons sweep through southwest Virginia, the lush summer landscape transforms, fading into fall and winter.From October 4 to December 6, 2025, the forests in this animation turn from green to orange to brown before being blanketed by white snow. The animation is composed of images from Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS), a NASA product that combines imagery from the NASA/USGS Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 satellites and the European Space Agency’s Sentinel-2A, 2B, and 2C satellites.The animation showcases the Valley and Ridge province of the Appalachian Mountains, named for its characteristic parallel ridges and valleys. When the supercontinent Pangea formed, the region was compressed, one of the factors producing this folded landscape.The region’s forests, largely deciduous, undergo color change in the fall before shedding their leaves. Certain species change color earlier, while others lose their green pigment later in the season. Because of Virginia’s rich tree diversity—nearly 100 species of deciduous trees are native to the state—the landscape becomes a patchwork of shifting colors. || A natural-color HLS time series of southwest Virginia's forests, spanning from October 4 to December 6, 2025, showing the dramatic seasonal transformation as lush summer landscapes fade through fall and into winter across the Appalachian Mountains. || Southwest_Virginia_-Hyperwall.mp4 (5760x3240) [335.3 MB] || Southwest_Virginia-_Web.mp4 (1920x1080) [10.9 MB] || Blacksburg-Va-FadeToWinter-Vertical.mp4 (2160x3840) [42.3 MB] || 15031---Southwest-Virginia_thumb.png (1280x720) [1.9 MB] || 15031---Southwest-Virginia_print.jpg (1280x720) [940.6 KB] || 15031---Southwest-Virginia_searchweb.jpg (1280x720) [940.6 KB] || Earth || Landsat || Satellite || Seasons || Time Series || Landsat || [Landsat] || Ross K. Walter (SSAI) as Visualizer ||

This collection of Landsat time series explores dynamic landscape changes across the Sierra Nevada. It shows a four-decade look at rapid urban expansion in Reno, Nevada with a targeted, false-color analysis of severe late-2021 wildfire burn scars near Lake Tahoe. || 15019 || Reno, Nevada and Surrounding Areas || This collection of Landsat time series explores dynamic landscape changes across the Sierra Nevada. It shows a four-decade look at rapid urban expansion in Reno, Nevada with a targeted, false-color analysis of severe late-2021 wildfire burn scars near Lake Tahoe. || A natural-color Landsat time series of Reno, Nevada, spanning 1985 to 2025, showing urban development and the historical accumulation of burn scars in the surrounding region. || Reno_Nevada_and_Surrounding_Areas_-Hyperwall.mp4 (5760x3240) [543.5 MB] || Reno-Nevada-Vertical.mp4 (1080x1920) [6.8 MB] || Reno_Nevada-Web.mp4 (1920x1080) [4.5 MB] || Reno_Thumb.png (1280x720) [1.9 MB] || Reno_Print.jpg (1280x720) [276.4 KB] || Reno_SearchWeb.jpg (1280x720) [276.4 KB] || A false-color Landsat time series (using bands 7, 5, 2) of the Lake Tahoe region, spanning July 4 to December 3, 2021, highlighting severe burn scars and the loss of vegetation from fire activity. || Lake_Tahoe-Burn_Scars-Hyperwall.mp4 (5760x3240) [143.7 MB] || Burn_Scars_Near_Lake_Tahoe-Infrared_Color-Vertical.mp4 (1080x1920) [10.3 MB] || Burn_Scars_Near_Lake_Tahoe-_Web.mp4 (1920x1080) [4.5 MB] || LakeTahoe_Thumb.png (1280x720) [1.9 MB] || LakeTahoe_Print.jpg (1280x720) [400.0 KB] || LakeTahoe_SearchWeb.jpg (1280x720) [400.0 KB] || Earth || Fire Management || Landsat || Satellite || Time Series || Urban Growth || Landsat || [Landsat] || Ross K. Walter (SSAI) as Visualizer ||

