WEBVTT FILE

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-Good morning, and welcome to
the launch-minus-1-day-countdown

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status briefing
for mission STS-103.

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I have with us this morning
as participants Doug Lyons,

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the NASA test director,
Steve Ernest,

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the STS-103 payload manager
and Ed Priselac,

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our shuttle weather officer,

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and we'll begin this morning's
briefing with Doug Lyons.

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-Well, thank you,
and good morning.

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The STS-103 countdown
is currently

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in a 4-hour
built-in hold,

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and we plan on resuming
the countdown

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at T minus 19 hours
and counting at 9:30 a.m.

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this morning,
and that's Eastern Time,

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and I am pleased to report
the ground

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and flight systems are all go.

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We're not tracking any problems
from a technical aspect,

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and we are
right on schedule.

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Over the course
of the last 24 hours,

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we have completed a battery
of checkouts and tests

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on our shuttle avionics
and electronics systems,

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and we completed that work
with no anomalies reported.

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We also powered up and tested
our orbiter

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navigational landing systems
and also performed preparation

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as far as fuel cell loading,
cryogenic loading operations.

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Yesterday evening, we did
clear the pad as scheduled

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and performed our shuttle
ordinance systems checkout,

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and then we did proceed
into our fuel cell,

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cryogenic loading operations.

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We have completed
those operations

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just a short time ago,

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and have regained access
into the launchpad.

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Looking ahead for
our significant work today,

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we do plan
on performing preparations

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and final checkouts
on our shuttle main engines,

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and we will also
power up our orbiter

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and NASA worldwide
ground communications systems.

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Early Thursday morning,
we'll come in

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and perform our final pad
configurations for launch,

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and we do plan on rotating
the rotating service structure

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to the park position
at 3:45 a.m.

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And subsequent to that,
we will clear the pad at 9

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a.m. on Thursday
for external tank loading.

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The mission management team
is scheduled

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to come in
at 11:30 on Thursday.

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They'll assess any
technical issues

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that have come up
over the last 24 hours,

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and they'll also take
a look at the weather.

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Pending a go decision
from the MMT,

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we do plan on picking up
our external tank

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loading operations
at 12:30 p.m.

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That's Eastern on Thursday.

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That's about a 3-hour operation,

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so wrap that up around 3:30 p.m.
and be in stable replenish.

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At that point, we will send
in our final inspection team

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and perform an assessment
of the external tank,

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and we'll also send
the close-out crew

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up to the crew module to prepare
for the flight crew's arrival.

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And the flight crew is scheduled
to depart

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to the pad at 5:30 p.m.
on Thursday.

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As you're probably aware,
the launch window for Thursday

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attempt opens at 9:18 p.m.

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Eastern and will close
at 9:59:55 p.m.

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which represents a 41-minute
and 55-second launch window.

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And based on a Thursday launch
and a 10-day mission,

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we do plan on landing back here
at KSC

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on the 26th of December
at approximately 6:56 a.m.

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So in summary, we're not working
any issues or concerns.

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Both flight and ground
systems are go,

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and we're looking forward to
a successful launch on Thursday.

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Thank you.

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-Okay, Doug,
thank you very much.

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And now for an update
on our payload.

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Steve?

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-Okay, the HST hardware
is powered down for countdown.

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We continue to monitor
the GN2 pers

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to the scientific instrument,
the Fine Guidance Sensor,

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and we're not tracking
any problems or issues,

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and we're ready to fly.
-Okay.

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Thanks, Steve,
and for our weather.

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Ed?
-Good morning.

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Conditions still look very good
for a Thursday night launch.

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We've been getting fronts
through here about day

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and a half or 2 days,
basically no rain, however.

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And very quickly, if you could
glance at the satellite imagery,

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you'll see a low pressure
up in the northern plains

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and a swath of clouds
down through Louisiana,

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eastern Texas.

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That's the next boundary
that will be going through here

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by tomorrow morning.

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Once that clears us,

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then conditions will start
clearing behind the front,

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and we should be
in excellent shape

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for weather conditions
on Thursday evening.

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If we can look now
to the surface data,

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this surface map
doesn't show up too well,

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but what you're seeing
is high pressure

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just to the west of Florida,

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and the front that will be going
through here tomorrow offshore

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to our east and southeast.

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Going through the tanking
forecast,

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standby please,
and we'll try to...

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I'm not sure as to how good
the video is for you,

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but just some scattered clouds
in the local area,

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good visibility, some blustery
north, north northwest winds,

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but no concerns as far
as any tanking constraints

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are involved.

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Looking to the launch forecast,

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did another tag up this morning
with the folks in Houston at SMG

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and coordinated our forecast,

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and we dropped
the anticipated amount of clouds

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down to about two-eighths
coverage in the lower levels,

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3.000. few clouds with just
a 10 percent chance

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that we might have a ceiling
at or below 3,000 feet.

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Otherwise, strong winds
out of the north

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running about 12
to 20 knots at the pad.

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The temperature at launch time
estimated about 52 Fahrenheit.

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Does give some concern
to our Ice Team folks for ice

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accumulated
on the external tank.

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With regard to the SRB
recovery area,

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it will be a little windy
out there,

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and the sea is up around,

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oh, maybe anywhere, 7
to 8 feet perhaps,

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no worse than that
during the splashdown

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of the solid-rocket boosters.

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If you look now to the 24-hour
delay forecast,

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and similar conditions.

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Winds perhaps a little
more northeasterly,

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but only a 20 percent chance
of having a low cloud ceiling

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in the local area around
launch time or RTLS time.

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Conditions good,
and as I mentioned,

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just a 20 percent chance
of a weather no-go on Friday.

