Hubble's 29th Anniversary
For more information, visit nasa.gov/hubble.
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center / Tim Childers
Music Credits: “Fortress Europe” by Dan Bodan from the YouTube audio library.
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Credits
Please give credit for this item to:
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
Producer
- Timothy Childers (GSFC Interns)
Support
- Katrina Jackson (USRA)
Missions
This visualization is related to the following missions:Series
This visualization can be found in the following series:Related pages
Hubble’s 33rd Year in Orbit
April 24th, 2023
Read moreMaster VersionHorizontal version. This is for use on any YouTube or non-YouTube platform where you want to display the video horizontally. Vertical VersionThis vertical version of the episode is for IGTV or Snapchat. The IGTV episode can be pulled into Instagram Stories and the regular Instagram feed. The Hubble Space Telescope celebrated its 33rd year in orbit by premiering a stunning new Hubble image of a nearby star-forming region named NGC 1333. Even after all these years, Hubble continues to uncover the mysteries of the universe. These are a few science achievements from Hubble’s latest year in orbit.For more information, visit nasa.gov/hubble.Music Credit:Stock Music provided by AleXZavesa, from Pond5 Related pages
Hubble’s 32nd Year in Orbit
April 22nd, 2022
Read moreMaster VersionHorizontal version. This is for use on any YouTube or non-YouTube platform where you want to display the video horizontally. Vertical VersionThis vertical version of the episode is for IGTV or Snapchat. The IGTV episode can be pulled into Instagram Stories and the regular Instagram feed. The Hubble Space Telescope celebrated its 32nd year in orbit by premiering a stunning new Hubble image of a collection of five galaxies, known as Hickson Compact Group 40. Even after all these years, Hubble continues to uncover the mysteries of the universe. These are a few science achievements from Hubble’s latest year in orbit.For more information, visit nasa.gov/hubble.Music & Sound“Fiber Optics” by Andrew Michael Britton [PRS] and David Stephen Goldsmith [PRS] via Atmosphere Music Ltd., and Universal Production Music. Related pages
Hubble's 32nd Anniversary: An Eclectic Galaxy Grouping
April 19th, 2022
Read moreMaster VersionHorizontal version. This is for use on any YouTube or non-YouTube platform where you want to display the video horizontally. Vertical VersionThis vertical version of the episode is for IGTV or Snapchat. The IGTV episode can be pulled into Instagram Stories and the regular Instagram feed. NASA is celebrating the Hubble Space Telescope’s 32nd birthday with a stunning look at five galaxies, a close-knit collection called the Hickson Compact Group 40. This amazing assembly includes a giant elliptical galaxy, glowing with blended light from billions of stars. Several spiral galaxies show prominent dusty lanes that outline their winding spiral arms, regions where star formation is active. We see one galaxy oriented edge-on, showing off its prominent dust along its flattened starry disk.For more information, visit https://nasa.gov/hubble. Music & Sound“Fractions Through Time” byOlivia Broadfield [PRS] via Abbey Road Masters [PRS], and Universal Production Music. Related pages
Hubble: Voyage of Discovery
Nov. 20th, 2020
Read moreMaster VersionHorizontal version. This is for use on any YouTube or non-YouTube platform where you want to display the video horizontally. Vertical VersionThis vertical version of the episode is for IGTV or Snapchat. The IGTV episode can be pulled into Instagram Stories and the regular Instagram feed. The Hubble Space Telescope has transformed our understanding of the universe, its view from orbit unleashing a flood of cosmic discoveries that have changed astronomy forever. From its discovery of dark energy to its quest to determine the age of the universe, Hubble has helped answer some of the most compelling astronomical questions of our time and revealed even stranger phenomena, opening our eyes to the grandeur and mystery of space.For more information, visit https://nasa.gov/hubble.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight CenterPaul R. Morris (USRA): Lead ProducerTracy Vogel: Lead WriterMusic Credits: "Above the Stars" by Magnum Opus [ ASCAP ] Universal Production Music Related pages
Hubble’s 30th Anniversary Image
April 24th, 2020