Images from studies of fire's behavior in microgravity aboard the ISS. || 31394 || NASA Studies Fire in Microgravity || While setting a fire in space sounds like a bad idea, scientists have been safely creating controlled flames in space for decades. These experiments, many of which are sponsored by NASA’s Biological and Physical Sciences (BPS) Division, are improving our understanding of combustion and the safety of future deep space explorers. What causes flames to behave differently in space? When you remove Earth’s gravitational pull, flames behave much differently. The typical shape of a candle flame is caused by less dense warm air rising to be replaced by cooler ambient air from below. In microgravity, however, that circulation effect does not happen, creating a spherical flame! Why study flames in space? Gravity is a strong force that can cloud scientific studies on Earth. Studying combustion in microgravity provides a unique opportunity for scientists to better understand the fundamental aspects of combustion without that clouding effect of gravity. Additionally, researchers study fire in space to better protect astronauts. Astronauts must know what to expect in case of a fire emergency. Unlike on Earth, Astronauts cannot leave the spacecraft and dial 911. The spacecraft environment must be made as safe as possible by using materials that do not burn whenever possible. Some materials may even be more flammable in partial-gravity environments, making this research crucial. How to study fire in microgravity? Researchers have designed International Space Station facilities to study combustion while keeping crew safe during the tests. The primary facility used to study flames aboard station is the Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR). CIR safely contains small-scale flame studies and requires little crew interaction. The BPS-sponsored Solid Fuel Ignition and Extinction (SoFIE) experiment is designed to slot into the CIR and enables studies of ignition and the flammability of solid spacecraft materials. Larger scale flame studies have been conducted aboard Northrop Grumman Cygnus spacecraft after they depart station. This Saffire series of experiments allowed for scaled-up studies of fire spread. || Part of the Solid Fuel Ignition and Extinction investigation (SoFIE), this image shows a thin fabric sheet burning in a quiescent chamber in microgravity. The burning sample generates its own flow as fuel is vaporized, drawing fresh oxygen into the flame. The flame brightens periodically as oxygen is drawn in: first strengthening the flame, followed by flame dimming as the fuel is consumed locally and must re-accumulate. Images are 0.2 s apart. || RTDFS_24303R1343C_Montage-0pt2-s-apart_1080p.png (1920x1080) [2.5 MB] || RTDFS_24303R1343C_Montage-0pt2-s-apart_hw.png (3840x2160) [9.6 MB] || RTDFS_24303R1343C_Montage-0pt2-s-apart_max.png (5867x3300) [17.1 MB] || This image shows a sequence of snapshots taken about 3 seconds apart during the Solid Fuel Ignition and Extinction (SoFIE) Growth and Extinction Limits (GEL) experiment aboard the space station. || jsc2023e013681.jpg (1920x1080) [253.2 KB] || This image is from the Solid Fuel Ignition and Extinction (SoFIE) Growth and Extinction Limits (GEL) experiment aboard the space station. || R134346C-opposed-flow-air-0.5mmPMMA-1080p.png (1920x1080) [918.6 KB] || R134346C-opposed-flow-air-0.5mmPMMA-hw.png (3840x2160) [3.2 MB] || R134346C-opposed-flow-air-0.5mmPMMA-max.png (7111x4000) [9.5 MB] || This image is from the Solid Fuel Ignition and Extinction (SoFIE) experiment aboard the space station. || 24303R1343C-SoFIE3-Montage-hw.png (1920x1080) [543.0 KB] || For more information, visit Combusion Science. || Earth || Biological & Physical Sciences || Fire Characteristics || ISS || Microgravity || Amy Moran (Global Science and Technology, Inc.) as Technical support ||

Green algae swirls across the blue waters of Nevada’s Pyramid Lake. This time series of Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) imagery from August 28 to November 6, 2024 shows the explosive growth and decline of these blooms, which form when a flood of nutrients meets warm water and abundant sunlight. Under these conditions, toxic cyanobacteria can multiply rapidly, releasing liver-damaging toxins that threaten public health. || 15028 || Harmful Algal Blooms in California’s Pyramid Lake || Green algae swirls across the blue waters of Nevada’s Pyramid Lake. This time series of Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) imagery from August 28 to November 6, 2024 shows the explosive growth and decline of these blooms, which form when a flood of nutrients meets warm water and abundant sunlight. Under these conditions, toxic cyanobacteria can multiply rapidly, releasing liver-damaging toxins that threaten public health. Though HLS cannot detect if a bloom is harmful from space, the imagery can provide an early warning system for local water managers for new algal growth. || A natural-color HLS time series of Pyramid Lake's algal bloom formation, spanning from August 28 to November 6, 2024, documenting the development, peak intensity, and decline of the bloom across the water. || Pyramid_Lake_-Hyperwall.mp4 (5760x3240) [239.8 MB] || Pyramid_Lake-_Web.mp4 (1920x1080) [9.5 MB] || Pyramid-Lake-Vertical.mp4 (2160x3840) [42.2 MB] || 15028---Pyramid-Lake_thumb.png (1280x720) [1.4 MB] || 15028---Pyramid-Lake_print.jpg (1280x720) [588.4 KB] || 15028---Pyramid-Lake_searchweb.jpg (1280x720) [588.4 KB] || Earth || Algae Blooms || Lake || Landsat || Satellite || Time Series || Landsat || [Landsat] || Ross K. Walter (SSAI) as Visualizer ||

