1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:01,900 ♪♪ 2 00:00:01,900 --> 00:00:04,500 -It has this direct window to the rest of the universe. 3 00:00:04,500 --> 00:00:06,100 There's nothing in between 4 00:00:06,100 --> 00:00:07,400 the rest of the universe and Hubble. 5 00:00:07,400 --> 00:00:09,900 I mean, there's not a single astronomer in the world 6 00:00:09,900 --> 00:00:12,000 whose life hasn't been touched by Hubble. 7 00:00:12,000 --> 00:00:13,900 -Hubble will be one of the great stories 8 00:00:13,900 --> 00:00:15,300 of all time. 9 00:00:15,300 --> 00:00:17,600 We will remember it with reverence, 10 00:00:17,600 --> 00:00:20,000 with the legacy, with the foundation. 11 00:00:20,000 --> 00:00:21,700 It gave us the optimism and the hope 12 00:00:21,700 --> 00:00:23,900 to reach for bigger things. 13 00:00:23,900 --> 00:00:26,700 -The world's most brilliant astronomers 14 00:00:26,700 --> 00:00:29,400 do miracles with this observatory, 15 00:00:29,400 --> 00:00:31,400 and it just keeps going on and on and on, 16 00:00:31,400 --> 00:00:33,600 and my jaw keeps dropping lower and lower 17 00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:35,300 with each new discovery. 18 00:00:35,300 --> 00:00:37,600 -Scientists around the world 19 00:00:37,600 --> 00:00:40,700 together with science enthusiasts, the public, 20 00:00:40,700 --> 00:00:43,400 science supporters came together to see. 21 00:00:43,400 --> 00:00:45,500 Here is an opportunity where, 22 00:00:45,500 --> 00:00:48,600 if we put our wits together and our support together, 23 00:00:48,600 --> 00:00:50,300 we can build a platform 24 00:00:50,300 --> 00:00:53,000 that opens new eyes to the universe. 25 00:00:53,000 --> 00:00:54,500 Let's go for it. 26 00:01:05,900 --> 00:01:09,000 -Earthbound telescopes, from Galileo's simple instrument 27 00:01:09,000 --> 00:01:11,300 to modern mountaintop observatories, 28 00:01:11,300 --> 00:01:13,000 are all hampered by the Earth's 29 00:01:13,000 --> 00:01:15,200 turbulent atmosphere. 30 00:01:15,200 --> 00:01:17,100 The best place for an observatory 31 00:01:17,100 --> 00:01:19,200 is in the heavens. 32 00:01:19,200 --> 00:01:20,800 Now, the Space Shuttle 33 00:01:20,800 --> 00:01:23,700 created by NASA, America's space agency, 34 00:01:23,700 --> 00:01:26,300 has the ability to put one there. 35 00:01:26,300 --> 00:01:28,700 -The periodic revisit of the shuttle 36 00:01:28,700 --> 00:01:30,900 will allow for the replacement of components 37 00:01:30,900 --> 00:01:33,200 and routine maintenance. 38 00:01:33,200 --> 00:01:36,700 This ability to service the telescope through human care 39 00:01:36,700 --> 00:01:38,400 will extend its life span 40 00:01:38,400 --> 00:01:41,100 up to 20 years. 41 00:01:41,100 --> 00:01:43,500 -Telescopes on brief rocket flights 42 00:01:43,500 --> 00:01:48,600 have brought us hints of entities we never knew existed, 43 00:01:48,600 --> 00:01:50,900 and balloon flights have lifted telescopes 44 00:01:50,900 --> 00:01:52,800 8 miles into the air 45 00:01:52,800 --> 00:01:54,700 to take some of the clearest photographs 46 00:01:54,700 --> 00:01:56,600 of the Sun ever obtained. 47 00:01:56,600 --> 00:01:59,500 -Another group of astronomers told a recent meeting 48 00:01:59,500 --> 00:02:03,900 of the American Rocket Society in San Diego, California, 49 00:02:03,900 --> 00:02:06,400 that they are designing a satellite that will 50 00:02:06,400 --> 00:02:10,600 carry a bank of telescopes into an orbit 500 miles, 51 00:02:10,600 --> 00:02:13,600 or 800 kilometers, high. 52 00:02:13,600 --> 00:02:17,900 By thus sending a telescope up above the Earth's atmosphere, 53 00:02:17,900 --> 00:02:21,100 they hope to pierce a blanketing ocean of air 54 00:02:21,100 --> 00:02:22,800 that has, for the most part, 55 00:02:22,800 --> 00:02:26,500 obscured man's detailed view of the universe. 56 00:02:26,500 --> 00:02:35,500 ♪♪ 57 00:02:35,500 --> 00:02:44,500 ♪♪ 58 00:02:44,500 --> 00:02:48,700 -Well, astronomers have wanted for generations, actually, 59 00:02:48,700 --> 00:02:50,200 to get us a telescope 60 00:02:50,200 --> 00:02:52,100 above the atmosphere. 61 00:02:52,100 --> 00:02:56,700 The first reference I'm aware of is back in 1925, 62 00:02:56,700 --> 00:03:01,000 that it was suggested that we needed a telescope in space. 63 00:03:01,000 --> 00:03:04,700 I've read that one of the astronomers at Princeton -- 64 00:03:04,700 --> 00:03:08,300 this was probably in the '30s or '40s -- 65 00:03:08,300 --> 00:03:11,000 said that when he died, 66 00:03:11,000 --> 00:03:14,500 he wanted to go to heaven and take a telescope with him, 67 00:03:14,500 --> 00:03:17,300 and so when the possibly 68 00:03:17,300 --> 00:03:20,000 of a telescope in space opened up, 69 00:03:20,000 --> 00:03:22,600 astronomers jumped on the idea. 70 00:03:22,600 --> 00:03:26,600 -[ Operatic singing ] 71 00:03:26,600 --> 00:03:34,300 ♪♪ 72 00:03:34,300 --> 00:03:42,100 ♪♪ 73 00:03:42,100 --> 00:03:49,900 ♪♪ 74 00:03:49,900 --> 00:03:57,700 ♪♪ 75 00:03:57,700 --> 00:03:59,200 -I certainly remember the very first time 76 00:03:59,200 --> 00:04:01,900 I went into the enormous clean room 77 00:04:01,900 --> 00:04:03,100 where Hubble was being built. 78 00:04:03,100 --> 00:04:06,700 I mean, it's 90 feet tall and 120 feet long 79 00:04:06,700 --> 00:04:10,100 and hyper-clean -- hyper-clean air. 80 00:04:10,100 --> 00:04:11,600 And the telescope just -- 81 00:04:11,600 --> 00:04:13,900 I mean, it just looked like something Tiffany's had built. 82 00:04:13,900 --> 00:04:15,500 You sort of... 83 00:04:15,500 --> 00:04:17,300 were gonna look for the label somewhere 84 00:04:17,300 --> 00:04:18,700 that said, "Telescope by Tiffany's," 85 00:04:18,700 --> 00:04:20,600 just glistening silver, 86 00:04:20,600 --> 00:04:24,900 fabulous, gorgeous piece of work -- huge. 87 00:04:24,900 --> 00:04:26,800 So, that's one real favorite memory. 88 00:04:26,800 --> 00:04:30,000 First sights always leave a deeper impression. 89 00:04:30,000 --> 00:04:31,400 -It was mind-boggling. 90 00:04:31,400 --> 00:04:34,000 I envisioned Hubble being big. 91 00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:37,000 I did not envision Hubble being huge, 92 00:04:37,000 --> 00:04:39,900 and Hubble was huge. 93 00:04:39,900 --> 00:04:42,000 Since I had already flown a shuttle mission, 94 00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:43,500 I knew how big the shuttle was, 95 00:04:43,500 --> 00:04:46,700 and I knew how big the shuttle's payload bay was. 96 00:04:46,700 --> 00:04:48,200 Hubble was too big, 97 00:04:48,200 --> 00:04:51,000 and, I mean, the first impression was, 98 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:53,600 "How the hell are they gonna fit that in the payload bay? 99 00:04:53,600 --> 00:04:56,100 That is a monstrous payload." 100 00:04:56,100 --> 00:04:59,300 -What was happening in the context of science here? 101 00:04:59,300 --> 00:05:00,900 We were building an Earth-observing system 102 00:05:00,900 --> 00:05:02,200 to study our planet -- 103 00:05:02,200 --> 00:05:04,700 very evocative, ozone holes being measured. 104 00:05:04,700 --> 00:05:06,100 Studying the Sun. 105 00:05:06,100 --> 00:05:08,000 We had had a couple of missions to Mars 106 00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:11,600 that showed us it's not the way we thought it was -- tough. 107 00:05:11,600 --> 00:05:13,700 Soviets had landed probes on Venus for about an hour. 108 00:05:13,700 --> 00:05:15,300 Pretty hellish. 109 00:05:15,300 --> 00:05:16,800 We had the Voyagers going out of the solar system, 110 00:05:16,800 --> 00:05:17,800 and that's it. 111 00:05:17,800 --> 00:05:19,500 That was our view -- 112 00:05:19,500 --> 00:05:21,700 a few little points of light flying around, 113 00:05:21,700 --> 00:05:22,900 but they were narrow. 114 00:05:22,900 --> 00:05:24,700 Hubble was focused 115 00:05:24,700 --> 00:05:25,800 on the big picture, 116 00:05:25,800 --> 00:05:27,500 and the big picture is always fun. 117 00:05:27,500 --> 00:05:29,200 It has something for everyone. 118 00:05:29,200 --> 00:05:32,000 Some people call these great missions of exploration. 119 00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:33,100 They're kind of like 120 00:05:33,100 --> 00:05:36,400 the cathedrals of the 21st century, 121 00:05:36,400 --> 00:05:38,200 and in the Renaissance, 122 00:05:38,200 --> 00:05:40,300 people built cathedrals that were multigenerational. 123 00:05:40,300 --> 00:05:42,800 They were great architectural renderings 124 00:05:42,800 --> 00:05:44,000 that reached to the heavens. 125 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:45,700 Now, we go to the heavens, 126 00:05:45,700 --> 00:05:47,900 and we follow the light. 127 00:05:47,900 --> 00:05:49,400 -I remember sitting 128 00:05:49,400 --> 00:05:51,500 around the dinner table the night before, 129 00:05:51,500 --> 00:05:55,400 and we had talked off and on about what was Hubble gonna -- 130 00:05:55,400 --> 00:05:57,500 what was going to be the significance of Hubble, 131 00:05:57,500 --> 00:05:59,200 talking about what we thought 132 00:05:59,200 --> 00:06:00,900 Hubble's legacy was going to be and stuff. 133 00:06:00,900 --> 00:06:03,400 I mean, things you can't imagine. 134 00:06:03,400 --> 00:06:05,900 None of us could definitively say 135 00:06:05,900 --> 00:06:07,000 what we thought it was going to be, 136 00:06:07,000 --> 00:06:09,200 but all of us agreed Hubble was going to be 137 00:06:09,200 --> 00:06:11,700 something absolutely spectacular 138 00:06:11,700 --> 00:06:14,800 that was going to revolutionize 139 00:06:14,800 --> 00:06:16,700 the worlds of astronomy and astrophysics. 140 00:06:16,700 --> 00:06:21,400 We just didn't know how, and I think we underestimated 141 00:06:21,400 --> 00:06:24,600 the scientific and technological significance of Hubble, 142 00:06:24,600 --> 00:06:25,700 because it has dwarfed 143 00:06:25,700 --> 00:06:27,400 what any of us imagined 144 00:06:27,400 --> 00:06:28,800 it would ever do. 145 00:06:32,600 --> 00:06:35,500 -T-minus 13 seconds. 146 00:06:35,500 --> 00:06:36,600 -10. -T minus 10. 147 00:06:36,600 --> 00:06:38,300 Go for main engine start. 