Read moreMaster VersionHorizontal version. This is for use on any YouTube or non-YouTube platform where you want to display the video horizontally. Box VersionThis is a square 1:1 version of the video designed for Facebook or any other platform where you want to display a full-length square version of the video. Vertical VersionThis vertical version of the episode is for IGTV or Snapchat. The IGTV episode can be pulled into Instagram Stories and the regular Instagram feed. On April 24, 2020, the Hubble Space Telescope celebrated its 30th year in orbit by premiering a never-before-seen view of two beautiful nebulas named NGC 2020 and NGC 2014. Hubble’s Senior Project Scientist Dr. Jennifer Wiseman takes us on a tour of this stunning new image, describes the telescope's current health, and summarizes some of Hubble's contributions to astronomy during its 30-year career.For more information about the Hubble Space Telescope and its images, visit nasa.gov/hubble.Music Credits:“Perpetual Twilight” by Christophe La Pinta [SACEM], Koka Media [SACEM], Universal Publishing Production Music France [SACEM], and Universal Production Music. Related pages
World’s Most Famous Space Telescope Marks 30 Years of Exploration Live Shots
April 17th, 2020
Read moreQuick link to NEW 30TH ANNIVERSARY IMAGE.Read more about the new image HERE!Click for quick link to B-ROLLClick for quick link to canned interview in Spanish with Dr. Rosa DiazWhat did Hubble see on YOUR birthday? Find out HEREExplore THIS audio mini-series PODCAST! B-roll for Hubble's 30th Anniversary Live Shot. Canned interview in Spanish with Dr. Rosa Diaz Read more about this Tapestry of Blazing Starbirth here.Download this image in various formats HERE. When you think of the universe, what do you imagine? Chances are the colorful pictures of galaxies and star clusters that come into view are from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. For 30 years, the bus-sized telescope has been orbiting the Earth as one of humanity’s most important windows to the universe. Hubble was designed to last 15 years, but on April 24 it will mark three decades in space. Chat with Hubble scientists virtually on Friday, April 24, from 7:00 a.m. - 1:00 p.m. EDT , as we reveal a breathtaking new image for the telescope’s diamond anniversary. Share with your viewers some of Hubble’s most dazzling views of the cosmos. * Interviews will be conducted using video chat programs including Skype and Facetime *To schedule an interview, please fill out this form: https://forms.gle/RxgdbqKBDeBGMkvJ7 Throughout human history, we have wondered about our place among the stars. Thanks to Hubble, we have a front-row seat to watch our universe evolve before our eyes. Hubble’s observations have fundamentally changed our understanding of the universe, including determining how old it is. It has changed our views of the planets in our own solar system, capturing Jupiter’s famous Great Red Spot shrinking over time, and discovering new objects such as planetary moons and icy objects beyond Pluto. Hubble has shown us the birth of stars and even the creation of black holes. As it turns 30, Hubble continues to push the boundaries of exploration.SUGGESTED ANCHOR INTRO:A SPECIAL SOMETHING IS TURNING THIRTY TODAY: NASA’S ICONIC HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE COMMEMORATES THREE DECADES OF DISCOVERY. FOR ITS BIRTHDAY, HUBBLE IS ACTUALLY GIVING US A SPECIAL GIFT … JOINING US NOW WE HAVE… Scientists:Dr. Thomas Zurbuchen/ NASA Associate AdministratorDr. Jennifer Wiseman / NASA Senior Project Scientist for HubbleDr. Mark Clampin / Director of Sciences and Exploration Directorate, NASA GoddardDr. Paul Hertz / NASA Director of AstrophysicsDr. Elena Sabbi / Astrophysicist, Space Telescope Science InstituteDr. Rosa Diaz / Astrophysicist, Space Telescope Science Institute [interviews in Spanish] Suggested Questions1. The world’s most iconic telescope just released a stunning new image to celebrate 30 years in space. Can you show us this diamond anniversary gift? 2. Hubble’s views of the universe have not only changed the way we think of space, but also rewritten science books. What are some of its most important discoveries?3. Closer to home, Hubble has also taken a look at the planets in our solar system and even our Moon! What kinds of changes has it seen? 4. We almost didn’t have the sharp Hubble images we have today…there was a flaw with Hubble’s mirror when it first launched. Thanks to astronaut repairs, Hubble’s legacy is the ultimate comeback story. As it turns 30, how is it doing? 5. What’s next for the telescope? 6. Where can we see more of Hubble’s amazing images and experience NASA at home? 7. Where can our audience help participate in Hubble’s birthday? For More InformationSee [https://www.nasa.gov/hubble](https://www.nasa.gov/hubble) Related pages
Happy Lunar New Year from Hubble
Jan. 25th, 2020