Between October 2023 and October 2024, the four dams comprising the Klamath Hydroelectric Project were taken down. Gates opened, dams were blasted apart, reservoir drawdown began. The result, at first, was a rush of sediment that muddied the waters of the Klamath River. As the river flowed toward the Pacific Ocean, water levels lowered, exposing previously submerged land to sunlight. || 15027 || Undamming the Klamath || Between October 2023 and October 2024, the four dams comprising the Klamath Hydroelectric Project were taken down. Gates opened, dams were blasted apart, reservoir drawdown began. The result, at first, was a rush of sediment that muddied the waters of the Klamath River. As the river flowed toward the Pacific Ocean, water levels lowered, exposing previously submerged land to sunlight. In this time series, you can see the Klamath turn murky brown with sediment, then watch as its reservoirs drain into a thin stream.The first Klamath dams were built in the early 1900s, disrupting a critical migration route for salmon in Oregon and California. The removal of the dams opens more than 400 miles of salmon habitat. In October 2024, as the last obstacles were cleared from the river, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife identified the first fall-run of Chinook salmon since 1912. By spring 2025, flowers could be seen blooming on Klamath’s riverbanks. Local managers have been seeding the newly exposed land with native vegetation with the goal of improving soil quality and stability. || A natural-color Landsat time series of the Klamath River from 2023 to 2025, showing reservoirs draining and sediment surging as four dams were removed, reopening salmon habitat for the first time in a century. || Klamath_River_Reservoir_-Hyperwall.mp4 (5760x3240) [351.7 MB] || Klamath_River_Reservoir-Web.mp4 (1920x1080) [8.6 MB] || Klamath_River_Reservoirs-_Vertical.mp4 (1080x1920) [8.6 MB] || Klamath_Thumb.png (1280x720) [1.5 MB] || Klamath_Print.jpg (1280x720) [213.5 KB] || Klamath_SearchWeb.jpg (1280x720) [213.5 KB] || Earth || Landsat || River || Satellite || Time Series || Landsat || [Landsat] || Ross K. Walter (SSAI) as Visualizer ||

For the past 40 years, the coastline of Alaska’s Beaufort Sea has been retreating. This time series uses near-infrared imagery to contrast land and water, highlighting how thawing permafrost and longer ice-free seasons have accelerated coastal erosion, reshaping the Arctic landscape. || 15023 || Erosion in the Beaufort Sea Coastline || For the past 40 years, the coastline of Alaska’s Beaufort Sea has been retreating. This time series uses near-infrared imagery to contrast land and water, highlighting how thawing permafrost and longer ice-free seasons have accelerated coastal erosion, reshaping the Arctic landscape. || An near-infrared-color Landsat time series of Alaska’s Beaufort Sea coastline, spanning 1985 to 2024, showing coastal erosion and changes to the shoreline over time. || Beaufort_Coastline,Alaska-Hyperwall.mp4 (5760x3240) [463.6 MB] || Beaufort_Coastline,_Alaska-Web.mp4 (1920x1080) [4.6 MB] || Beaufort_Coastline,_Alaska-_Vertical.mp4 (1080x1920) [6.9 MB] || BeaufortSea_Thumb.png (1280x720) [1.4 MB] || BeaufortSea_Print.jpg (1280x720) [254.4 KB] || BeaufortSea_SearchWeb.jpg (1280x720) [254.4 KB] || Earth || Erosion || Landsat || Satellite || Time Series || Landsat || [Landsat] || Ross K. Walter (SSAI) as Visualizer ||