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And looking quickly
into Saturday,

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basically the same thing.

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North to northeast winds

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and just a few clouds
in the lower levels,

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maybe a few high clouds
and only a 20 percent chance

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of having a ceiling down in the
lower layers of the atmosphere.

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So now into the other sites
in the CONUS, first at Edwards,

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SMG just forecasting
a few clouds

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at 25,000 feet, good visibility.

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Winds northeast at 8 to
12 knots. and no concerns there.

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White Sands also looks good,
a few clouds at 25,000 feet,

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good visibility and winds from
the northwest at 7 to 12 knots.

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Looking into Friday,
if we have to delay,

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Edwards still looking good,
a few clouds at 25,000 feet,

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good visibility,
winds westerly at 5 to 10 knots.

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At White Sands,
same cloud conditions,

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good visibility,
northeast winds 8 to 14 knots.

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Looking at Saturday, Edwards,
still a few clouds

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at 25,000 feet, good visibility,
winds 290 at eight peak 15,

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borderline for crosswinds
at Edwards

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if we do go into Saturday.

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White Sands, a few clouds
at 6,000 feet,

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scattered at 25,000,
good visibility,

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winds 200 at 10,
peak 18 knots.

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Looking to the TALs,
Banjul still looking very good,

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with just scattered clouds
at 25,000 feet,

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good visibility,
winds northeast at 7 knots.

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We're still looking for
crosswinds at Ben Guerir,

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sky conditions scattered
at 3,000, good visibility

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and looks like zero six zero
at 15 peak 24 knots.

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Friday evening,
basically the same,

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light northeast winds at Banjul,
scattered clouds at 25,000 feet.

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Ben Guerir, scattered at 3,000,
7 miles visibility.

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winds zero five zero
at 12 peak 20,

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so still a
crosswind-violation forecast

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at Ben Guerir
both Thursday and Friday.

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Into Saturday, about
the same conditions at Banjul,

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scattered at 25,000,
good visibility,

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winds northeast at 12.

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And Ben Guerir, scattered
at 3,000, good visibility,

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wind zero five zero
at 12 knots,

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which is not
a violation of crosswinds.

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And that's it, Bruce.

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-Okay.
Thank you very much, Ed.

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Let's open it up
for questions at this time.

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Please wait for the mic.
We'll bring it to you.

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Any questions?

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Okay, Bill?

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-If nobody else wants to,
I'll ask a couple.

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Ed, you said winds
out of the north,

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so I'm assuming that
whatever crosswind component

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for 15:33 is minimal?

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I mean, what is the expected
crosswind?

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-Basically nil, yeah, because
it's almost down the runway.

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Yes, sir, yep.

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-And I guess one for Doug,
since we heard

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from the higher-ups yesterday
about this particular flow

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and how things stand,
what's your perspective on it

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because obviously those of us
on the outside,

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it does seem kind of rushed
to get this thing off

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before the end of the year,
so as more of a working-level

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troop, what's...

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Give you a chance
to hang yourself,

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but what's your thought on it?

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-Well, I appreciate the news you
laid out there for me.

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No, but in all seriousness
and honesty,

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I think that this whole process

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and flow
has been a challenge for us,

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and I think that we've done
the right things,

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and from a working level,
we feel very confident

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in the decisions that management
has made to go repair items

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that were found
that have been discrepant,

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so we feel like we've got
a real good launch vehicle.

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Our training has been
uncompromised throughout this,

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so we feel like the team
is ready to go,

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and we're very anxious
to go ahead and launch.

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It's been a long while,

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and that's what we're
in the business to do,

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so we're all looking
forward to Thursday

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and a successful mission.

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-And just for the record,
is there any grumbling

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at all about holidays and...
I guess you got a crew

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that always has to be ready
to go to Edwards or whatever.

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I mean, is there any feelings
about that?

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-Well, I think, you know,

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it's natural that everybody
would prefer to be at home

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with family and friends
over the holiday period,

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00:11:06.534 --> 00:11:09.667
but we all recognize
we've got a job to do.

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It is a job we all love,

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and that's, you know,
to go fly this shuttle,

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so I think we're going to
stand up and go to the plate

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and do what's asked of us,

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and I don't think the folks
will have any issue with that.

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That's what we're paid to do,
and we look forward to it.

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-Go ahead, Mark.

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-I'm Mark Carreau
from the Houston Chronicle.

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My question has to do
with the concerns,

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slight it may be, about the ice
formation tomorrow,

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and I wonder if you can...

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Ed, maybe you're the best one
to kind of talk

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about what
the weather conditions

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are that would conspire
to create some on the tank,

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and, Doug, maybe you could say
what the concern is

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or what you'd be looking for
if it forms

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and when you kind of
reach a point

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where you couldn't deal with
if it got...

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if there was a lot of ice.

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-I'll give you just
very slight information.

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When the temps get down
in the mid to lower 50s,

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00:12:06.434 --> 00:12:08.467
the Ice Team does get concerned,

243
00:12:08.467 --> 00:12:12.200
concerned about ice accretion
on the tank.

244
00:12:12.200 --> 00:12:14.467
Hopefully the winds
will stay up a little bit,

245
00:12:14.467 --> 00:12:16.100
and that will give us
a little bit of a break.

246
00:12:16.100 --> 00:12:19.801
That will mix more of the warmer
ambient air near the tank,

247
00:12:19.801 --> 00:12:21.667
but again,

248
00:12:21.667 --> 00:12:23.801
it's just something they'll have
to assess in real time

249
00:12:23.801 --> 00:12:27.067
if there is some concern
about ice formation on the tank,

250
00:12:27.067 --> 00:12:31.701
especially going in
after sunset.