148 00:06:38,300 --> 00:06:40,200 We are go for main engine start. 149 00:06:40,200 --> 00:06:46,000 T-minus six, five, four, three, two, one, 150 00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:48,600 and lift off of the Space Shuttle Discovery 151 00:06:48,600 --> 00:06:50,400 with the Hubble Space Telescope, 152 00:06:50,400 --> 00:06:52,900 our window on the universe. 153 00:06:57,700 --> 00:06:59,400 -Discovery, Houston just wanted to let us know 154 00:06:59,400 --> 00:07:01,900 that the ground is currently configured 155 00:07:01,900 --> 00:07:04,400 for HST main bus activation. 156 00:07:04,400 --> 00:07:07,100 So, we're ready when you are. 157 00:07:07,100 --> 00:07:09,900 -Houston, Discovery. 158 00:07:09,900 --> 00:07:12,800 The transfer to internal power is complete. 159 00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:16,100 The umbilical is dead-faced, and we'll be standing by 160 00:07:16,100 --> 00:07:19,000 for your go for umbilical release. 161 00:07:21,700 --> 00:07:23,200 -Roger, Discovery. 162 00:07:25,900 --> 00:07:29,800 Discovery, you're go for umbilical disconnect. 163 00:07:29,800 --> 00:07:35,700 ♪♪ 164 00:07:35,700 --> 00:07:38,000 -The Hubble deploy day did not go well. 165 00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:39,900 You know, in the end, 166 00:07:39,900 --> 00:07:41,600 we successfully deployed Hubble, 167 00:07:41,600 --> 00:07:44,700 and Hubble went on to greater things. 168 00:07:44,700 --> 00:07:47,600 Deploy day was long and arduous 169 00:07:47,600 --> 00:07:50,300 and nothing at all the way it was planned. 170 00:07:50,300 --> 00:07:53,000 From the moment Steve Hawley attached 171 00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:56,000 the RMS mechanical arm, 172 00:07:56,000 --> 00:07:57,400 things went wrong. 173 00:07:57,400 --> 00:07:59,500 Steve was supposed to be able to just pull out 174 00:07:59,500 --> 00:08:02,700 on the translational hand controller 175 00:08:02,700 --> 00:08:06,500 and have the arm lift Hubble straight out of the payload bay. 176 00:08:06,500 --> 00:08:07,700 That's not what happened. 177 00:08:07,700 --> 00:08:11,000 I mean, the Hubble's 25,000 pounds of mass. 178 00:08:11,000 --> 00:08:12,400 Granted, it's weightless in space, 179 00:08:12,400 --> 00:08:15,000 but it's still a 25,000-pound mass, 180 00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:16,400 and as he began to lift, 181 00:08:16,400 --> 00:08:19,300 it began to twist and turn, 182 00:08:19,300 --> 00:08:21,200 and we saw it immediately, 183 00:08:21,200 --> 00:08:22,900 and so I said, "Steve, stop. 184 00:08:22,900 --> 00:08:25,000 That's -- Something is not right." 185 00:08:25,000 --> 00:08:30,100 And so that necessitated Steve now going to a downgraded mode 186 00:08:30,100 --> 00:08:33,000 which was moving joint by joint, 187 00:08:33,000 --> 00:08:35,300 so for the next couple of hours, 188 00:08:35,300 --> 00:08:38,800 Steve Hawley literally had to lift a little bit, 189 00:08:38,800 --> 00:08:40,400 re-adjust a joint, 190 00:08:40,400 --> 00:08:42,600 get it straight again, lift a little bit, 191 00:08:42,600 --> 00:08:46,700 re-adjust a joint or roll it or do whatever was necessary 192 00:08:46,700 --> 00:08:52,000 to keep it as much in its orientation 193 00:08:52,000 --> 00:08:53,600 as it was in the bay as possible, 194 00:08:53,600 --> 00:08:55,700 but that took hours instead of minutes, 195 00:08:55,700 --> 00:08:57,000 the way it was supposed to work. 196 00:08:57,000 --> 00:08:59,600 -The thing about Hubble was, you know, 197 00:08:59,600 --> 00:09:01,800 we launched it cradled in the payload bay 198 00:09:01,800 --> 00:09:05,200 with electrical power umbilicals attached to the back, 199 00:09:05,200 --> 00:09:08,500 and once you pulled the plug on that umbilical, 200 00:09:08,500 --> 00:09:10,300 Hubble was on its batteries, 201 00:09:10,300 --> 00:09:11,800 and there was a fixed period of time, 202 00:09:11,800 --> 00:09:13,200 a maximum period of time 203 00:09:13,200 --> 00:09:15,400 that you could run it on its batteries 204 00:09:15,400 --> 00:09:18,200 without the solar rays being unfolded to sustain 205 00:09:18,200 --> 00:09:19,600 and recharge the batteries. 206 00:09:19,600 --> 00:09:21,100 If you got to the end of that time, 207 00:09:21,100 --> 00:09:22,900 the batteries would reach a point 208 00:09:22,900 --> 00:09:24,500 where they were not recoverable. 209 00:09:24,500 --> 00:09:26,500 So, that set a -- I forget now how long it was -- 210 00:09:26,500 --> 00:09:28,500 something on the order of four hours. 211 00:09:28,500 --> 00:09:30,700 Well, if anything needs an EVA backup -- 212 00:09:30,700 --> 00:09:32,200 And we could back up all that stuff. 213 00:09:32,200 --> 00:09:35,500 We could crank open the solar arrays. 214 00:09:35,500 --> 00:09:37,700 -And as the crew just confirmed there, 215 00:09:37,700 --> 00:09:40,200 we're seeing both blankets 216 00:09:40,200 --> 00:09:41,900 beginning to unfurl 217 00:09:41,900 --> 00:09:45,000 on the portside solar array. 218 00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:47,100 ♪♪ 219 00:09:47,100 --> 00:09:50,400 -So far, we see good, smooth motion on both sides. 220 00:09:50,400 --> 00:09:53,100 -So the first solar array... 221 00:09:53,100 --> 00:09:55,500 you know, went out both sides, no problem. 222 00:09:55,500 --> 00:09:56,700 It took a few minutes. 223 00:09:56,700 --> 00:09:58,900 Everything was just like it should be. 224 00:09:58,900 --> 00:10:02,300 Second solar array, sent the command. 225 00:10:02,300 --> 00:10:06,300 It got about, I don't know, 16 inches and quit. 226 00:10:06,300 --> 00:10:07,600 -Houston, Discovery. 227 00:10:07,600 --> 00:10:09,000 It looks like motion's stopped 228 00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:13,300 with just about one panel showing. 229 00:10:13,300 --> 00:10:15,400 -And we see that, too, Loren. 230 00:10:15,400 --> 00:10:17,500 The DCE is off. 231 00:10:17,500 --> 00:10:19,000 -And as it turned out, of course, 232 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:22,500 the second solar array did not unfurl correctly. 233 00:10:22,500 --> 00:10:24,000 It jammed partway out, 234 00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:26,900 and Bruce and I left the flight deck 235 00:10:26,900 --> 00:10:28,300 and dove down into the mid-deck 236 00:10:28,300 --> 00:10:29,700 with Charlie Bolden and suited up, 237 00:10:29,700 --> 00:10:31,700 and we were all buttoned up. 238 00:10:31,700 --> 00:10:33,100 The air lock was sealed. 239 00:10:33,100 --> 00:10:35,200 In fact, we had dumped half the air out of the air lock. 240 00:10:35,200 --> 00:10:40,300 We were about to get the go for EVA and proceed on outside. 241 00:10:40,300 --> 00:10:43,000 -The other thing I need an answer to is, 242 00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:45,800 if I can go ahead and commit to EVA 243 00:10:45,800 --> 00:10:48,900 with the thought of going out and cranking it out -- 244 00:10:48,900 --> 00:10:50,800 if whatever they're about to do fails, 245 00:10:50,800 --> 00:10:53,400 but they want us to just press on to back them up. 246 00:10:53,400 --> 00:10:57,200 We need to get on with it. 247 00:10:57,200 --> 00:10:59,000 -I'll come back with answers. 248 00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:02,300 -I need answers now. 249 00:11:02,300 --> 00:11:04,100 -Planet fail. -Go ahead. 250 00:11:04,100 --> 00:11:06,400 -Yeah, I don't feel comfortable waiting until after 620. 251 00:11:06,400 --> 00:11:08,400 -I don't either. That's why I want the answers now. 252 00:11:08,400 --> 00:11:12,500 -Yeah, 620's my drop-dead time from adding up all the times. 253 00:11:12,500 --> 00:11:13,700 -Okay. 254 00:11:13,700 --> 00:11:16,500 I'm gonna have them press on. Alright. 255 00:11:16,500 --> 00:11:21,000 CAPCOM, tell the crew we want them to press on into EVA, 256 00:11:21,000 --> 00:11:23,300 and we'll stop them whenever we have to. 257 00:11:23,300 --> 00:11:26,200 So, quickly -- We've got four minutes on this pass. 258 00:11:26,200 --> 00:11:29,400 ♪♪ 259 00:11:29,400 --> 00:11:32,200 -Discovery, Houston. 260 00:11:32,200 --> 00:11:33,700 -Discovery. Go ahead. 261 00:11:35,800 --> 00:11:39,300 -Okay. With the panels that you've got out there right now, 262 00:11:39,300 --> 00:11:42,200 it's not satisfactory to stay overnight, 263 00:11:42,200 --> 00:11:45,400 so we're gonna have to move out on the EVA. 264 00:11:45,400 --> 00:11:48,300 ♪♪ 265 00:11:48,300 --> 00:11:49,800 -I was scared. 266 00:11:49,800 --> 00:11:54,800 I had never suited anybody who was gonna go out in space, 267 00:11:54,800 --> 00:11:58,700 and I knew that if I missed something -- 268 00:11:58,700 --> 00:12:00,800 if I missed a glove, you know, 269 00:12:00,800 --> 00:12:02,500 if I didn't get it fastened right, 270 00:12:02,500 --> 00:12:06,100 or something on the helmet, they were going to die, 271 00:12:06,100 --> 00:12:07,700 and it was going to be my fault. 272 00:12:07,700 --> 00:12:10,600 So, even though these guys come out of combat 273 00:12:10,600 --> 00:12:11,900 and all other kinds of stuff, 274 00:12:11,900 --> 00:12:15,800 I was scared because I had never done this before, 275 00:12:15,800 --> 00:12:19,300 and so, you know, I knew my crew members were dependent on me, 276 00:12:19,300 --> 00:12:23,000 and we were getting ready to let them open the outer hatch 277 00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:25,000 when the ground said, "Hey, stop!" 278 00:12:25,000 --> 00:12:27,300 And we said, "Oh, okay." 279 00:12:27,300 --> 00:12:29,700 They said, "We got an idea." 280 00:12:29,700 --> 00:12:31,600 -We think there may be some problem 281 00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:34,800 with the tension-monitoring software. 282 00:12:34,800 --> 00:12:36,400 We've got the DCE back on. 283 00:12:36,400 --> 00:12:39,200 We're going to disable the tension monitoring 284 00:12:39,200 --> 00:12:44,300 and resend the proc to deploy the minus SDM. 285 00:12:44,300 --> 00:12:46,700 -Okay. Hit it. 286 00:12:46,700 --> 00:12:50,600 -And the irony -- This is the day of irony. 