Read moreMaster VersionHorizontal version. This is for use on any YouTube or non-YouTube platform where you want to display the video horizontally. Square VersionThis is a square 1:1 version of the video designed for Facebook or any other platform where you want to display a full-length square version of the video. Vertical VersionThis vertical version of the episode is for IGTV or Snapchat. The IGTV episode can be pulled into Instagram Stories and the regular Instagram feed. Hubble welcomes the Year of the Rat with a view of its own favorite rodents, NGC 4676A and B, and highlights the planetary origins of the Chinese zodiac’s 12-year timetable. For more information, visit https://nasa.gov/hubble.Music Credits:“Milky Way Travel” by July Tourret [SACEM]. Koka Media [SACEM], and Universal Production Music. Related pages
How the Visually Impaired Experience Hubble Images
Oct. 10th, 2019
Read moreMaster versionHorizontal version. This is for use on any YouTube or non-YouTube platform where you want to display the video horizontally. Vertical versionThis vertical version of the episode is for IGTV or Snapchat. The IGTV episode can be pulled into Instagram Stories and the regular Instagram feed. Square versionThis is a square 1:1 version of the video designed for Facebook or any other platform where you want to display a full-length square version of the video. B Roll of Interview The Hubble Space Telescope is well known for its incredible images. But what of those among us who are visually impaired? To help spread awareness as a part of World Sight Day, this video is meant to share the importance of different ways to share Hubble's astounding images. The book, "Touch the Universe" by Noreen Grice features some of Hubble's most well-known photographs; but all of these photos were specially made to include everyone.For more information, visit https://nasa.gov/hubble.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight CenterRebecca Roth: Lead ProducerCourtney Lee: Lead ProducerPaul R. Morris (USRA): Producer / EditorRob Andreoli: VideographerJohn Caldwell: VideographerBradley Hague: VideographerMusic Credits: "Hercules' by Christian Ort [GEMA], Matthew Tasa [GEMA], Meyer Anthony [GEMA], Siulapwa Cisha [BMI]; Universal Production Music Related pages
Hubble Finds Water Vapor On Distant Exoplanet Soundbites
Sept. 12th, 2019
Read moreClick HERE for FULL STORY about this exciting discovery.Click for quick link to soundbites from interview with Dr. Jennifer Wiseman. Canned interview with Dr. Jennifer Wiseman/ Hubble Senior ScientistTRT 7:45 Its size and surface gravity are much larger than Earth’s, and its radiation environment may be hostile, but a distant planet called K2-18b has captured the interest of scientists all over the world. For the first time, researchers have detected water vapor signatures in the atmosphere of a planet beyond our solar system that resides in the "habitable zone," the region around a star in which liquid water could potentially pool on the surface of a rocky planet.Astronomers at the Center for Space Exochemistry Data at the University College London in the United Kingdom used data from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope to find water vapor in the atmosphere of K2-18b, an exoplanet around a small red dwarf star about 110 light-years away in the constellation Leo. If confirmed by further studies, this will be the only exoplanet known to have both water in its atmosphere and temperatures that could sustain liquid water on a rocky surface. Liquid water would only be possible if the planet turns out to be terrestrial in nature, rather than resembling a small version of Neptune.Given the high level of activity of its red dwarf star, K2-18b may be more hostile to life as we know it than Earth, as it is likely to be exposed to more high-energy radiation. The planet, discovered by NASA's Kepler Space Telescope in 2015, also has a mass eight times greater than Earth's. That means the surface gravity on this planet would be significantly higher than on our planet.The team used archive data from 2016 and 2017 captured by Hubble and developed open-source algorithms to analyze the host star’s light filtered through K2-18b’s atmosphere. The results revealed the molecular signature of water vapor, and also suggest the presence of hydrogen and helium in the planet’s atmosphere.The authors of the paper, published in Nature Astronomy, believe that other molecules, including nitrogen and methane, may be present but they remain undetectable with current observations. Further studies are required to estimate cloud coverage and the percentage of atmospheric water present. A paper from a different team of scientists using Hubble observations has been submitted to the Astronomical Journal.K2-18b is one of hundreds of "super-Earths" — exoplanets with masses between those of Earth and Neptune — found by Kepler. NASA’s TESS mission is expected to detect hundreds more super-Earths in the coming years. The next generation of space telescopes, including the James Webb Space Telescope, will be able to characterize exoplanet atmospheres in more detail.The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between ESA (the European Space Agency) and NASA. Related pages