251
00:12:31.701 --> 00:12:35.300
-And I can follow up on that.

252
00:12:35.300 --> 00:12:36.667
As far as the criteria for icing

253
00:12:36.667 --> 00:12:37.968
on the tank,
it's pretty complex.

254
00:12:37.968 --> 00:12:40.534
There's some areas
that are no ice-formation areas,

255
00:12:40.534 --> 00:12:42.734
and some you're allowed
a certain, you know,

256
00:12:42.734 --> 00:12:45.901
level of icing to occur.

257
00:12:45.901 --> 00:12:49.968
Our Final Inspection Team folks
that are going to do

258
00:12:49.968 --> 00:12:51.968
the assessment
have math models

259
00:12:51.968 --> 00:12:54.100
that they've been running over
the last several days

260
00:12:54.100 --> 00:12:57.033
based on the information
Ed has been providing to us,

261
00:12:57.033 --> 00:12:58.667
and these models
take into account

262
00:12:58.667 --> 00:13:02.100
all of the pertinent factors
that would lead to icing.

263
00:13:02.100 --> 00:13:04.200
And while we will have some low
temperatures,

264
00:13:04.200 --> 00:13:08.033
they're pretty confident that it
shouldn't pose an issue for us

265
00:13:08.033 --> 00:13:09.434
for this launch countdown.

266
00:13:09.434 --> 00:13:13.167
And as I mentioned earlier,
what we do is, as soon as we get

267
00:13:13.167 --> 00:13:15.267
the external tank loaded
and we get in to replenish,

268
00:13:15.267 --> 00:13:16.501
we send
the Final Inspection Team

269
00:13:16.501 --> 00:13:19.567
out to the pad
to do an on-site inspection,

270
00:13:19.567 --> 00:13:21.767
and those folks will be
providing information

271
00:13:21.767 --> 00:13:23.501
back to the firing room
and come back

272
00:13:23.501 --> 00:13:25.634
and give us
a final recommendation

273
00:13:25.634 --> 00:13:27.667
as to whether or not
we commit to launch.

274
00:13:27.667 --> 00:13:32.033
But again, all that we see now
with our math models

275
00:13:32.033 --> 00:13:34.868
and assessments say that we need
to keep a close eye on it,

276
00:13:34.868 --> 00:13:38.734
but it shouldn't pose
a problem for us.

277
00:13:38.734 --> 00:13:40.667
-And just a quick follow-up
on that,

278
00:13:40.667 --> 00:13:42.133
I guess you're saying

279
00:13:42.133 --> 00:13:45.367
you kind of do expect
to see some, then, tomorrow.

280
00:13:45.367 --> 00:13:47.267
It looks like the conditions
will be right

281
00:13:47.267 --> 00:13:48.534
for some formation,

282
00:13:48.534 --> 00:13:50.801
it's just how much
and where it is.

283
00:13:50.801 --> 00:13:53.901
It's what you'll be looking for
and assessing.

284
00:13:53.901 --> 00:13:56.033
-Well, what I was referring
to earlier

285
00:13:56.033 --> 00:13:57.701
is that there are criteria
that allows

286
00:13:57.701 --> 00:14:00.634
for a certain amount
of ice formation on the tank.

287
00:14:00.634 --> 00:14:02.300
Our models are showing
that we don't really expect

288
00:14:02.300 --> 00:14:03.601
any noticeable formation.

289
00:14:03.601 --> 00:14:04.968
We're going to have some frost
on the tank.

290
00:14:04.968 --> 00:14:06.834
It will appear a bit white,

291
00:14:06.834 --> 00:14:10.868
but we don't expect any
significant ice buildup at all.

292
00:14:10.868 --> 00:14:14.067
-Okay, Peter?
-Peter King CBS News Radio.

293
00:14:14.067 --> 00:14:15.834
Back in May when
we were making our...

294
00:14:15.834 --> 00:14:17.067
When we had our first flight
of the year,

295
00:14:17.067 --> 00:14:19.300
we were talking about,
you know,

296
00:14:19.300 --> 00:14:24.000
what you did to keep the launch
team hot and ready to go.

297
00:14:24.000 --> 00:14:26.434
I'm just wondering what you've
been doing the last 5 months

298
00:14:26.434 --> 00:14:27.834
in terms of training,

299
00:14:27.834 --> 00:14:31.133
drills, extra practice,
that kind of thing?

300
00:14:31.133 --> 00:14:34.167
-Well, what we've done is,
we've kept with

301
00:14:34.167 --> 00:14:35.968
the same training regime
as we would have had

302
00:14:35.968 --> 00:14:38.567
if we would have been launching
almost a monthly basis.

303
00:14:38.567 --> 00:14:40.968
We've been performing full
integrated simulations

304
00:14:40.968 --> 00:14:44.367
with the KSC and JSC teams,

305
00:14:44.367 --> 00:14:47.434
the launch control team
and the mission control team.

306
00:14:47.434 --> 00:14:48.934
There's simulate
and terminal count,

307
00:14:48.934 --> 00:14:50.634
and we throw in all sorts
of anomalies

308
00:14:50.634 --> 00:14:52.734
that the team has got
to overcome and contend with,

309
00:14:52.734 --> 00:14:54.901
and we go all
the way through T-0.

310
00:14:54.901 --> 00:14:58.534
In addition to that, with that,
two management sims

311
00:14:58.534 --> 00:15:01.367
in which we've gotten
mission management here at KSC,

312
00:15:01.367 --> 00:15:03.133
and we've run through
the same kind of format

313
00:15:03.133 --> 00:15:07.834
where problems are introduced,
and the team has to react.