287 00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:55,700 Early in the morning when the solar array first stopped, 288 00:12:55,700 --> 00:12:57,800 Bruce came up with this crazy -- 289 00:12:57,800 --> 00:13:00,000 Bruce McCandless said, 290 00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:02,200 "I don't think there's anything mechanically wrong. 291 00:13:02,200 --> 00:13:05,900 I think it's the tension-monitoring module," 292 00:13:05,900 --> 00:13:09,400 and we all looked at Bruce and went, "The what?!" 293 00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:10,600 Everybody but Kathy. 294 00:13:10,600 --> 00:13:13,200 Kathy had heard of the tension-monitoring module, 295 00:13:13,200 --> 00:13:15,700 and so Bruce said, "Oh, it's this software module 296 00:13:15,700 --> 00:13:18,800 that we put in to protect the solar array. 297 00:13:18,800 --> 00:13:21,600 In case we got a mechanical jam or something, 298 00:13:21,600 --> 00:13:23,900 we didn't want to rip it and destroy the telescope, 299 00:13:23,900 --> 00:13:26,800 so we have this software module that would stop it 300 00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:29,300 until we could diagnose the problem and then correct it 301 00:13:29,300 --> 00:13:32,100 and then let it go out." 302 00:13:32,100 --> 00:13:33,700 This young man down here, at Goddard -- 303 00:13:33,700 --> 00:13:36,100 and I say young man because, as I understand it, 304 00:13:36,100 --> 00:13:40,500 he was a very young flight controller on console -- 305 00:13:40,500 --> 00:13:43,700 said, "Hey, I don't think we've got a mechanical problem. 306 00:13:43,700 --> 00:13:46,300 I really think it's the tension-monitoring module, 307 00:13:46,300 --> 00:13:50,400 and if you give me permission, 308 00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:52,700 I can no op the tension-monitoring module. 309 00:13:52,700 --> 00:13:53,800 I can turn it off." 310 00:13:53,800 --> 00:13:55,900 You know, "I'll make a one a zero, 311 00:13:55,900 --> 00:13:57,900 and I think everything will be okay." 312 00:13:57,900 --> 00:14:01,900 So, between Houston and Goddard and I think Bristol, England, 313 00:14:01,900 --> 00:14:03,500 and everywhere else in the world 314 00:14:03,500 --> 00:14:04,500 that had anything to do with Hubble, 315 00:14:04,500 --> 00:14:08,200 they meshed on this thing for hours, 316 00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:09,700 and they said, "Okay. 317 00:14:09,700 --> 00:14:11,600 Try to deploy it again," 318 00:14:11,600 --> 00:14:14,100 and hit the deploy switch 319 00:14:14,100 --> 00:14:16,100 and... 320 00:14:16,100 --> 00:14:17,800 solar array went out. 321 00:14:17,800 --> 00:14:19,200 -It's fully deployed. 322 00:14:19,200 --> 00:14:22,700 The microswitches confirmed it. 323 00:14:22,700 --> 00:14:25,500 -Okay. 324 00:14:25,500 --> 00:14:27,800 -And for Bruce and Kathy, we'd like you to stop 325 00:14:27,800 --> 00:14:32,000 the air lock depress at five, please. 326 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:33,400 -Rendezvous? -We're go. 327 00:14:33,400 --> 00:14:35,000 -Right-o, go. 328 00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:36,100 Eagle? -Go. 329 00:14:36,100 --> 00:14:38,300 -Decon? -Go. 330 00:14:38,300 --> 00:14:39,900 -Inco? -We're go. 331 00:14:39,900 --> 00:14:41,400 -FAO? -Go. 332 00:14:41,400 --> 00:14:42,600 -Max? -Go. 333 00:14:42,600 --> 00:14:44,300 -Peter S? -Go flight. 334 00:14:44,300 --> 00:14:45,600 -EVA? -We're go. 335 00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:47,900 -Sergeant, you're still go? -Go. 336 00:14:47,900 --> 00:14:50,400 -CAPCOM, we have a go for release. 337 00:14:50,400 --> 00:14:53,700 -Discovery, go for Hubble release. 338 00:14:53,700 --> 00:14:55,900 -Okay. We have a go for release, 339 00:14:55,900 --> 00:14:57,900 and we're gonna be a minute late. 340 00:14:57,900 --> 00:15:00,500 -Okay, Charlie. 341 00:15:00,500 --> 00:15:02,300 -And all Steve had to do was pull a trigger 342 00:15:02,300 --> 00:15:05,900 that opened the grapples 343 00:15:05,900 --> 00:15:08,600 that held the grapple fixture, 344 00:15:08,600 --> 00:15:10,100 and it was... 345 00:15:10,100 --> 00:15:11,800 I mean, it was breathtaking, 346 00:15:11,800 --> 00:15:16,000 and it was beautiful as it got farther and farther away, 347 00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:17,300 but it never went out of sight 348 00:15:17,300 --> 00:15:21,200 because it was so bright and shiny. 349 00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:24,700 -So, the irony of all of this is that after five years 350 00:15:24,700 --> 00:15:26,900 working together on the Hubble telescope -- 351 00:15:26,900 --> 00:15:29,000 longer than any other person on the crew had worked 352 00:15:29,000 --> 00:15:30,500 on the Hubble telescope -- 353 00:15:30,500 --> 00:15:32,000 the view that Bruce and I had 354 00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:33,600 at the time that Hubble was deployed 355 00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:37,600 was the blank white wall of the inside of the air lock. 356 00:15:37,600 --> 00:15:39,200 Never saw it. 357 00:15:39,200 --> 00:15:41,300 -Kathy has never forgiven me. 358 00:15:41,300 --> 00:15:44,100 She blames me for leaving her in the air lock, 359 00:15:44,100 --> 00:15:45,400 so, I mean, you know, 360 00:15:45,400 --> 00:15:46,800 a couple of hours later, I go down there. 361 00:15:46,800 --> 00:15:48,500 They got a lot of vacuum time 362 00:15:48,500 --> 00:15:50,700 but no space time, no space walk time, 363 00:15:50,700 --> 00:15:54,800 and so I repressurized the air lock, get them out, 364 00:15:54,800 --> 00:15:55,900 put them back on the wall, 365 00:15:55,900 --> 00:15:57,200 get them unsuited and everything, 366 00:15:57,200 --> 00:15:59,500 and they're just... 367 00:15:59,500 --> 00:16:01,900 But we had a lot of images for them. 368 00:16:01,900 --> 00:16:04,200 -Engineering things that have never been done 369 00:16:04,200 --> 00:16:06,100 sometimes have issues. 370 00:16:06,100 --> 00:16:08,900 Designing the preeminent 371 00:16:08,900 --> 00:16:10,500 viewpoint of the heavens, 372 00:16:10,500 --> 00:16:14,600 the Hubble Space Telescope, was not without, you know, 373 00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:18,500 sort of new inventions that were never done before. 374 00:16:18,500 --> 00:16:20,300 -The first images from Hubble 375 00:16:20,300 --> 00:16:22,200 were, frankly, a little disappointing. 376 00:16:22,200 --> 00:16:26,400 They were not as sharp and crisp as we had hoped. 377 00:16:26,400 --> 00:16:28,100 It turns out that the mirrors 378 00:16:28,100 --> 00:16:31,900 had a slightly misshapen form. 379 00:16:31,900 --> 00:16:33,300 -This special mirror, 380 00:16:33,300 --> 00:16:35,900 2.4 meters of specially ground glass 381 00:16:35,900 --> 00:16:38,400 designed to capture the light 382 00:16:38,400 --> 00:16:40,200 of the universe back in time, 383 00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:42,800 you know, billions of years, 384 00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:44,300 had an aberration 385 00:16:44,300 --> 00:16:46,300 the way my eyes have an aberration, 386 00:16:46,300 --> 00:16:49,600 and I wear glasses, and so there was an initial, 387 00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:51,100 "Oh, my goodness. 388 00:16:51,100 --> 00:16:53,800 What can we do?" 389 00:16:53,800 --> 00:16:58,000 This icon of exploration that took 50 years 390 00:16:58,000 --> 00:17:00,900 to think about to fly has a problem. 391 00:17:00,900 --> 00:17:04,000 -And I'm positive that if we all had written down 392 00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:07,900 the 100 most-likely problems with the Hubble Space Telescope, 393 00:17:07,900 --> 00:17:09,300 if everybody involved with Hubble 394 00:17:09,300 --> 00:17:11,500 had written down those top 100, 395 00:17:11,500 --> 00:17:12,700 not one of them -- 396 00:17:12,700 --> 00:17:15,200 not one of them would have listed, 397 00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:17,600 "the mirror's the wrong shape." 398 00:17:17,600 --> 00:17:21,500 -We feel that we can characterize the problem, 399 00:17:21,500 --> 00:17:23,800 the spherical aberration problem, well enough 400 00:17:23,800 --> 00:17:26,800 that we can take advantage of an insurance policy 401 00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:28,800 that we haven't talked much about, 402 00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:30,200 and it hasn't been in the press much, 403 00:17:30,200 --> 00:17:32,000 and that is, we started a long time ago 404 00:17:32,000 --> 00:17:34,200 to plan a maintenance program. 405 00:17:34,200 --> 00:17:35,300 That is, every three years, 406 00:17:35,300 --> 00:17:37,600 we plan to go up with the Space Shuttle, 407 00:17:37,600 --> 00:17:40,900 change out instruments, change out things that broke -- 408 00:17:40,900 --> 00:17:42,700 the the gyros or something might break. 409 00:17:42,700 --> 00:17:44,700 We have gyros in stock. 410 00:17:44,700 --> 00:17:47,600 In fact, we have, in stock, in storage, 411 00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:49,900 most of the critical components on space telescope. 412 00:17:49,900 --> 00:17:52,300 So we promised that we had a way to fix it, 413 00:17:52,300 --> 00:17:55,500 and we put a new camera in with corrective optics in it 414 00:17:55,500 --> 00:17:57,100 that would cure the optical problem. 415 00:17:57,100 --> 00:17:59,200 Right, as we talk now, we are building a second 416 00:17:59,200 --> 00:18:00,700 Wide Field Camera, 417 00:18:00,700 --> 00:18:03,100 and it's not too late to put a corrective optic -- 418 00:18:03,100 --> 00:18:06,100 You can almost think of it, if you've got bad myopia, 419 00:18:06,100 --> 00:18:08,800 which you can say our telescope has now, 420 00:18:08,800 --> 00:18:10,100 and you put your glasses on, 421 00:18:10,100 --> 00:18:12,300 you can correct totally and get 20-20 vision. 422 00:18:12,300 --> 00:18:14,000 That's what we would do on the Wide Field Camera, 423 00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:15,200 the second Wide Field Camera. 