On clear days in Hartbeespoort, South Africa, Landsat and Sentinel-2 images often reveal a reservoir with shades of deep blue interrupted by drifting patches of vivid green. Over the years, these shifting features have included algae blooms—which can affect water quality, ecosystems, and nearby human communities—along with several types of invasive aquatic plants. || || 15032 || Plants and Algae Swirl Across a South African Reservoir || On clear days in Hartbeespoort, South Africa, Landsat and Sentinel-2 images often reveal a reservoir with shades of deep blue interrupted by drifting patches of vivid green. Over the years, these shifting features have included algae blooms—which can affect water quality, ecosystems, and nearby human communities—along with several types of invasive aquatic plants. || A natural-color HLS time series showing vivid green blooms forming, drifting, and fading in Hartbeespoort Dam over the course of a year. || Hartbeespoort_Dam_-Hyperwall.mp4 (5760x3240) [450.0 MB] || Hartbeespoort_Dam-Web.mp4 (1920x1080) [22.3 MB] || Hartbeespoort_Dam-_Vertical.mp4 (2160x3840) [56.5 MB] || 15032---Hartbeespoort-Dam_thumb.png (1280x720) [1.7 MB] || 15032---Hartbeespoort-Dam_print.jpg (1280x720) [744.7 KB] || 15032---Hartbeespoort-Dam_searchweb.jpg (1280x720) [744.7 KB] || Earth || Landsat || Remote Sensing || Time Lapse || Time Series || Landsat || [Landsat] || Ross K. Walter (SSAI) as Visualizer ||

Forty decades of agricultural expansion in Bolivia have completely transformed the landscape. This time series zooms in on a region east of Santa Cruz, where soybean producers cleared tropical dry forests to make way for farms. The broad green expanse is replaced with striking geometric patterns of rectangular fields, protective windbreaks, and radial settlements. || 15024 || Deforestation in Santa Cruz, Bolivia || Forty decades of agricultural expansion in Bolivia have completely transformed the landscape. This time series zooms in on a region east of Santa Cruz, where soybean producers cleared tropical dry forests to make way for farms. The broad green expanse is replaced with striking geometric patterns of rectangular fields, protective windbreaks, and radial settlements. || A natural-color Landsat time series of Santa Cruz, Bolivia, spanning from 1985 to 2025, showing extensive deforestation in the region. || Santa_Cruz,Bolivia-Hyperwall.mp4 (5760x3240) [428.3 MB] || Santa_Cruz,_Bolivia-Vertical.mp4 (1080x1920) [12.8 MB] || Santa_Cruz,_Bolivia-_Web.mp4 (1920x1080) [8.6 MB] || SantaCruz_Thumb.png (1280x720) [1.8 MB] || SantaCruz_Print.jpg (1280x720) [338.9 KB] || SantaCruz_SearchWeb.jpg (1280x720) [338.9 KB] || Earth || Biosphere || Forestry || Landsat || Satellite || Time Series || Landsat || [Landsat] || Ross K. Walter (SSAI) as Visualizer ||

Lake Carnegie in Western Australia is typically a dry expanse, but transforms into a temporary oasis following intense tropical storms. These natural and infrared-color time series document the inundation triggered by rains, revealing stark seasonal shifts in water and vegetation across the Western Australian landscape. || 15022 || The Ephemeral Lake Carnegie || Lake Carnegie in Western Australia is typically a dry expanse, but transforms into a temporary oasis following intense tropical storms. These natural and infrared-color time series document the inundation triggered by rains, revealing stark seasonal shifts in water and vegetation across the Western Australian landscape. || A natural-color Landsat time series of Lake Carnegie, Australia, spanning August 2019 to July 2021, showing seasonal changes in water extent across the lake. || Lake_Carnegie_-Natural_Color-Hyperwall.mp4 (5760x3240) [575.9 MB] || Lake_Carnegie-Natural_Color-Web.mp4 (1920x1080) [7.1 MB] || LakeCarnegie-Vertical.mp4 (2160x3840) [28.8 MB] || LakeCarnegie-Vertical-2.mp4 (2160x3840) [28.5 MB] || LakeCarnegie_Natural_Print.jpg (1280x720) [296.4 KB] || LakeCarnegie_Natural_SearchWeb.jpg (1280x720) [296.4 KB] || LakeCarnegie_Natural_Thumb.png (1280x720) [1.8 MB] || A infrared-color Landsat time series of Lake Carnegie, Australia, spanning August 2019 to July 2021, using Landsat 8/9 bands 7 (SWIR 2), 5 (NIR), and 4 (Red) to highlight seasonal variations in water, vegetation, and surrounding land. || Lake_Carnegie-Shortwave_Infrared-Hyperwall.mp4 (5760x3240) [576.2 MB] || Lake_Carnegie-Shortwave_Infrared-_Web.mp4 (1920x1080) [7.1 MB] || LakeCarnegie-Vertical-infrared-color.mp4 (2160x3840) [32.1 MB] || LakeCarnegie-Vertical-infrared-color-2.mp4 (2160x3840) [31.1 MB] || LakeCarnegie_SWIR_Print.jpg (1280x720) [342.9 KB] || LakeCarnegie_SWIR_SearchWeb.jpg (1280x720) [342.9 KB] || LakeCarnegie_SWIR_Thumb.png (1280x720) [1.9 MB] || Earth || Lake || Landsat || Satellite || Time Series || Landsat || [Landsat] || Ross K. Walter (SSAI) as Visualizer ||