314
00:15:07.834 --> 00:15:09.234
So through all that training,

315
00:15:09.234 --> 00:15:11.133
we feel like our communication
is there,

316
00:15:11.133 --> 00:15:13.067
we understand the procedures

317
00:15:13.067 --> 00:15:15.434
and how will
this position problems,

318
00:15:15.434 --> 00:15:17.667
and I think we're in real
good shape

319
00:15:17.667 --> 00:15:21.300
to go in and successful
launch on Thursday.

320
00:15:21.300 --> 00:15:23.834
-Okay, any other questions?
All right.

321
00:15:23.834 --> 00:15:26.467
Not having any, just a reminder
that at 10 o'clock

322
00:15:26.467 --> 00:15:28.968
this morning Eastern Time
we have a Hubble Space Telescope

323
00:15:28.968 --> 00:15:31.901
science briefing,
and then we will not have

324
00:15:31.901 --> 00:15:33.334
a countdown status
briefing tomorrow.

325
00:15:33.334 --> 00:15:36.167
The live TV coverage
of the countdown

326
00:15:36.167 --> 00:15:37.734
begins at 4 p.m. Eastern.

327
00:15:37.734 --> 00:15:39.334
Thank you very much.

328
00:18:18.434 --> 00:18:20.601
-Good morning.
Welcome to today's briefing

329
00:18:20.601 --> 00:18:23.400
for the payload
for the STS-103 mission.

330
00:18:23.400 --> 00:18:25.133
Here with us on the panel today

331
00:18:25.133 --> 00:18:28.601
to discuss what's going to
happen with the Hubble Telescope

332
00:18:28.601 --> 00:18:32.334
during this mission are,
to my left, Dr. Anne Kinney,

333
00:18:32.334 --> 00:18:35.501
who's the director of NASA's
Astronomical Search for Origins

334
00:18:35.501 --> 00:18:39.767
and Planetary Systems Program
at NASA headquarters,

335
00:18:39.767 --> 00:18:42.801
and to her left,
Dr. John Campbell,

336
00:18:42.801 --> 00:18:44.334
who is
the Hubble program manager

337
00:18:44.334 --> 00:18:47.300
at NASA's Goddard Space Flight
Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.

338
00:18:47.300 --> 00:18:49.601
We'll start off with Dr. Kinney.

339
00:18:49.601 --> 00:18:53.467
-Oh, I wanted to talk a little
bit about Hubble Space Telescope

340
00:18:53.467 --> 00:18:56.968
as an operating telescope
in space,

341
00:18:56.968 --> 00:19:01.367
and what it's done
for space astronomy,

342
00:19:01.367 --> 00:19:04.033
and then John will
talk more about

343
00:19:04.033 --> 00:19:07.067
a lot of the technicalities
of this mission.

344
00:19:07.067 --> 00:19:09.300
Hubble Space Telescope
was conceived

345
00:19:09.300 --> 00:19:11.734
in the '40s by Lyman Spitzer,

346
00:19:11.734 --> 00:19:14.000
and it was designed
in the '70s and '80s,

347
00:19:14.000 --> 00:19:17.434
and it was designed
to be serviceable,

348
00:19:17.434 --> 00:19:22.133
and we all know after
watching the horror of spherical

349
00:19:22.133 --> 00:19:25.200
aberration how important
that was to the telescope.

350
00:19:25.200 --> 00:19:26.868
The first servicing mission
went up

351
00:19:26.868 --> 00:19:29.934
and fixed
the spherical aberration,

352
00:19:29.934 --> 00:19:34.133
fixed it as well as the laws
of physics would allow,

353
00:19:34.133 --> 00:19:37.868
and since then, we've done
further servicing missions

354
00:19:37.868 --> 00:19:41.501
to update the instrumentation,
and so Hubble Space Telescope,

355
00:19:41.501 --> 00:19:45.133
in spite of being designed
in the '70s,

356
00:19:45.133 --> 00:19:47.868
is really a state-of-the-art
instrument.

357
00:19:47.868 --> 00:19:50.567
Now, of course, today,
it's sitting up there

358
00:19:50.567 --> 00:19:53.801
with itself in safe mode,

359
00:19:53.801 --> 00:19:58.901
and that, again, shows
how important the serviceability

360
00:19:58.901 --> 00:20:01.767
is to this facility.

361
00:20:01.767 --> 00:20:03.334
I also wanted to mention
a little bit

362
00:20:03.334 --> 00:20:06.667
of the way
Hubble Space Telescope operates.

363
00:20:06.667 --> 00:20:09.667
It's a facility that is used

364
00:20:09.667 --> 00:20:14.968
by the American
astronomical community.

365
00:20:14.968 --> 00:20:18.334
The astronomers compete for time
on this telescope,

366
00:20:18.334 --> 00:20:20.033
and it is highly competitive.

367
00:20:20.033 --> 00:20:23.567
There were over 100 proposals
submitted this year,

368
00:20:23.567 --> 00:20:25.534
just for this year's time,

369
00:20:25.534 --> 00:20:30.133
and approximately one out of
five of those proposals

370
00:20:30.133 --> 00:20:34.200
was chosen because
it was oversubscribed so much.

371
00:20:34.200 --> 00:20:37.467
And then the way that the time
is allocated

372
00:20:37.467 --> 00:20:40.367
is that a panel of astronomers,
a panel of peers,

373
00:20:40.367 --> 00:20:42.634
comes together and judges.

374
00:20:42.634 --> 00:20:44.834
They use their scientific
judgement

375
00:20:44.834 --> 00:20:47.701
to choose the best astronomy

376
00:20:47.701 --> 00:20:50.734
that can be gotten out
of the telescope.