424 00:18:15,200 --> 00:18:17,000 We would change one little mirror, 425 00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:18,800 relay mirror, in there, 426 00:18:18,800 --> 00:18:20,300 take out the aberration 427 00:18:20,300 --> 00:18:23,100 that the primary mirror causes -- 428 00:18:23,100 --> 00:18:24,700 That is, if it's a positive aberration, 429 00:18:24,700 --> 00:18:27,800 we put in a negative aberration and basically cancel it out. 430 00:18:27,800 --> 00:18:30,200 We feel -- The analysis is only preliminary, 431 00:18:30,200 --> 00:18:33,700 but we're pretty optimistic that we can take out 432 00:18:33,700 --> 00:18:34,800 all the aberration 433 00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:36,600 with the second Wide Field Camera 434 00:18:36,600 --> 00:18:39,600 and get us back to the original specification. 435 00:18:39,600 --> 00:18:42,200 Nobody believed us, but we promised that we'd do it 436 00:18:42,200 --> 00:18:44,500 and would do it by December of '93. 437 00:18:44,500 --> 00:18:46,200 Let me conclude by saying, 438 00:18:46,200 --> 00:18:48,800 HST was and is a difficult challenge 439 00:18:48,800 --> 00:18:51,400 for a tremendous payoff. 440 00:18:51,400 --> 00:18:53,500 Hubble became... 441 00:18:53,500 --> 00:18:56,000 It was in the press all the time with the problems. 442 00:18:56,000 --> 00:18:58,600 It was a billion-dollar mistake. 443 00:18:58,600 --> 00:19:01,100 People in the press called it a technological disaster, 444 00:19:01,100 --> 00:19:02,600 a national disgrace. 445 00:19:02,600 --> 00:19:05,700 The late-night comedy hosts were making jokes about Hubble. 446 00:19:05,700 --> 00:19:08,300 -Well, have you been reading about the problems 447 00:19:08,300 --> 00:19:09,700 of the Hubble Telescope. 448 00:19:09,700 --> 00:19:10,800 The Hubble Space Telescope? 449 00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:12,700 -The Hubble Telescope... -The Hubble Telescope... 450 00:19:12,700 --> 00:19:13,900 The Hubble Telescope. 451 00:19:13,900 --> 00:19:16,500 -See, since there's no longer a Soviet threat, 452 00:19:16,500 --> 00:19:18,200 a lot of people feel we don't need the "Star Wars" 453 00:19:18,200 --> 00:19:19,300 defense system anymore. 454 00:19:19,300 --> 00:19:20,800 Hey, I think we should keep it, you know, 455 00:19:20,800 --> 00:19:22,600 if only they shoot down that Hubble spacecraft 456 00:19:22,600 --> 00:19:24,600 and put this thing out of its misery, huh? 457 00:19:24,600 --> 00:19:25,400 [ Laughter ] 458 00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:27,300 Boy, that's what I say. 459 00:19:27,300 --> 00:19:31,100 [ Cheers and applause ] 460 00:19:31,100 --> 00:19:32,600 -The teams at NASA, 461 00:19:32,600 --> 00:19:34,800 combinations with Johnson Space Center, 462 00:19:34,800 --> 00:19:37,400 Goddard Space Flight Center, 463 00:19:37,400 --> 00:19:40,000 great astronauts, the will of the people, 464 00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:42,000 great members of Congress who supported it, 465 00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:43,400 said, "Let's fix it. 466 00:19:43,400 --> 00:19:46,300 We fixed other things, you know, and they still work. 467 00:19:46,300 --> 00:19:48,300 Old cars still run. 468 00:19:48,300 --> 00:19:50,700 Let's make Hubble the better version." 469 00:19:50,700 --> 00:19:52,400 -We were all disappointed 470 00:19:52,400 --> 00:19:55,200 but all hopeful that something might be done 471 00:19:55,200 --> 00:19:59,000 to save this spectacular space observatory, 472 00:19:59,000 --> 00:20:00,500 and, in fact, something was done. 473 00:20:00,500 --> 00:20:03,600 We had already planned to be doing servicing missions 474 00:20:03,600 --> 00:20:05,500 on Hubble over the years, 475 00:20:05,500 --> 00:20:07,300 and so the first servicing mission 476 00:20:07,300 --> 00:20:09,600 to send astronauts back to Hubble 477 00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:12,200 was designed to repair 478 00:20:12,200 --> 00:20:14,900 this problem with Hubble. 479 00:20:14,900 --> 00:20:18,300 -And this big mirror really 480 00:20:18,300 --> 00:20:20,200 was the dominant driver. 481 00:20:20,200 --> 00:20:23,400 We worked very, very hard to develop, 482 00:20:23,400 --> 00:20:26,800 first of all, you know, how distorted was it? 483 00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:29,200 How mispolished was it? 484 00:20:29,200 --> 00:20:31,900 And then to find a company 485 00:20:31,900 --> 00:20:34,100 in the United States, preferably, 486 00:20:34,100 --> 00:20:37,400 that could polish corrective lenses 487 00:20:37,400 --> 00:20:39,500 that would take care of the problem. 488 00:20:39,500 --> 00:20:42,800 Those two challenges were really immense, 489 00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:46,400 and those challenges, when they finally got solved, 490 00:20:46,400 --> 00:20:48,600 led to something that was 491 00:20:48,600 --> 00:20:51,000 an extremely important payoff 492 00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:54,000 to the US and world citizenry. 493 00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:55,700 -To fly what you test 494 00:20:55,700 --> 00:20:58,200 and test what you fly would be easier 495 00:20:58,200 --> 00:21:00,500 if the telescope were back on Earth, 496 00:21:00,500 --> 00:21:03,500 but landing and relaunching 497 00:21:03,500 --> 00:21:05,500 could contaminate the telescope 498 00:21:05,500 --> 00:21:07,500 or damage it through vibration. 499 00:21:10,400 --> 00:21:12,500 NASA couldn't test the new corrective optics 500 00:21:12,500 --> 00:21:14,400 in the actual telescope, 501 00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:16,700 so to make sure the optics will work, 502 00:21:16,700 --> 00:21:20,300 the team had to determine the condition of Hubble in space 503 00:21:20,300 --> 00:21:24,100 and replicate that on the ground. 504 00:21:24,100 --> 00:21:26,900 One independent review panel used Hubble images 505 00:21:26,900 --> 00:21:30,500 to determine the precise shape of the flawed primary mirror 506 00:21:30,500 --> 00:21:33,900 and the prescription to fix it. 507 00:21:33,900 --> 00:21:38,700 Another team had to verify that the corrective optics will work. 508 00:21:38,700 --> 00:21:41,700 Teams had to test two optical packages, 509 00:21:41,700 --> 00:21:44,700 the replacement Wide Field Planetary Camera 510 00:21:44,700 --> 00:21:46,200 and the corrective optics 511 00:21:46,200 --> 00:21:49,700 for the other instruments, called COSTAR. 512 00:21:49,700 --> 00:21:52,600 Engineers built several independent analyzers 513 00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:54,500 to test that they had replicated 514 00:21:54,500 --> 00:21:57,600 what the Hubble Telescope does to light. 515 00:21:57,600 --> 00:22:00,700 For mechanical testing, engineers built a simulator 516 00:22:00,700 --> 00:22:02,500 at Goddard Space Flight Center 517 00:22:02,500 --> 00:22:04,600 using the same precision equipment 518 00:22:04,600 --> 00:22:06,700 that built Hubble originally. 519 00:22:06,700 --> 00:22:09,200 To replicate Hubble during electrical tests 520 00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:12,000 of the corrective-optics package and the new camera, 521 00:22:12,000 --> 00:22:13,800 an electrical test facility 522 00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:15,800 was built with the same schematics 523 00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:18,100 as the original telescope. 524 00:22:18,100 --> 00:22:21,400 Hardware has been thoroughly tested on the ground. 525 00:22:21,400 --> 00:22:25,100 The Hubble servicing team is preparing for contingencies, 526 00:22:25,100 --> 00:22:27,000 but this mission is a first, 527 00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:31,000 so no one can predict everything that could happen. 528 00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:33,800 The real test will be in space. 529 00:22:33,800 --> 00:22:38,500 -Five, four, three, two, one. 530 00:22:38,500 --> 00:22:41,300 -To zero. -And we have liftoff. 531 00:22:41,300 --> 00:22:42,900 Liftoff of the Space Shuttle Endeavour 532 00:22:42,900 --> 00:22:44,600 on an ambitious mission to service 533 00:22:44,600 --> 00:22:46,400 the Hubble Space Telescope. 534 00:22:53,600 --> 00:22:56,700 -Houston, Endeavor has a firm handshake 535 00:22:56,700 --> 00:22:58,400 with Mr. Hubble's Telescope. 536 00:23:00,800 --> 00:23:04,500 -We copy that, Covey, and there are smiles galore down here. 537 00:23:06,700 --> 00:23:08,200 -They got it. -Alright! 538 00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:10,700 [ Cheers and applause ] 539 00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:16,500 -Fantastic. -I forgot my glove! 540 00:23:16,500 --> 00:23:18,100 [ Laughter ] 541 00:23:18,100 --> 00:23:20,600 -We're going to do WFPC on day two, now. 542 00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:23,800 Sudden change of plans. -That's it, change of plan. 543 00:23:23,800 --> 00:23:26,100 -No, I think if -- -...deploy the EVA. 544 00:23:26,100 --> 00:23:27,900 -I think if the arrays are straight, 545 00:23:27,900 --> 00:23:29,300 we also have an equal chance 546 00:23:29,300 --> 00:23:31,700 that there is no such thing as further aberration. 547 00:23:31,700 --> 00:23:34,600 -That's it. -The universe is aberrated, 548 00:23:34,600 --> 00:23:36,400 and we're going to be correcting for it. 549 00:23:36,400 --> 00:23:37,400 -Actually, also... 550 00:23:37,400 --> 00:23:39,700 -Okay, and then, you're seeing 551 00:23:39,700 --> 00:23:42,400 what would be the upper outboard bistem 552 00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:45,600 on the plus V2 array. 553 00:23:45,600 --> 00:23:48,900 There's a definite kink 554 00:23:48,900 --> 00:23:52,700 right at the upper edge 555 00:23:52,700 --> 00:23:55,100 of the second panel there, as you can see, 556 00:23:55,100 --> 00:23:57,600 in the max part of the bend, 557 00:23:57,600 --> 00:24:00,400 and it looks like as the bistems -- 558 00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:02,200 Of course, one is inside the other. 