This animation shows the progression of deforestation in the Paraguayan Chaco from 1985 to 2025 using natural-color images from Landsat satellites. Research using Landsat imagery found that 27% of the Paraguayan Chaco disappeared between 1987 and 2012. Another study found that Dry Chaco forest cover decreased by 20.2% between 2000 and 2019, with Paraguay’s forest experiencing the highest levels of loss. || 15026 || Deforestation in Paraguay’s Gran Chaco || The Gran Chaco—South America’s second largest forest—is disappearing. Cattle ranching and soybean production are fragmenting the region’s Dry Chaco, a massive tropical dry forest spanning 87 million hectares across parts of Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia (larger than Texas and New York combined). Dry forests get less attention than their rainforest counterparts, but their degradation severely impacts biodiversity.This animation shows the progression of deforestation in the Paraguayan Chaco from 1985 to 2025 using natural-color images from Landsat satellites. Research using Landsat imagery found that 27% of the Paraguayan Chaco disappeared between 1987 and 2012. Another study found that Dry Chaco forest cover decreased by 20.2% between 2000 and 2019, with Paraguay’s forest experiencing the highest levels of loss. || A natural-color Landsat time series of the Chaco region in Paraguay, spanning 1985 to 2025, showing extensive deforestation and land cover changes over four decades. || Chaco_Region,Paraguay-Hyperwall.mp4 (5760x3240) [622.6 MB] || Chaco_Region,_Paraguay-Web-1.mp4 (1920x1080) [8.7 MB] || Chaco_Region,Paraguay-_Vertical.mp4 (1080x1920) [14.3 MB] || GranChaco_Thumb.png (1280x720) [1.8 MB] || GranChaco_Print.jpg (1280x720) [342.8 KB] || GranChaco_SearchWeb.jpg (1280x720) [342.8 KB] || Earth || Biosphere || Forestry || Landsat || Satellite || Time Series || Landsat || [Landsat] || Ross K. Walter (SSAI) as Visualizer ||

Peru’s restless Ucayali River is constantly changing shape. Landsat satellites captured the the headwater of the Amazon over four decades as it twisted its way across the landscape, meandering, shifting channels, and forming oxbow lakes. || 15021 || The Meandering Ucayali River || Peru’s restless Ucayali River is constantly changing shape. Landsat satellites captured the the headwater of the Amazon over four decades as it twisted its way across the landscape, meandering, shifting channels, and forming oxbow lakes. || A natural-color Landsat time series of the Ucayali River, spanning 1985 to 2023, showing the meandering shifts of the waterway and the formation of oxbow lakes. || Ucayali_River_-Hyperwall.mp4 (5760x3240) [363.9 MB] || Ucayali_River-Web-1.mp4 (1920x1080) [4.9 MB] || Ucayali_River-_Vertical.mp4 (1080x1920) [7.2 MB] || Ucayali_Print.jpg (1280x720) [126.1 KB] || Ucayali_SearchWeb.jpg (1280x720) [126.1 KB] || Ucayali_Thumb.png (1280x720) [1.3 MB] || Earth || Landsat || River || Satellite || Time Series || Landsat || [Landsat] || Ross K. Walter (SSAI) as Visualizer ||