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(music throughout) How does planetary habitability evolve over time?

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Our mysterious sister planet Venus may have once had oceans of water.

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Yet the Venus of today presents a different “face”

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with an incomparably hot and inhospitable environment.

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Lurking in its massive atmosphere  are the clues to how a planet

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went from an oceanic state to the inhospitable state of today.

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And within that atmosphere, particularly beneath the clouds,

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is a chemical laboratory awaiting discovery.

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Connections to oceans, perhaps to volcanoes that erupted more recently,

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or even to the history of the last billion years of a planet that started life like Earth.

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And those volcanoes and those rock scapes are hidden from our views –

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and yet are waiting for us to return as we put Venus into its context.

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Understanding Venus’ extraordinary chemistry is the first step to deciphering how the

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evolution of habitability may play out on billions of planets beyond our solar system.

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Venus here we come!