559 00:24:02,200 --> 00:24:06,000 It looks like the outer bistem has a kink in it, 560 00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:09,100 and it is also twisted 561 00:24:09,100 --> 00:24:13,000 approximately 90-plus degrees clockwise 562 00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:14,600 there at the kink. 563 00:24:14,600 --> 00:24:17,100 Then, it looks like it all comes back together 564 00:24:17,100 --> 00:24:20,000 within a few feet there of the kink. 565 00:24:20,000 --> 00:24:22,300 There's also -- probably hard for you all to see. 566 00:24:22,300 --> 00:24:24,300 We have to look at it with binoculars -- 567 00:24:24,300 --> 00:24:30,400 a second kink couple of feet below the obvious one that 568 00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:34,900 is on the back side there of that section of the bistem. 569 00:24:34,900 --> 00:24:36,200 It's not quite as bad, 570 00:24:36,200 --> 00:24:38,500 but it does have a little crease in it. 571 00:24:38,500 --> 00:24:39,700 -Foot restraint will be occupied 572 00:24:39,700 --> 00:24:42,900 by mission specialist Kathy Thornton. 573 00:24:42,900 --> 00:24:45,700 She will be working from the end of the mechanical arm. 574 00:24:50,500 --> 00:24:55,500 This television shows Thornton at the array, 575 00:24:55,500 --> 00:24:58,700 the array to be jettisoned. 576 00:24:58,700 --> 00:25:01,500 -Okay, KT. 577 00:25:01,500 --> 00:25:03,000 You ready? -Yeah, I'm ready. 578 00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:05,200 -Okay. They say you got a go for release. 579 00:25:05,200 --> 00:25:08,000 [ Indistinct talking ] 580 00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:09,600 -Okay. No hands. 581 00:25:09,600 --> 00:25:13,200 [ Indistinct radio chatter ] 582 00:25:13,200 --> 00:25:14,700 -Okay. 583 00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:20,300 -It looks like a bird. Tom, look at it. 584 00:25:24,100 --> 00:25:25,900 -Look how stable you left that. 585 00:25:34,100 --> 00:25:35,700 There it goes. 586 00:25:39,800 --> 00:25:40,900 [ Indistinct conversations ] 587 00:25:40,900 --> 00:25:42,400 [ Laughter ] 588 00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:49,000 [ Conversations continue ] 589 00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:50,700 -We identified this preflight, 590 00:25:50,700 --> 00:25:53,000 in case something like this happened. 591 00:25:53,000 --> 00:25:57,000 We could go grab blankets and covers. 592 00:25:57,000 --> 00:26:00,900 -If we can have another EVA day like we did the first -- 593 00:26:00,900 --> 00:26:04,700 and it looks like we're halfway there -- 594 00:26:04,700 --> 00:26:06,400 we'll be well on our way 595 00:26:06,400 --> 00:26:12,300 to having a very, very successfully completed mission. 596 00:26:12,300 --> 00:26:14,900 In fact, I remember after the first day saying, 597 00:26:14,900 --> 00:26:18,000 "If we could just have two more like today, 598 00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:19,900 we'd be sure of great science." 599 00:26:19,900 --> 00:26:21,000 -Yeah. 600 00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:23,200 -So, it looks great. 601 00:26:26,800 --> 00:26:30,600 -This is the mirror. 602 00:26:30,600 --> 00:26:32,800 This is like the mirror 603 00:26:32,800 --> 00:26:35,200 in the Wide Field Camera 604 00:26:35,200 --> 00:26:36,700 that's used to correct 605 00:26:36,700 --> 00:26:40,700 for the spherical aberration in the Hubble, 606 00:26:40,700 --> 00:26:44,600 and it's done by putting the same mirror on this mirror 607 00:26:44,600 --> 00:26:46,600 that exists on the Hubble mirror, 608 00:26:46,600 --> 00:26:48,100 only with the opposite size, 609 00:26:48,100 --> 00:26:52,200 so the result is that after having the optical image 610 00:26:52,200 --> 00:26:54,300 distorted by the primary mirror, 611 00:26:54,300 --> 00:26:57,300 the distortion is removed by this secondary mirror, 612 00:26:57,300 --> 00:27:01,800 and the result is that you get a good, clear image at the end. 613 00:27:01,800 --> 00:27:03,800 -I am on it. 614 00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:05,100 Okay. Alright. 615 00:27:05,100 --> 00:27:07,200 Stop the arm. 616 00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:09,100 Stop the arm. -Stopped. 617 00:27:09,100 --> 00:27:11,400 -Is the bay clear? -Yes. 618 00:27:11,400 --> 00:27:13,800 We're totally clear. We're ready to start in. 619 00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:15,200 -Okay. 620 00:27:15,200 --> 00:27:17,200 Right. Let's come on in. 621 00:27:17,200 --> 00:27:18,600 -Okay. 622 00:27:18,600 --> 00:27:21,600 -Nobody really believed they could do all of this work, 623 00:27:21,600 --> 00:27:25,100 and they did it and did it in fine fashion, you know, 624 00:27:25,100 --> 00:27:27,400 even with some problems along the way, 625 00:27:27,400 --> 00:27:28,700 so that was -- 626 00:27:28,700 --> 00:27:30,300 that brought Hubble back to life, 627 00:27:30,300 --> 00:27:33,300 and it kind of took away some of the criticism of NASA, 628 00:27:33,300 --> 00:27:35,100 because they had now demonstrated 629 00:27:35,100 --> 00:27:37,300 that they could do something that had never been done before. 630 00:27:37,300 --> 00:27:39,500 We had never serviced a telescope, 631 00:27:39,500 --> 00:27:44,300 so when people talk about the legacy of Hubble, 632 00:27:44,300 --> 00:27:47,200 I think among its greatest legacies 633 00:27:47,200 --> 00:27:52,300 will be helping humanity understand that, yeah, 634 00:27:52,300 --> 00:27:55,300 when things go to space, we can, in fact -- 635 00:27:55,300 --> 00:27:57,700 It's not hopeless, if there's something wrong. 636 00:27:57,700 --> 00:27:59,900 We can service them, in many cases, 637 00:27:59,900 --> 00:28:02,900 if we make some preparation to do that. 638 00:28:02,900 --> 00:28:04,900 -Drop. 639 00:28:04,900 --> 00:28:06,400 Drop. 640 00:28:06,400 --> 00:28:07,900 Okay. Here we come. 641 00:28:15,400 --> 00:28:16,900 Get it on. The light comes on. 642 00:28:16,900 --> 00:28:18,700 -With the camera now installed, 643 00:28:18,700 --> 00:28:21,500 Claude Nicollier will reposition Jeff Hoffman 644 00:28:21,500 --> 00:28:24,100 so that he can now completely latch 645 00:28:24,100 --> 00:28:28,200 the new instrument into the telescope. 646 00:28:28,200 --> 00:28:29,700 -Right now, it's looking very, very good 647 00:28:29,700 --> 00:28:32,800 that we've accomplished all we needed to accomplish 648 00:28:32,800 --> 00:28:35,700 for the optical correction of HST, 649 00:28:35,700 --> 00:28:38,600 and that's good news for astronomy, 650 00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:41,500 and it's good news for NASA 651 00:28:41,500 --> 00:28:44,000 to get over this little episode in our history. 652 00:28:44,000 --> 00:28:45,800 -And after five EVAs, 653 00:28:45,800 --> 00:28:48,800 space walks, 654 00:28:48,800 --> 00:28:50,000 the astronauts came home, 655 00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:51,100 and about two weeks later, 656 00:28:51,100 --> 00:28:53,300 we took off the bandages from our eyes, 657 00:28:53,300 --> 00:28:55,600 and, suddenly, Hubble was fixed. 658 00:28:55,600 --> 00:28:56,800 It was totally fixed. 659 00:28:56,800 --> 00:28:58,100 -Is this it? 660 00:28:58,100 --> 00:28:59,400 [ Indistinct conversations ] 661 00:29:01,500 --> 00:29:04,400 [ Cheers and applause ] 662 00:29:04,400 --> 00:29:06,300 -Right there! -Oh! 663 00:29:06,300 --> 00:29:08,100 [ Laughs ] -Boom! 664 00:29:08,100 --> 00:29:09,200 -They did it! -Hey! 665 00:29:09,200 --> 00:29:10,900 -Wait, wait, wait, wait. -No, no, no. Go. 666 00:29:10,900 --> 00:29:12,300 -Yeah, let's get a see. -Bring it up. 667 00:29:12,300 --> 00:29:14,000 -Yeah. Bring it up. -Bring it up more. 668 00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:15,400 -Come on. Come on. -Bring it up more. 669 00:29:15,400 --> 00:29:16,900 -Oh! -Come on! 670 00:29:16,900 --> 00:29:18,600 -Not bad. -That's not bad. 671 00:29:18,600 --> 00:29:20,500 -Well, can we get 672 00:29:20,500 --> 00:29:22,000 a sense for which is the brightest pixel? 673 00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:23,700 -Yeah. Could you just move the cursor around in there? 674 00:29:23,700 --> 00:29:24,600 -Yeah. The -- Oh, there! 675 00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:25,600 There! There! -Oh! 676 00:29:25,600 --> 00:29:26,900 -It's many pixels! 677 00:29:26,900 --> 00:29:28,500 -Whoa! -Not bad at all. 678 00:29:28,500 --> 00:29:33,600 -I chair the subcommittee that financed the manufacture 679 00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:37,200 of the most significant contact lens 680 00:29:37,200 --> 00:29:38,700 in American history, 681 00:29:38,700 --> 00:29:42,200 the fix on the Hubble Space Telescope 682 00:29:42,200 --> 00:29:44,600 and then bankrolled 683 00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:50,000 this extraordinary space HMO that went out 684 00:29:50,000 --> 00:29:52,200 and gave Hubble Telescope 685 00:29:52,200 --> 00:29:54,800 a new contact lens, 686 00:29:54,800 --> 00:29:57,400 and I'm happy to announce today 687 00:29:57,400 --> 00:30:00,500 that after its launch now in 1990, 688 00:30:00,500 --> 00:30:02,700 some of its earlier disappointments, 689 00:30:02,700 --> 00:30:06,200 the trouble with Hubble is over! 690 00:30:06,200 --> 00:30:11,100 We have here a picture taken of the image of a star 691 00:30:11,100 --> 00:30:14,300 with the new Faint Object Camera. 692 00:30:14,300 --> 00:30:17,100 Here, we have the picture taken prior 693 00:30:17,100 --> 00:30:21,100 to the servicing mission without the COSTAR. 694 00:30:21,100 --> 00:30:26,100 Over here, on my left, is the new picture taken 695 00:30:26,100 --> 00:30:28,500 of the same star configuration 696 00:30:28,500 --> 00:30:30,000 after COSTAR. 697 00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:32,400 This is the picture of the same galaxy, 698 00:30:32,400 --> 00:30:36,300 and then here is the picture taken of the same galaxy 699 00:30:36,300 --> 00:30:40,300 through the new Wide Field/Planetary Camera 700 00:30:40,300 --> 00:30:44,600 that was installed by our gallant and brave astronauts. 