377
00:20:50.734 --> 00:20:53.901
So this is a very
active facility

378
00:20:53.901 --> 00:20:57.634
designed to do the best
possible science.

379
00:20:57.634 --> 00:20:59.901
There's also another
interesting aspect of it.

380
00:20:59.901 --> 00:21:03.934
Now that we have Chandra
in orbit,

381
00:21:03.934 --> 00:21:05.234
there is an exchange

382
00:21:05.234 --> 00:21:07.767
between Hubble Space
Telescope and Chandra

383
00:21:07.767 --> 00:21:11.000
so that people can propose
for observing time

384
00:21:11.000 --> 00:21:14.133
on both facilities at
the same time to look at objects

385
00:21:14.133 --> 00:21:18.367
that emit in both wavebands
and are variable

386
00:21:18.367 --> 00:21:21.067
so that you can see them
both at the same time.

387
00:21:21.067 --> 00:21:24.567
And again, that is designed
to optimize

388
00:21:24.567 --> 00:21:29.100
the science
out of these facilities.

389
00:21:29.100 --> 00:21:31.601
I think Hubble Space Telescope
has set the standard

390
00:21:31.601 --> 00:21:37.767
for this type of science,
space science,

391
00:21:37.767 --> 00:21:43.400
and, you know,
the return has been enormous.

392
00:21:43.400 --> 00:21:46.834
In a few minutes, I'll address
some of the science issues.

393
00:21:46.834 --> 00:21:49.167
John.
-Okay, good morning.

394
00:21:49.167 --> 00:21:51.467
I wanted to cover three
different areas this morning.

395
00:21:51.467 --> 00:21:52.734
I want to tell you a little bit
about

396
00:21:52.734 --> 00:21:55.167
what the status
of the spacecraft is.

397
00:21:55.167 --> 00:21:57.834
I wanted to put this mission
in context

398
00:21:57.834 --> 00:22:00.267
with the other missions
that preceded

399
00:22:00.267 --> 00:22:03.701
and will follow this mission,
and then talk fairly quickly

400
00:22:03.701 --> 00:22:05.801
about what we're going to do
on this mission

401
00:22:05.801 --> 00:22:10.534
in terms of changing out boxes
and making repairs.

402
00:22:10.534 --> 00:22:15.067
So since...In the last month,
namely in November,

403
00:22:15.067 --> 00:22:18.901
the 13th, the fourth
of six gyros that are onboard

404
00:22:18.901 --> 00:22:23.701
Hubble failed, and that left
only two operational gyros,

405
00:22:23.701 --> 00:22:25.501
and that stopped
the servicing mission,

406
00:22:25.501 --> 00:22:28.133
and so we have...
or the science mission,

407
00:22:28.133 --> 00:22:32.868
and so in the last month,
we haven't been doing science.

408
00:22:32.868 --> 00:22:34.834
The Hubble is in a...

409
00:22:34.834 --> 00:22:38.300
called a zero-gyro safe mode,
uses no gyros,

410
00:22:38.300 --> 00:22:41.634
and if you pretend
you're the Sun,

411
00:22:41.634 --> 00:22:43.033
then this is what you would see,

412
00:22:43.033 --> 00:22:47.767
that the Hubble is locked
onto the Sun line

413
00:22:47.767 --> 00:22:50.167
and Hubble rotates
around the Sun

414
00:22:50.167 --> 00:22:53.033
about one revolution per hour.

415
00:22:53.033 --> 00:22:55.868
Now this isn't...
The aperture door is closed,

416
00:22:55.868 --> 00:23:00.100
and this is
in a quite safe mode.

417
00:23:00.100 --> 00:23:04.501
What we will do, though, about
5 1/2 hours before grapple.

418
00:23:04.501 --> 00:23:07.667
we will go to a backup mode,

419
00:23:07.667 --> 00:23:09.467
this is called
a hardware safe mode,

420
00:23:09.467 --> 00:23:15.400
and there are three gyros
that are available only to it.

421
00:23:15.400 --> 00:23:16.801
Those are backup gyros.

422
00:23:16.801 --> 00:23:19.267
They're appropriately called
retrieval-mode gyros.

423
00:23:19.267 --> 00:23:21.634
They were designed
for this specific case,

424
00:23:21.634 --> 00:23:23.334
and when we go into this mode,

425
00:23:23.334 --> 00:23:26.400
the telescope will remain
pointing to the Sun

426
00:23:26.400 --> 00:23:28.968
as I just showed you,
and will just stop rotating.

427
00:23:28.968 --> 00:23:30.868
It will become fixed in space

428
00:23:30.868 --> 00:23:33.868
and then the orbiter
will be able to come up

429
00:23:33.868 --> 00:23:37.567
and grapple
essentially a fixed target.

430
00:23:37.567 --> 00:23:41.534
So the crew is all trained
to do this,

431
00:23:41.534 --> 00:23:44.300
and everything should
work out okay.

432
00:23:47.467 --> 00:23:51.801
Because this gyro has failed,
it hasn't really changed

433
00:23:51.801 --> 00:23:53.267
anything
in terms of our mission.

434
00:23:53.267 --> 00:23:57.400
We had intended to change out
all six gyros that Hubble has,

435
00:23:57.400 --> 00:24:00.334
and so the mission and the plan
for changing things

436
00:24:00.334 --> 00:24:04.767
just remains the same
as we've originally planned.

437
00:24:04.767 --> 00:24:08.033
And I'm going to talk to you
a little bit more in

438
00:24:08.033 --> 00:24:11.367
just a couple of minutes
about the gyros

439
00:24:11.367 --> 00:24:14.300
and tell you a little bit
more about them.