Hubble Finds Water Vapor On Distant Exoplanet
Sept. 11th, 2019
Read moreMaster versionHorizontal version. This is for use on any YouTube or non-YouTube platform where you want to display the video horizontally. Square VersionThis is a square 1:1 version of the video designed for Facebook or any other platform where you want to display a full-length square version of the video. Vertical versionThis vertical version of the episode is for IGTV or Snapchat. The IGTV episode can be pulled into Instagram Stories and the regular Instagram feed. Textless versionHorizontal version without text. This is for use on any YouTube or non-YouTube platform where you want to display the video horizontally and need to add new text. With data from the Hubble Space Telescope, water vapor has been detected in the atmosphere of a super-Earth within the habitable zone of its host star.K2-18b, which is eight times the mass of Earth, is the only planet orbiting a star outside the solar system (or “exoplanet”) within the habitable zone.For more information, visit https://nasa.gov/hubble. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight CenterPaul R. Morris (USRA): Lead Producer Music credits: "Only Human" by Guillaume Bernard [SACEM]; Universal Production Music Related pages
Hubble Celebrates Spitzer's 16th Birthday
Aug. 25th, 2019
Read moreMaster Box VersionMaster box version. This is for use on any platform where you want to display the video in 1080X1080 form. Vertical VersionThis vertical version of the episode is for IGTV or Snapchat. The IGTV episode can be pulled into Instagram Stories and the regular Instagram feed. To celebrate Spitzer's 16th birthday, the Hubble Space Telescope team decided to put together a special present for their fellow "observing buddy."Hubble and Spitzer have observed many of the same astronomical objects over the years; and with Spitzer getting data from infrared, and Hubble getting data from visible, ultraviolet, and some near-infrared, the two telescopes have helped uncover some of the mysteries of the universe.For more information, visit nasa.gov/hubble.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center / Paul MorrisMusic Credits: "Friends Hold Fast" by Tarek Modi [PRS]; Killer Tracks Production Music Related pages
Hubble’s Brand New Image of Jupiter
Aug. 8th, 2019
Read moreMaster VersionHorizontal version. This is for use on any YouTube or non-YouTube platform where you want to display the video horizontally. Square VersionThis is a square 1:1 version of the video designed for Facebook or any other platform where you want to display a full-length square version of the video. Vertical VersionThis vertical version of the episode is for IGTV or Snapchat. The IGTV episode can be pulled into Instagram Stories and the regular Instagram feed. This new Hubble Space Telescope view of Jupiter, taken on June 27, 2019, reveals the giant planet's trademark Great Red Spot, and a more intense color palette in the clouds swirling in Jupiter's turbulent atmosphere than seen in previous years. The colors, and their changes, provide important clues to ongoing processes in planetary atmospheres. For more information, visit https://nasa.gov/hubble. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Paul Morris/Tracy VogelMusic credits: "Solaris" by Axel Tenner [GEMA], Michael Schluecker [GEMA] and Raphael Schalz [GEMA]; Killer Tracks Production Music Related pages
Hubble Servicing Mission 4 Archive Teaser
May 12th, 2019
Read moreServicing Mission 4 Archive TeaserThis horizontal version of the video is for use on the Hubble social media pages. Instagram, YouTube, and Facebook. Square versionThis is a square 1:1 version of the video. Hubble's Servicing Mission 4 (SM4) was the most ambitious and complicated to date. Changing out two major science instruments and repairing two others while in space helped to make this mission truly memorable. Thanks to the astronauts of SM4, the Hubble Space Telescope is at the apex of its power and capabilities.To celebrate that important moment in history, NASA has gathered the footage of Servicing Mission 4 for posterity's sake, and archived hours of footage for all to use.For more information, visit nasa.gov/hubble.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center / Tim Childers Music Credits: “The Heart of the Challenge” by Tom Caffey via Killer Tracks Related pages