701 00:30:44,600 --> 00:30:47,100 The pictures are remarkable. 702 00:30:47,100 --> 00:30:50,100 The science that will come from the pictures 703 00:30:50,100 --> 00:30:53,400 are of historical significance. 704 00:30:53,400 --> 00:30:56,700 We will now, because of the Hubble fix, 705 00:30:56,700 --> 00:31:01,200 be able to do 21st-century science 706 00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:05,000 that will enable us to look back on the universe. 707 00:31:05,000 --> 00:31:05,100 that will enable us to look back on the universe. 708 00:31:05,100 --> 00:31:07,400 and this is only the beginning! 709 00:31:07,400 --> 00:31:11,500 -Three, two, one. 710 00:31:11,500 --> 00:31:13,300 Ignition and liftoff, 711 00:31:13,300 --> 00:31:15,300 Discovery now on its way to service 712 00:31:15,300 --> 00:31:17,500 NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. 713 00:31:17,500 --> 00:31:21,800 -The Hubble Space Telescope is a magnificent achievement, 714 00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:24,300 because it involves so many aspects 715 00:31:24,300 --> 00:31:26,700 of expertise and support, 716 00:31:26,700 --> 00:31:28,500 everything from engineering, 717 00:31:28,500 --> 00:31:31,900 technology, cultural support, 718 00:31:31,900 --> 00:31:33,700 scientific motivation, 719 00:31:33,700 --> 00:31:35,600 political support. 720 00:31:35,600 --> 00:31:38,100 It's also very innovative 721 00:31:38,100 --> 00:31:40,700 because it involved building on the technology 722 00:31:40,700 --> 00:31:44,900 developed through the Apollo program of NASA 723 00:31:44,900 --> 00:31:46,500 and then advancing that 724 00:31:46,500 --> 00:31:48,500 to the point of having the Space Shuttle 725 00:31:48,500 --> 00:31:51,100 being able to carry satellites, 726 00:31:51,100 --> 00:31:54,400 like Hubble, into low Earth orbit 727 00:31:54,400 --> 00:31:56,200 and then creating an infrastructure 728 00:31:56,200 --> 00:31:57,800 where you can bring astronauts 729 00:31:57,800 --> 00:32:01,500 repeatedly back up to an orbiting satellite, 730 00:32:01,500 --> 00:32:04,100 connecting with that satellite, and having those astronauts 731 00:32:04,100 --> 00:32:07,000 go out in extravehicular activity 732 00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:10,300 to repair, service, upgrade that telescope, 733 00:32:10,300 --> 00:32:12,000 that satellite 734 00:32:12,000 --> 00:32:15,600 and then let it go again to continue doing its science, 735 00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:18,500 inspiring future missions and future ways 736 00:32:18,500 --> 00:32:20,700 that astronauts and science 737 00:32:20,700 --> 00:32:23,300 and engineering can all work together 738 00:32:23,300 --> 00:32:25,600 to produce new advances 739 00:32:25,600 --> 00:32:27,400 in human space exploration. 740 00:32:27,400 --> 00:32:28,500 Hubble was pretty much 741 00:32:28,500 --> 00:32:31,500 the pioneer in this kind of sustained effort, 742 00:32:31,500 --> 00:32:33,700 and we should be grateful for it. 743 00:32:33,700 --> 00:32:35,400 -We have booster ignition 744 00:32:35,400 --> 00:32:38,000 and liftoff of the Space Shuttle Discovery 745 00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:40,100 on a mission to repair the Hubble Space Telescope 746 00:32:40,100 --> 00:32:43,100 as we venture into the 21st century. 747 00:32:43,100 --> 00:32:46,200 -I hope that it helps us understand 748 00:32:46,200 --> 00:32:50,500 what humans are capable of, period. 749 00:32:50,500 --> 00:32:52,100 I mean, we -- 750 00:32:52,100 --> 00:32:54,300 You know, Hubble represents 751 00:32:54,300 --> 00:32:57,000 so many different pieces of this planet 752 00:32:57,000 --> 00:32:59,500 working together in harmony. 753 00:32:59,500 --> 00:33:02,400 You know, we've got the European Space Agency, 754 00:33:02,400 --> 00:33:03,900 NASA, 755 00:33:03,900 --> 00:33:07,700 all the universities and science organizations 756 00:33:07,700 --> 00:33:12,200 all around this planet that have a vested interest 757 00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:17,200 and have reaped the benefit of Hubble. 758 00:33:17,200 --> 00:33:19,400 Yeah, I certainly hope it's shown us 759 00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:21,400 what we are capable of. 760 00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:23,600 -Liftoff of Space Shuttle Columbia 761 00:33:23,600 --> 00:33:25,500 to broaden our view of the universe 762 00:33:25,500 --> 00:33:27,400 through the Hubble Space Telescope. 763 00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:29,400 -It took about three years of training 764 00:33:29,400 --> 00:33:31,800 before we were ready to go fly. 765 00:33:31,800 --> 00:33:33,300 The Hubble missions are some 766 00:33:33,300 --> 00:33:35,000 of the most complicated space missions 767 00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:36,200 we've ever attempted, 768 00:33:36,200 --> 00:33:37,600 and the repairs were difficult, 769 00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:40,300 involved developing new tools and procedures, 770 00:33:40,300 --> 00:33:41,900 and so that's why it takes longer 771 00:33:41,900 --> 00:33:45,400 for a Hubble Space Telescope mission than it did, say, 772 00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:48,600 for a International Space Station assembly mission. 773 00:33:48,600 --> 00:33:51,100 Those you could turn around much more quickly. 774 00:33:51,100 --> 00:33:55,100 ♪♪ 775 00:33:55,100 --> 00:33:56,800 -The loss of this valiant crew 776 00:33:56,800 --> 00:34:00,700 is something we will never... 777 00:34:00,700 --> 00:34:02,000 be able to get over, and, certainly, 778 00:34:02,000 --> 00:34:04,100 the families of all of them, 779 00:34:04,100 --> 00:34:06,500 we have assured we will do everything -- 780 00:34:06,500 --> 00:34:09,200 everything we can possibly do 781 00:34:09,200 --> 00:34:11,600 to guarantee that they work their way 782 00:34:11,600 --> 00:34:15,900 through this horrific tragedy. 783 00:34:15,900 --> 00:34:18,300 -The final Hubble servicing mission that left Hubble 784 00:34:18,300 --> 00:34:20,200 as the observatory that it is today 785 00:34:20,200 --> 00:34:22,700 almost didn't happen because, 786 00:34:22,700 --> 00:34:26,100 after Columbia, Sean O'Keefe was the NASA administrator, 787 00:34:26,100 --> 00:34:29,300 and he made the decision that Hubble was too risky. 788 00:34:29,300 --> 00:34:32,900 -I think we all respected 789 00:34:32,900 --> 00:34:34,600 the administrator at the time 790 00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:37,200 who actually came out in person to tell us. 791 00:34:37,200 --> 00:34:38,700 We didn't like what he was telling us, 792 00:34:38,700 --> 00:34:40,400 but at least he didn't just send an e-mail. 793 00:34:40,400 --> 00:34:43,200 He came out and tried to explain his rationale, 794 00:34:43,200 --> 00:34:44,800 which was simply that he thought 795 00:34:44,800 --> 00:34:46,500 it was too dangerous for the astronauts 796 00:34:46,500 --> 00:34:49,200 since there was no safety net 797 00:34:49,200 --> 00:34:51,200 if something went wrong. 798 00:34:51,200 --> 00:34:54,700 -Hubble was in an orbit that the crew couldn't use 799 00:34:54,700 --> 00:34:57,700 the International Space Station as a safe haven 800 00:34:57,700 --> 00:34:59,400 if something went wrong. 801 00:34:59,400 --> 00:35:02,700 For all of the station missions, our plan was, 802 00:35:02,700 --> 00:35:05,300 if we could just get the crew somewhere to orbit, 803 00:35:05,300 --> 00:35:07,800 we could get them to the International Space Station 804 00:35:07,800 --> 00:35:10,000 and put them aboard station until we could get 805 00:35:10,000 --> 00:35:13,000 another flight to come up and rescue them. 806 00:35:13,000 --> 00:35:14,300 -But... 807 00:35:14,300 --> 00:35:19,300 So, we fortunately were able to keep people occupied 808 00:35:19,300 --> 00:35:21,100 while this was churning through the system, 809 00:35:21,100 --> 00:35:23,000 and we did some very good work 810 00:35:23,000 --> 00:35:26,100 on the possibility of robotic servicing of Hubble, 811 00:35:26,100 --> 00:35:28,200 and after a year's worth of work, 812 00:35:28,200 --> 00:35:32,600 we actually decided that it would be possible in the future, 813 00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:35,500 but we didn't think we could develop it in time 814 00:35:35,500 --> 00:35:39,400 to actually be useful for Hubble before it lost control 815 00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:42,100 or, you know, wasn't able to observe, 816 00:35:42,100 --> 00:35:45,200 and fortunately, about the time we had decided that 817 00:35:45,200 --> 00:35:47,100 is when the new administrator 818 00:35:47,100 --> 00:35:49,300 came in and said, "Let's find a way to make 819 00:35:49,300 --> 00:35:51,900 the final servicing mission happen." 820 00:35:51,900 --> 00:35:55,200 -Just under three years ago, 821 00:35:55,200 --> 00:35:58,200 NASA had to announce 822 00:35:58,200 --> 00:36:00,200 a very troubling decision -- 823 00:36:00,200 --> 00:36:04,900 that decision being to cancel Shuttle Service Mission 4 824 00:36:04,900 --> 00:36:07,100 for the Hubble Space Telescope, 825 00:36:07,100 --> 00:36:10,400 and today, I'm here to announce a much more pleasant decision 826 00:36:10,400 --> 00:36:12,400 on behalf of the agency. 827 00:36:14,400 --> 00:36:18,000 We are going to add a shuttle servicing mission 828 00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:19,500 to the Hubble Space Telescope 829 00:36:19,500 --> 00:36:23,500 to the shuttle's manifest to be flown before it retires. 830 00:36:23,500 --> 00:36:25,000 We antici-- 831 00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:26,500 [ Cheers and applause ] 832 00:36:26,500 --> 00:36:31,900 ♪♪ 833 00:36:31,900 --> 00:36:37,400 ♪♪ 834 00:36:37,400 --> 00:36:38,800 -The public response was 835 00:36:38,800 --> 00:36:42,000 probably as important, if not more so, 836 00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:43,100 than the professional 837 00:36:43,100 --> 00:36:45,200 astronomical community's response. 