440
00:24:14.300 --> 00:24:16.501
I can tell you, though,
that the Hubble team is anxious

441
00:24:16.501 --> 00:24:20.667
to have the servicing done,
the gyros replaced,

442
00:24:20.667 --> 00:24:22.934
and we can get back
doing science

443
00:24:22.934 --> 00:24:24.567
that Anne has talked about.

444
00:24:24.567 --> 00:24:28.000
May I have the next chart,
first graphic?

445
00:24:28.000 --> 00:24:31.667
To place this in context,

446
00:24:31.667 --> 00:24:36.000
Servicing Mission 3A
is of course now in 1999.

447
00:24:36.000 --> 00:24:38.601
The Hubble mission
is a 20-year mission

448
00:24:38.601 --> 00:24:39.801
started in 1990,

449
00:24:39.801 --> 00:24:43.467
it was launched,
and it will go through 2010.

450
00:24:43.467 --> 00:24:46.234
There were two servicing
missions before this one,

451
00:24:46.234 --> 00:24:50.601
Servicing Mission 1 in '93,
Servicing Mission 2 in '97.

452
00:24:50.601 --> 00:24:52.000
Then we have two more,

453
00:24:52.000 --> 00:24:55.767
Servicing Mission 3B
in the summer of 2001,

454
00:24:55.767 --> 00:25:00.367
and Servicing Mission 4
in the summer of 2003.

455
00:25:00.367 --> 00:25:03.267
After that, we go on to extended
science mission

456
00:25:03.267 --> 00:25:08.400
without further servicing until
2010 when the mission ceases.

457
00:25:08.400 --> 00:25:12.000
Now just a couple of things
that we're looking forward to

458
00:25:12.000 --> 00:25:15.767
for the next servicing missions,
in Servicing Mission 3B,

459
00:25:15.767 --> 00:25:17.467
the next one after this,

460
00:25:17.467 --> 00:25:20.868
we plan to replace
one of the instruments

461
00:25:20.868 --> 00:25:23.100
with Advanced Camera
for Surveys.

462
00:25:23.100 --> 00:25:26.968
This camera will have
an increase of sensitivity

463
00:25:26.968 --> 00:25:29.334
over the current camera
by a factor of 10,

464
00:25:29.334 --> 00:25:32.801
so it should open
new science areas.

465
00:25:32.801 --> 00:25:36.901
In another science area,
the near-infrared camera

466
00:25:36.901 --> 00:25:38.868
that was installed
in Servicing Mission 2

467
00:25:38.868 --> 00:25:42.400
has now exhausted its cryogen,
its solid nitrogen

468
00:25:42.400 --> 00:25:46.100
that's required to cool
the detectors, and it's dormant.

469
00:25:46.100 --> 00:25:48.100
We plan to install
a refrigerator

470
00:25:48.100 --> 00:25:50.067
in the next
coming servicing mission

471
00:25:50.067 --> 00:25:53.601
and rejuvenate
the near-infrared camera.

472
00:25:53.601 --> 00:25:55.267
Another thing that is
important to us

473
00:25:55.267 --> 00:25:58.267
is that we'll be replacing
the solar arrays

474
00:25:58.267 --> 00:26:00.968
with a rigid set
of solar arrays,

475
00:26:00.968 --> 00:26:03.968
and these solar arrays,
then, are designed to last

476
00:26:03.968 --> 00:26:07.100
for the remainder
of the mission into 2010.

477
00:26:07.100 --> 00:26:10.167
In Servicing Mission 4,
there are two new instruments

478
00:26:10.167 --> 00:26:12.767
going in,
Cosmic Origins Spectrograph.

479
00:26:12.767 --> 00:26:15.334
This is a spectrograph
which is optimized for near

480
00:26:15.334 --> 00:26:17.601
and mid-ultraviolet light

481
00:26:17.601 --> 00:26:19.434
And Wild Field Camera 3,

482
00:26:19.434 --> 00:26:22.667
which will replace
Wide Field Camera 2,

483
00:26:22.667 --> 00:26:24.667
that is the camera
that has that notch in it,

484
00:26:24.667 --> 00:26:27.701
and I assure you this new one
won't have that notch in it,

485
00:26:27.701 --> 00:26:30.667
and so it'll have a nice
square picture to it.

486
00:26:30.667 --> 00:26:34.200
And in addition, though, it will
have infrared capability

487
00:26:34.200 --> 00:26:37.501
which will really replace
the near-infrared camera

488
00:26:37.501 --> 00:26:39.133
from Servicing Mission 2,

489
00:26:39.133 --> 00:26:41.501
and then that camera
will become a backup

490
00:26:41.501 --> 00:26:45.167
for Wide Field Camera 3.

491
00:26:45.167 --> 00:26:46.868
So that's where we're going,

492
00:26:46.868 --> 00:26:49.767
and now let's focus
on this mission,

493
00:26:49.767 --> 00:26:52.968
and I'd like to have
the next chart.

494
00:26:52.968 --> 00:26:58.501
This is a bird's-eye view
of Hubble docked to the orbiter.

495
00:26:58.501 --> 00:27:01.067
It's docked on a lazy
Susan device there.

496
00:27:01.067 --> 00:27:05.767
It's a ring that allows
the spacecraft to be rotated

497
00:27:05.767 --> 00:27:09.501
or tilted so that the astronauts
can get access

498
00:27:09.501 --> 00:27:14.567
to the doors that are around
Hubble in an easy way.

499
00:27:14.567 --> 00:27:19.033
This lazy Susan device also has
an automatic umbilical cord

500
00:27:19.033 --> 00:27:22.701
which will plug into Hubble,
and Hubble will be powered

501
00:27:22.701 --> 00:27:27.434
by the orbiter as long as
Hubble is docked there.