Servicing Mission 4 Overview
May 11th, 2019
Read moreMaster versionHorizontal version. This is for use on any YouTube or non-YouTube platform where you want to display the video horizontally. Square versionThis is a square 1:1 version of the video designed for Facebook or any other platform where you want to display a full-length square version of the video. Vertical versionThis vertical version of the episode is for IGTV or Snapchat. The IGTV episode can be pulled into Instagram Stories and the regular Instagram feed. On May 11, 2009, the brave crew of Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off to make NASA's Hubble Space Telescope more powerful than ever before. Hubble's Servicing Mission 4 (SM4) was the most ambitious and complicated to date. Changing out two major science instruments and repairing two others while in space helped to make this mission truly memorable. Thanks to the astronauts of SM4, the Hubble Space Telescope is at the apex of its power and capabilities. To celebrate SM4’s 10 year anniversary, this video gives a quick and in-depth review on the accomplishments of this historic mission. The tools and the knowledge gleaned from SM4 are used today by astronauts on the International Space Station, and will be critical to NASA's future crewed missions to the Moon and Mars. For more information, visit https://nasa.gov/hubble. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Paul Morris.Music credits: "Aerial" by Oliver Worth [PRS]; Killer Tracks Production Music For More InformationSee [https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/servicing/index.html](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/servicing/index.html) Related pages
Astronauts Celebrate Hubble Servicing Mission Live Shots
May 8th, 2019
Read moreB-roll for the suggested questions in the live shot:1. Thanks to the upgrades you made to Hubble, the telescope continues to take breathtaking images including Hubble’s largest deep view of the universe.Can you show us some of these new images?2. Can you talk about the types of upgrades you made to Hubble?3. What was it like working on the Hubble Space Telescope?4. Hubble will be 30 years old next year! How’s it doing?5. As someone who's been to space before, how excited are you for NASA to return to the moon?6. Where can we learn more about the Hubble Space Telescope? Canned interview with NASA Astronaut John Grunsfeld. Answers are separated by a slate. TRT 4:45 Hubble Captures Largest Deep View Of The Universe It’s Ever AssembledImage Possible Thanks to Astronaut Upgrades Conducted A Decade AgoChat with NASA ASTRONAUTS Who Worked on the Telescope in Space!When it launched in 1990, NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope was only designed to last 15 years. Last month, the iconic telescope celebrated 29 years of science thanks in large part to the brave astronauts who upgraded it over five separate missions. It’s been 10 years this week since astronauts last visited Hubble, and the telescope continues to deliver breathtaking images and new science results. To date Hubble has taken more than 1.4 MILLION observations.....and counting.Join NASA astronauts from 6:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. EDT on Friday, May 17th , to hear their first-hand accounts about what is was like to work on Hubble in space, and to share with your viewers two breathtaking new images: a colorful new look at the Southern Crab Nebula, and Hubble’s largest portrait of the cosmos ever assembled from 16 years worth of observations by the telescope. The deep-sky mosaic provides a comprehensive history book of the universe from a region containing 265,000 galaxies that stretch back through 13.3 billion years of time to just 500 million years after the big bang.For more information @NASAHubble and www.nasa.gov/hubble. To schedule an interview, fill out: THIS FORM. satellite coordinatesHD Satellite Coordinates for G17-K18/Lower: Galaxy 17 Ku-band Xp 18 Slot Lower| 91.0 ° W Longitude | DL 12051.0 MHz | Vertical Polarity | QPSK/DVB-S | FEC 3/4 | SR 13.235 Mbps | DR 18.2954 MHz | HD 720p | Format MPEG2 | Chroma Level 4:2:0 | Audio EmbeddedInterview Location is: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MDAstronauts available: John Grunsfeld / NASA AstronautGregory C. Johnson / NASA AstronautMegan McArthur / NASA AstronautMichael Good / NASA Astronaut Questions? Contact Michelle Handleman, michelle.z.handleman@nasa.gov or 301-286-0918 Related pages