838 00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:47,500 They both wanted to see Hubble serviced, 839 00:36:47,500 --> 00:36:49,000 both wanted to continue, 840 00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:52,100 but the public, in some ways, was our savior. 841 00:36:52,100 --> 00:36:53,300 I mean, they went, 842 00:36:53,300 --> 00:36:55,500 and they talked to their Congresspeople. 843 00:36:55,500 --> 00:36:58,600 They, you know, wrote editorials 844 00:36:58,600 --> 00:37:00,600 for newspapers and everything, 845 00:37:00,600 --> 00:37:04,200 and there are a lot of people on the Earth -- 846 00:37:04,200 --> 00:37:07,000 The youngsters have never known a time 847 00:37:07,000 --> 00:37:09,500 without Hubble in the sky... 848 00:37:12,900 --> 00:37:16,100 [Voice breaking] ...and they -- they just... 849 00:37:16,100 --> 00:37:19,600 didn't want to see it go away. 850 00:37:19,600 --> 00:37:22,200 So, I think their investment in it, 851 00:37:22,200 --> 00:37:24,600 their connection to it 852 00:37:24,600 --> 00:37:26,900 coupled with the way 853 00:37:26,900 --> 00:37:31,200 they were able to describe that 854 00:37:31,200 --> 00:37:34,100 to the media, 855 00:37:34,100 --> 00:37:35,900 to Congress, whatever, 856 00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:39,800 it really got through to people 857 00:37:39,800 --> 00:37:41,600 and to the administrator and said, 858 00:37:41,600 --> 00:37:45,000 "You know, this is important 859 00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:48,500 for more than the science. 860 00:37:48,500 --> 00:37:51,500 So, let's find a way to make it work," 861 00:37:51,500 --> 00:37:53,100 and we did. 862 00:37:53,100 --> 00:37:59,700 ♪♪ 863 00:37:59,700 --> 00:38:06,200 ♪♪ 864 00:38:06,200 --> 00:38:11,400 -Seven, six, five, four, three, 865 00:38:11,400 --> 00:38:15,400 two, one and liftoff 866 00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:17,400 of Space Shuttle Atlantis, 867 00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:20,100 final visit to enhance the vision of Hubble 868 00:38:20,100 --> 00:38:23,500 into the deepest grandeur of our universe. 869 00:38:23,500 --> 00:38:29,000 ♪♪ 870 00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:30,500 [ Indistinct radio chatter ] 871 00:38:30,500 --> 00:38:40,400 ♪♪ 872 00:38:40,400 --> 00:38:41,800 [ Radio chatter continues ] 873 00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:43,800 -Increase rate, Megan. -Copy. 874 00:38:43,800 --> 00:38:45,400 Increasing the rate. 875 00:38:45,400 --> 00:38:49,300 [ Indistinct radio chatter ] 876 00:38:49,300 --> 00:38:52,900 -...is just outside of the telescope. 877 00:38:52,900 --> 00:38:55,200 ...is one foot outside of the telescope. 878 00:38:55,200 --> 00:38:58,000 Okay. Increase rate, Megan. 879 00:38:58,000 --> 00:38:59,900 -Copy. -Clear for maneuver. 880 00:38:59,900 --> 00:39:02,900 -You're clear for the maneuver. -Go for maneuver, Megan. 881 00:39:02,900 --> 00:39:05,000 -Copy. Going to the fixture. 882 00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:07,900 ♪♪ 883 00:39:07,900 --> 00:39:09,400 -I'm the witness on this. 884 00:39:09,400 --> 00:39:12,800 You actually were the last guy to pat it goodbye. 885 00:39:12,800 --> 00:39:15,000 What were you thinking when you patted Hubble goodbye? 886 00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:16,100 What was going through your mind? 887 00:39:16,100 --> 00:39:17,200 -Happy voyages. 888 00:39:17,200 --> 00:39:19,400 I hope everything that we did worked. 889 00:39:19,400 --> 00:39:21,300 -[ Chuckles ] 890 00:39:21,300 --> 00:39:24,800 -It's hard not to think of Hubble as something alive, 891 00:39:24,800 --> 00:39:27,800 but, you know, I really was thinking of Hubble as a friend. 892 00:39:27,800 --> 00:39:31,700 -This is a really tremendous adventure that we've been on, 893 00:39:31,700 --> 00:39:34,300 a very challenging mission. 894 00:39:34,300 --> 00:39:36,500 Hubble isn't just a satellite. 895 00:39:36,500 --> 00:39:39,500 It's about humanity's quest for knowledge. 896 00:39:39,500 --> 00:39:41,300 As Arthur C. Clarke said, 897 00:39:41,300 --> 00:39:44,100 "The only way of finding the limits of the possible 898 00:39:44,100 --> 00:39:47,500 is by going beyond them, into the impossible," 899 00:39:47,500 --> 00:39:49,900 and on this mission, we tried some things 900 00:39:49,900 --> 00:39:51,800 that many people said was impossible -- 901 00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:55,000 fixing STIS, repairing ACS, 902 00:39:55,000 --> 00:39:58,700 achieving all the content that we have in this mission. 903 00:39:58,700 --> 00:40:01,300 But we've achieved that, 904 00:40:01,300 --> 00:40:04,200 and we wish Hubble the very best. 905 00:40:04,200 --> 00:40:07,500 I want to wish Hubble its own set of adventures 906 00:40:07,500 --> 00:40:09,700 and with the new instruments we've installed 907 00:40:09,700 --> 00:40:13,600 that it may unlock further mysteries of the universe. 908 00:40:13,600 --> 00:40:15,800 -Repaired the two failing instruments, 909 00:40:15,800 --> 00:40:17,800 put in two new ones, replaced gyros, 910 00:40:17,800 --> 00:40:20,900 a whole bunch of things -- a really massive mission 911 00:40:20,900 --> 00:40:23,000 and did such an excellent job 912 00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:26,100 that we're here more than 10 years later now, 913 00:40:26,100 --> 00:40:29,000 and we're as capable as we've ever been. 914 00:40:29,000 --> 00:40:29,900 Things are still working. 915 00:40:29,900 --> 00:40:31,100 We've lost a few gyros, 916 00:40:31,100 --> 00:40:33,100 but we still have enough to operate on. 917 00:40:33,100 --> 00:40:35,400 All four of the instruments that were alive 918 00:40:35,400 --> 00:40:38,300 after the servicing mission are still going strong. 919 00:40:38,300 --> 00:40:41,200 We are supremely grateful 920 00:40:41,200 --> 00:40:43,500 for getting that last servicing mission in, 921 00:40:43,500 --> 00:40:45,600 because we would not still be operating at this point 922 00:40:45,600 --> 00:40:46,700 if we hadn't done that. 923 00:40:46,700 --> 00:40:49,300 That allowed us to get the telescope 924 00:40:49,300 --> 00:40:53,600 in a configuration for maximum following lifetime. 925 00:40:57,500 --> 00:41:00,000 -It's about newness. 926 00:41:00,000 --> 00:41:01,700 It's about challenge. 927 00:41:01,700 --> 00:41:05,400 It's about going out there in the forefront of technology 928 00:41:05,400 --> 00:41:07,600 and breaking through, 929 00:41:07,600 --> 00:41:09,600 and Hubble represents that 930 00:41:09,600 --> 00:41:12,000 to the greatest degree that I could think of, 931 00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:16,000 because it allows us to do it in a big way and in a small way. 932 00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:17,800 It allows us to do it in detectors. 933 00:41:17,800 --> 00:41:20,700 It allows us to do it in computer technology 934 00:41:20,700 --> 00:41:25,000 and optical fabrication and optical polishing, 935 00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:27,100 but it also gives us this big picture. 936 00:41:27,100 --> 00:41:30,000 It also gives us this great challenge 937 00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:32,400 of making things better. 938 00:41:32,400 --> 00:41:36,000 ♪♪ 939 00:41:36,000 --> 00:41:39,700 ♪♪ 940 00:41:39,700 --> 00:41:42,600 -A lot of people say they feel very insignificant 941 00:41:42,600 --> 00:41:44,400 when they look at these images of -- 942 00:41:44,400 --> 00:41:46,800 that show thousands of galaxies 943 00:41:46,800 --> 00:41:50,100 and tell us that there are hundreds of billions of galaxies 944 00:41:50,100 --> 00:41:51,700 beyond the Milky Way, 945 00:41:51,700 --> 00:41:54,900 and that's a certain understandable response, 946 00:41:54,900 --> 00:41:58,100 but I also feel a sense of gratitude 947 00:41:58,100 --> 00:42:00,000 and even significance myself. 948 00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:01,700 Now, these are philosophical issues, 949 00:42:01,700 --> 00:42:03,600 not science issues, right? 950 00:42:03,600 --> 00:42:06,600 But I feel a sense of significance 951 00:42:06,600 --> 00:42:08,800 that we, as humans, 952 00:42:08,800 --> 00:42:12,100 have developed or been granted the ability 953 00:42:12,100 --> 00:42:13,800 to develop instruments 954 00:42:13,800 --> 00:42:16,500 that enable us to see far beyond 955 00:42:16,500 --> 00:42:19,000 what the human eye alone could ever see 956 00:42:19,000 --> 00:42:20,400 and to think about what it means, 957 00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:23,100 to think about how we, on this planet, 958 00:42:23,100 --> 00:42:25,400 relate to star systems 959 00:42:25,400 --> 00:42:27,700 far beyond our own. 960 00:42:27,700 --> 00:42:29,400 I think that's wonderful. 961 00:42:29,400 --> 00:42:31,300 It should make us all feel 962 00:42:31,300 --> 00:42:34,300 a sense of gratitude and humility 963 00:42:34,300 --> 00:42:35,700 and also connectedness. 964 00:42:35,700 --> 00:42:37,800 You know, we're on different sides of a planet, 965 00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:41,500 but we're all connected as human beings on planet Earth 966 00:42:41,500 --> 00:42:43,800 as part of this magnificent universe. 967 00:42:43,800 --> 00:42:45,300 I think it should and does 968 00:42:45,300 --> 00:42:47,600 have a unifying effect for humanity, 969 00:42:47,600 --> 00:42:50,100 and I'm grateful for that. 970 00:42:50,100 --> 00:42:52,600 -Imagination is great, but execution's everything, 971 00:42:52,600 --> 00:42:56,800 so okay, we can imagine being able to see the cosmos, 972 00:42:56,800 --> 00:42:58,900 and that's great, and great astronomers, 973 00:42:58,900 --> 00:43:00,900 great thinkers wrote the governing equations. 