502
00:27:27.434 --> 00:27:30.334
In front of where that lazy
Susan device is,

503
00:27:30.334 --> 00:27:34.234
is another carrier,
we call it, and that holds...

504
00:27:34.234 --> 00:27:36.634
There are containers
on that carrier

505
00:27:36.634 --> 00:27:38.334
that hold the black boxes.

506
00:27:38.334 --> 00:27:42.501
And these containers have foam,
and they have heaters on them

507
00:27:42.501 --> 00:27:44.501
so that the black boxes
get a very nice,

508
00:27:44.501 --> 00:27:48.000
warm ride
as they come up into space.

509
00:27:51.200 --> 00:27:53.667
Now moving on, the gyros,

510
00:27:53.667 --> 00:27:56.734
of course, are required
for the science mission.

511
00:27:56.734 --> 00:27:59.734
They're required for the
extremely accurate pointing.

512
00:27:59.734 --> 00:28:03.367
These gyros that the Hubble uses
are the most accurate gyros

513
00:28:03.367 --> 00:28:05.501
ever produced,
and I want to show...

514
00:28:05.501 --> 00:28:07.968
We're showing you an animation
now that we're flying

515
00:28:07.968 --> 00:28:11.167
into the aft part of Hubble
where the three packages

516
00:28:11.167 --> 00:28:15.133
containing two gyros
each are located,

517
00:28:15.133 --> 00:28:18.601
and you can see two gyros
there in the one package.

518
00:28:18.601 --> 00:28:21.267
And what's shown here
is a blue fluid

519
00:28:21.267 --> 00:28:26.901
that the rotor of the gyro
is encased in,

520
00:28:26.901 --> 00:28:31.701
and we've honed in onto a wire
there that is broken,

521
00:28:31.701 --> 00:28:34.467
and we think that is
the reason why the gyros

522
00:28:34.467 --> 00:28:38.634
that have failed to date
have failed.

523
00:28:38.634 --> 00:28:41.701
Just to give you a scale,
I'm holding up in front of me

524
00:28:41.701 --> 00:28:46.100
now a actual gyro so you can see
what size that is.

525
00:28:46.100 --> 00:28:49.968
And these wires are
on the inside of this gyro,

526
00:28:49.968 --> 00:28:51.400
and I won't even try
to show them to you

527
00:28:51.400 --> 00:28:53.634
because they're smaller
than a human hair,

528
00:28:53.634 --> 00:28:56.400
and we already know
that you can't see them

529
00:28:56.400 --> 00:28:59.567
from a camera out there.

530
00:28:59.567 --> 00:29:02.100
The gyros
that we're installing now,

531
00:29:02.100 --> 00:29:06.834
as I say, there's six,
and five of those six gyros

532
00:29:06.834 --> 00:29:09.367
have been manufactured
with a new technique

533
00:29:09.367 --> 00:29:13.734
we think that will keep
those wires from breaking.

534
00:29:13.734 --> 00:29:17.067
The sixth gyro has been
manufactured before,

535
00:29:17.067 --> 00:29:19.534
and we just ran out of time
manufacturing these gyros.

536
00:29:19.534 --> 00:29:24.300
We were only able to manufacture
five with the new technique.

537
00:29:24.300 --> 00:29:26.701
Now, we do plan to change
all six gyros again

538
00:29:26.701 --> 00:29:29.501
in Servicing Mission 4,
and those six gyros will,

539
00:29:29.501 --> 00:29:33.033
in fact, be manufactured
with the new technique.

540
00:29:33.033 --> 00:29:34.601
An improvement we're making,

541
00:29:34.601 --> 00:29:38.267
if I could see the next graphic,
is an advanced computer.

542
00:29:38.267 --> 00:29:41.434
This is an Intel 486
computer unit.

543
00:29:41.434 --> 00:29:44.000
In that box are three
separate computers

544
00:29:44.000 --> 00:29:45.834
so that we have
triple redundancy.

545
00:29:45.834 --> 00:29:47.067
We only use one at a time.

546
00:29:47.067 --> 00:29:48.934
If one should fail,
then we can use

547
00:29:48.934 --> 00:29:51.200
one of the others
that are backup.

548
00:29:51.200 --> 00:29:53.434
And the computer
that was launched

549
00:29:53.434 --> 00:29:55.834
is a very old-style computer

550
00:29:55.834 --> 00:29:59.834
that was built in the early '80s
or late

551
00:29:59.834 --> 00:30:02.200
'70s, and the computer
we're installing now

552
00:30:02.200 --> 00:30:05.267
will have 30 times the memory
of that original computer

553
00:30:05.267 --> 00:30:08.400
and 40 times
its processing power.

554
00:30:08.400 --> 00:30:11.968
This will result in lower
operations costs,

555
00:30:11.968 --> 00:30:15.534
software maintenance costs and
the ability to do work-arounds

556
00:30:15.534 --> 00:30:18.300
or improvements
to get more out of Hubble

557
00:30:18.300 --> 00:30:21.234
in terms of being able
to do better science.

558
00:30:23.300 --> 00:30:26.734
If I could have the next chart.

559
00:30:26.734 --> 00:30:30.767
This is an example of how
the boxes are stored

560
00:30:30.767 --> 00:30:33.501
and where they go on Hubble.

561
00:30:33.501 --> 00:30:36.033
The boxes are stored
in the containers.