A Flyby of the Whirlpool Galaxy
Feb. 25th, 2019
Read moreThe Whirlpool Galaxy, also known as Messier 51, is one of the nearest and best examples of a grand design spiral galaxy. Located about 25 million light-years away, the face-on galaxy exposes the full details of its swirling structures of stars, gas, and dust. The striking symmetry of its spiral pattern may be due to a gravitational interaction with a companion dwarf galaxy, NGC 5195, which is not included in this visualization.The Hubble Space Telescope's high-resolution view of this magnificent spiral galaxy comes to life in this 3D visualization. The flight across the pancake-shaped disk features the older, yellower stars toward the center and the younger, bluer stars in the outer regions. Dark dust lanes outline the spiral arms, along which are strewn an array of bright pink star-forming regions. This flight across the Whirlpool Galaxy is visualized using observations from the Hubble Space Telescope. Related pages
Spiral Galaxy M106
Feb. 11th, 2019
Read moreThis portrait of nearby galaxy M106 is a composite of separate exposures acquired by various instruments on NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope as well as ground-based telescopes. It shows the active galaxy’s chaotic center, where large amounts of gas are thought to be falling into and fueling a supermassive black hole.In addition to the starry arms we typically see in spiral galaxies, this image shows red “anomalous arms” of hot gas. Astronomers think the gas is being expelled from the galaxy’s active central nucleus. Cepheid variable stars in this galaxy were used to refine the cosmic “distance ladder,” which helps us to understand the vast distances of deep space, and how objects there relate to each other in spacetime. Certain Cepheids have a regular cycle of brightness changes, and this special property of these stars reveals how far away they are from us, providing benchmarks for measuring other objects in the universe. The image was created by astrophotographer Robert Gendler, who is not a professional astronomer but a civilian who took an interest in space and has been photographing the night sky for decades. He used publicly available Hubble data, combined with his own work and that of another astrophotographer, Jay GaBany, to create this hybrid image. This composite image of galaxy M106 focuses on its active center, where large amounts of gas are thought to be falling into and fueling a supermassive black hole. For More InformationSee [http://hubblesite.org/image/3143/news_release/2013-06](http://hubblesite.org/image/3143/news_release/2013-06) Related pages
Stephan's Quintet
Jan. 15th, 2019
Read moreStephan’s Quintet is the name given to five galaxies that appear to be grouped together from our perspective on Earth. However, closer examination reveals that the well-formed spiral in the foreground is actually much closer to us and is not interacting with the other galaxies, while the galaxies appearing behind it have had their shapes distorted by each other’s gravitational fields. The larger and more massive a galaxy, the greater the pull it will have on another galaxy. The effects are clearly visible in the warped galaxies of Stephan’s Quintet. Some of the strange forms created by interacting galaxies are short-lived, while some areas of a galaxy may be permanently separated, or small galaxies combined together. The collision of gas and other material in galaxies as a result of these interactions triggers bursts of bright star formation. This visualization uses Hubble data to simulate a flight past the galaxies known as Stephan’s Quintet, providing an illuminating perspective on their position and gravitational relationships to one another. 4K still image of Stephan's Quintet Related pages
Hubble Archive - Launch, STS-31
Oct. 4th, 2018
Read moreSTS-31 Mission Highlights Resource TapeLaunch of the Hubble Space Telescope, April 24-29 1990Astronauts: Loren Shriver, Charles Bolden, Bruce McCandless, Steven Hawley, Kathryn Sullivan09:50 - Launch12:27 - Opening bay doors20:40 - Taking telescope out of payload bay24:50 - Deploying the solar arrays26:08 - Deploying the high gain antennas26:56 - Unfurling the first solar array30:16 - EVA preparation31:24 - Unfurling the second solar array32:00 - Second solar array gets stuck34:30 - Disable tension monitoring software to unfurl the solar array36:25 - Go for Hubble release39:07 - Student experiment43:50 - Commands sent to open aperture door45:45 - Thank you to training crew46:40 - Thoughts on historical significance50:09 - Closing bay doors50:58 - Shuttle re-entry and landing54:59 - Astronauts exiting Shuttle Related pages