974 00:43:00,900 --> 00:43:03,800 They imagined it, but what did it take 975 00:43:03,800 --> 00:43:05,600 to be able to do it in a way 976 00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:07,900 that responds to what we learn 977 00:43:07,900 --> 00:43:10,200 in a way that allows us to go beyond 978 00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:12,900 just the framing questions, you know? 979 00:43:12,900 --> 00:43:14,700 And so the Hubble Space Telescope 980 00:43:14,700 --> 00:43:17,900 is the consummation of a masterpiece of engineering 981 00:43:17,900 --> 00:43:21,500 because many of the things Hubble did and continues to do 982 00:43:21,500 --> 00:43:24,300 were miracles of engineering 983 00:43:24,300 --> 00:43:26,100 that did not exist before. 984 00:43:26,100 --> 00:43:29,600 Hubble expanded our horizons of thinking 985 00:43:29,600 --> 00:43:31,800 with an engineering solution to something 986 00:43:31,800 --> 00:43:33,300 that changed the way we viewed space. 987 00:43:33,300 --> 00:43:35,900 Space, all of a sudden, is beautiful. 988 00:43:35,900 --> 00:43:37,800 It wasn't just equations to say, 989 00:43:37,800 --> 00:43:40,100 "Well, there's an event horizon, like a black hole. 990 00:43:40,100 --> 00:43:41,700 Look, it's Hawkings' work, you know, 991 00:43:41,700 --> 00:43:44,000 and Einstein's, and, you know, others." 992 00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:45,300 It's more than that. 993 00:43:45,300 --> 00:43:46,700 It's beautiful. 994 00:43:46,700 --> 00:43:48,600 It's elegant. It's populated. 995 00:43:48,600 --> 00:43:51,000 It's not just lights and stars. 996 00:43:51,000 --> 00:43:53,700 It's connecting glow. It's the -- 997 00:43:53,700 --> 00:43:55,800 You know, it's grand challenges. 998 00:43:55,800 --> 00:43:59,100 It connects other galaxies 999 00:43:59,100 --> 00:44:00,500 to suns, 1000 00:44:00,500 --> 00:44:03,700 to planetary systems that we can indirectly sense. 1001 00:44:03,700 --> 00:44:06,000 All that took a space telescope to do, 1002 00:44:06,000 --> 00:44:07,500 and it had to be a good one. 1003 00:44:07,500 --> 00:44:10,300 Hubble discovered things that are now fundamental 1004 00:44:10,300 --> 00:44:12,800 in the astrophysics of our universe. 1005 00:44:12,800 --> 00:44:14,500 Oh, my God. 1006 00:44:14,500 --> 00:44:17,100 But the millions of engineering solutions 1007 00:44:17,100 --> 00:44:19,800 that let it work, it's -- 1008 00:44:19,800 --> 00:44:21,800 You know, they're beyond words. 1009 00:44:21,800 --> 00:44:23,800 They're magic. 1010 00:44:23,800 --> 00:44:25,400 I think that's why 1011 00:44:25,400 --> 00:44:27,500 it was so transformative in space science. 1012 00:44:27,500 --> 00:44:29,500 It brought space science to the people 1013 00:44:29,500 --> 00:44:31,600 because it talked about all space, 1014 00:44:31,600 --> 00:44:34,100 and it stared at key places in all space 1015 00:44:34,100 --> 00:44:36,300 to tell us what could be, 1016 00:44:36,300 --> 00:44:38,900 and that is brilliant, you know? 1017 00:44:38,900 --> 00:44:40,000 Space is a tapestry. 1018 00:44:40,000 --> 00:44:41,800 It's a mosaicism of stuff, 1019 00:44:41,800 --> 00:44:43,100 some of which we can't see. 1020 00:44:43,100 --> 00:44:44,500 Hubble saw a lot of it 1021 00:44:44,500 --> 00:44:46,800 and showed us how to look at it differently, 1022 00:44:46,800 --> 00:44:48,100 and that, I think, 1023 00:44:48,100 --> 00:44:51,000 is its legacy. 1024 00:44:51,000 --> 00:44:52,200 -Humans are very good 1025 00:44:52,200 --> 00:44:54,000 at kind of putting our hearts and souls 1026 00:44:54,000 --> 00:44:56,700 into things that are made of just metal and wiring. 1027 00:44:56,700 --> 00:44:57,900 I mean, think about, perhaps, 1028 00:44:57,900 --> 00:44:59,400 the connection you might have to your car. 1029 00:44:59,400 --> 00:45:00,700 You know, your car is something 1030 00:45:00,700 --> 00:45:03,700 that is used by you every day, is touched by you. 1031 00:45:03,700 --> 00:45:05,300 It may have a personality to you. 1032 00:45:05,300 --> 00:45:06,900 It may feel very secure, 1033 00:45:06,900 --> 00:45:08,700 or it may be very contentious. 1034 00:45:08,700 --> 00:45:10,700 It's always breaking down. 1035 00:45:10,700 --> 00:45:12,500 It's natural for us 1036 00:45:12,500 --> 00:45:15,100 to sort of put ourselves out into the world 1037 00:45:15,100 --> 00:45:17,500 in things that might not really be conscious, 1038 00:45:17,500 --> 00:45:19,000 that are just machines, 1039 00:45:19,000 --> 00:45:20,900 and when you hear the Hubble Space Telescope, 1040 00:45:20,900 --> 00:45:21,800 you think of something. 1041 00:45:21,800 --> 00:45:23,300 Well, okay. It's a telescope. 1042 00:45:23,300 --> 00:45:24,500 It's a big metal tube. 1043 00:45:24,500 --> 00:45:26,100 We launched it up into space. 1044 00:45:26,100 --> 00:45:28,000 It's very far away. 1045 00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:30,000 They're seeing things that are very esoteric 1046 00:45:30,000 --> 00:45:32,600 that I wouldn't understand. 1047 00:45:32,600 --> 00:45:36,200 The thing I would ask you to do is just take a little time 1048 00:45:36,200 --> 00:45:40,100 and look at some of these pictures because if -- 1049 00:45:40,100 --> 00:45:44,400 The artistic merit of what a giant cloud 1050 00:45:44,400 --> 00:45:47,400 forming hundreds of stars looks like, 1051 00:45:47,400 --> 00:45:49,500 even if you don't really understand what that is, 1052 00:45:49,500 --> 00:45:51,600 start by just looking at these beautiful pictures 1053 00:45:51,600 --> 00:45:53,200 and then start reading. 1054 00:45:53,200 --> 00:45:54,700 We go through a lot of trouble -- 1055 00:45:54,700 --> 00:45:57,700 Our wonderful science writers are trying to describe 1056 00:45:57,700 --> 00:46:01,000 what you're really seeing, the drama of it, scale of it, 1057 00:46:01,000 --> 00:46:02,300 and also the connection. 1058 00:46:02,300 --> 00:46:05,400 You know, you're looking at a place where our Sun, 1059 00:46:05,400 --> 00:46:07,000 our solar system, and your body 1060 00:46:07,000 --> 00:46:08,700 literally come from these places 1061 00:46:08,700 --> 00:46:09,900 that Hubble is taking a picture of -- 1062 00:46:09,900 --> 00:46:11,400 these giant clouds 1063 00:46:11,400 --> 00:46:12,800 making every chemical element 1064 00:46:12,800 --> 00:46:15,200 that there is in the universe. 1065 00:46:15,200 --> 00:46:17,700 You are part of the story, 1066 00:46:17,700 --> 00:46:19,500 and I know that can seem hard. 1067 00:46:19,500 --> 00:46:21,900 Scientists can seem like very distant people, 1068 00:46:21,900 --> 00:46:23,700 very different from the rest of the world, 1069 00:46:23,700 --> 00:46:25,200 and we're completely not. 1070 00:46:25,200 --> 00:46:26,400 You know, scientists are you. 1071 00:46:26,400 --> 00:46:28,900 Scientists are your neighbors and your friends, 1072 00:46:28,900 --> 00:46:30,900 and if you've ever asked a question, you know, 1073 00:46:30,900 --> 00:46:32,500 or if you ever looked up into the night sky 1074 00:46:32,500 --> 00:46:34,700 with wonder, you know, you're one of us. 1075 00:46:34,700 --> 00:46:38,000 You know, you get to be included along with the scientists. 1076 00:46:38,000 --> 00:46:39,600 Hubble is, to us, 1077 00:46:39,600 --> 00:46:41,500 a piece of machinery 1078 00:46:41,500 --> 00:46:44,000 that we have put our hopes and our dreams 1079 00:46:44,000 --> 00:46:47,300 and our PhD dissertations and our arguments 1080 00:46:47,300 --> 00:46:49,400 and our frustrations into, 1081 00:46:49,400 --> 00:46:51,900 and 30 years on, you know, 1082 00:46:51,900 --> 00:46:56,200 this one metal cylinder up in space carries the souls 1083 00:46:56,200 --> 00:46:58,400 of tens of thousands of people, 1084 00:46:58,400 --> 00:47:00,200 and, you know, 1085 00:47:00,200 --> 00:47:01,900 that's something that just -- 1086 00:47:01,900 --> 00:47:04,100 It's a wonderful part of being human. 1087 00:47:04,100 --> 00:47:06,200 What we touch begins to carry 1088 00:47:06,200 --> 00:47:08,200 part of our humanity with it. 1089 00:47:08,200 --> 00:47:17,700 ♪♪ 1090 00:47:17,700 --> 00:47:27,200 ♪♪ 1091 00:47:27,200 --> 00:47:36,600 ♪♪ 1092 00:47:36,600 --> 00:47:46,100 ♪♪ 1093 00:47:46,100 --> 00:47:55,600 ♪♪ 1094 00:47:55,600 --> 00:48:05,000 ♪♪ 1095 00:48:05,000 --> 00:48:14,500 ♪♪ 1096 00:48:14,500 --> 00:48:23,900 ♪♪ 1097 00:48:23,900 --> 00:48:33,400 ♪♪ 1098 00:48:33,400 --> 00:48:42,900 ♪♪ 1099 00:48:42,900 --> 00:48:47,133 ♪♪ 1100 00:49:07,200 --> 00:49:09,033 -Congress wasn't at all sure 1101 00:49:09,033 --> 00:49:12,600 that it wanted to pay for the Hubble, 1102 00:49:12,600 --> 00:49:16,100 and it took, really, a major effort 1103 00:49:16,100 --> 00:49:18,433 on the part of the astronomical community 1104 00:49:18,433 --> 00:49:20,633 to lobby Congress to get it -- 1105 00:49:20,633 --> 00:49:25,000 the final funding approved. 1106 00:49:25,000 --> 00:49:27,433 Proxmire, who was a -- 1107 00:49:27,433 --> 00:49:29,133 You may not want to use this story, 1108 00:49:29,133 --> 00:49:30,600 but I think it's a good story. 1109 00:49:30,600 --> 00:49:32,000 -I'd love to hear it. 1110 00:49:32,000 --> 00:49:35,033 -Proxmire was noted 1111 00:49:35,033 --> 00:49:38,000 for the fact that -- 1112 00:49:38,000 --> 00:49:39,833 of laughing at the ways 1113 00:49:39,833 --> 00:49:41,833 government wasted money, 1114 00:49:41,833 --> 00:49:46,833 and he sent a question to NASA headquarters saying, 1115 00:49:46,833 --> 00:49:49,433 "Why should the American taxpayer pay 1116 00:49:49,433 --> 00:49:52,133 for something like the Hubble?" 1117 00:49:52,133 --> 00:49:54,633 And I did a back-of-the-envelope calculation, 1118 00:49:54,633 --> 00:49:56,133 and my answer was that, 1119 00:49:56,133 --> 00:49:59,600 for the cost of a night at the movies, 1120 00:49:59,600 --> 00:50:01,300 every American taxpayer 1121 00:50:01,300 --> 00:50:05,633 would have 15 years of exciting discoveries, 1122 00:50:05,633 --> 00:50:08,633 and I may have been off by a factor of three or four, 1123 00:50:08,633 --> 00:50:11,100 depending on how you figure launch costs 1124 00:50:11,100 --> 00:50:14,033 and the servicing missions and some other things, 1125 00:50:14,033 --> 00:50:16,033 but even if it ended up being one night 1126 00:50:16,033 --> 00:50:18,100 at the movies every year, 1127 00:50:18,100 --> 00:50:20,733 I think Hubble has been worth it. 1128 00:50:20,733 --> 00:50:30,133 ♪♪ 1129 00:50:30,133 --> 00:50:39,533 ♪♪ 1130 00:50:39,533 --> 00:50:48,900 ♪♪ 1131 00:50:48,900 --> 00:50:58,300 ♪♪ 1132 00:50:58,300 --> 00:51:07,600 ♪♪