562
00:30:36.033 --> 00:30:38.634
The crew takes the box
out of the container,

563
00:30:38.634 --> 00:30:43.200
typically opens a door that is
on the circumference of Hubble,

564
00:30:43.200 --> 00:30:45.667
installs the box

565
00:30:45.667 --> 00:30:48.334
and then returns the old box
back into the container

566
00:30:48.334 --> 00:30:50.634
that the new one came in,
and so these...

567
00:30:50.634 --> 00:30:53.067
The new boxes are the same size,

568
00:30:53.067 --> 00:30:56.434
and they're easily
replaced one for one.

569
00:30:56.434 --> 00:30:59.501
Next chart, please,

570
00:30:59.501 --> 00:31:01.367
another thing that we're doing
this mission

571
00:31:01.367 --> 00:31:04.534
is changing out one of
the three fine guidance sensors.

572
00:31:04.534 --> 00:31:07.334
The fine guidance sensors
are used to lock

573
00:31:07.334 --> 00:31:08.601
onto the target stars

574
00:31:08.601 --> 00:31:10.834
that make Hubble very,
very stable

575
00:31:10.834 --> 00:31:14.734
while we're observing stars
or galaxies.

576
00:31:14.734 --> 00:31:18.300
The one you see here
was removed from...

577
00:31:18.300 --> 00:31:20.100
during Servicing Mission 2,

578
00:31:20.100 --> 00:31:23.634
and we installed a spare
at that time.

579
00:31:23.634 --> 00:31:26.033
That box that was brought back,
the fine guidance sensor,

580
00:31:26.033 --> 00:31:29.000
has been refurbished,
and we're reinstalling it.

581
00:31:29.000 --> 00:31:31.133
This mission,
the one we're taking out,

582
00:31:31.133 --> 00:31:33.400
we're going to refurbish that
and reinstall it

583
00:31:33.400 --> 00:31:34.868
in Servicing Mission 4,

584
00:31:34.868 --> 00:31:38.767
so we will have refurbished
all three fine guidance sensors

585
00:31:38.767 --> 00:31:41.000
by the end of
the servicing missions

586
00:31:41.000 --> 00:31:43.968
after Servicing Mission 4.

587
00:31:43.968 --> 00:31:45.534
Just to give you an idea
of scale there

588
00:31:45.534 --> 00:31:49.167
that the fine guidance
sensor weighs around 500 pounds,

589
00:31:49.167 --> 00:31:52.000
and it's 5 1/2 feet tall.

590
00:31:52.000 --> 00:31:55.801
Next graphic, please, now,
Hubble,

591
00:31:55.801 --> 00:31:57.334
when it gets science data,

592
00:31:57.334 --> 00:32:00.534
stores it onboard
in terms of ones and zeros,

593
00:32:00.534 --> 00:32:02.901
and then when it can
get communications context

594
00:32:02.901 --> 00:32:07.067
with NASA's tracking and data
relay satellite systems,

595
00:32:07.067 --> 00:32:09.567
it transmits them to the ground.

596
00:32:09.567 --> 00:32:14.667
Now, one of the two transmitters
that are on Hubble have failed.

597
00:32:14.667 --> 00:32:16.267
They're redundant transmitters,

598
00:32:16.267 --> 00:32:20.634
and so the science mission
hasn't been impacted at all,

599
00:32:20.634 --> 00:32:24.868
but we plan to change out that
transmitter during this mission.

600
00:32:24.868 --> 00:32:31.067
Next graphic, science production
is our most important product,

601
00:32:31.067 --> 00:32:34.000
and over the years, we have
increased this production

602
00:32:34.000 --> 00:32:36.067
by a factor of 11,

603
00:32:36.067 --> 00:32:38.400
and as I said, the science data
is stored onboard

604
00:32:38.400 --> 00:32:41.200
before it's transmitted
to the ground,

605
00:32:41.200 --> 00:32:44.000
and we put that data
on recorders.

606
00:32:44.000 --> 00:32:48.400
Hubble was launched
with three mechanical recorders,

607
00:32:48.400 --> 00:32:49.901
reel to reel.

608
00:32:49.901 --> 00:32:52.167
Some of you may remember
what the reel-to-reel

609
00:32:52.167 --> 00:32:53.634
tape recorders look like.

610
00:32:53.634 --> 00:32:55.100
They look much like that.

611
00:32:55.100 --> 00:32:56.901
They're not particularly
reliable,

612
00:32:56.901 --> 00:32:58.601
and they don't store a lot,

613
00:32:58.601 --> 00:33:00.634
so we've already replaced
one of those

614
00:33:00.634 --> 00:33:03.934
with a solid state recorder
made out of computer chips

615
00:33:03.934 --> 00:33:07.801
and that can store a factor
of 10 more science data

616
00:33:07.801 --> 00:33:09.133
than the original ones,

617
00:33:09.133 --> 00:33:11.334
and we're going to put up
another one

618
00:33:11.334 --> 00:33:14.434
to replace the second
mechanical tape recorder

619
00:33:14.434 --> 00:33:16.000
so that we can process

620
00:33:16.000 --> 00:33:17.901
and handle
this amount of science data,

621
00:33:17.901 --> 00:33:20.801
and as we install
the new science instruments

622
00:33:20.801 --> 00:33:22.267
in the next couple
servicing missions,

623
00:33:22.267 --> 00:33:24.868
we expect to increase
the amount of science data

624
00:33:24.868 --> 00:33:28.234
ultimately by a factor of four,
so we'll be even four times more

625
00:33:28.234 --> 00:33:31.767
than what you see
on that video or that chart.

626
00:33:31.767 --> 00:33:36.701
Another thing that we're doing
is installing an improved way

627
00:33:36.701 --> 00:33:40.767
to charge Hubble's six batteries
that are used to power

628
00:33:40.767 --> 00:33:43.133
Hubble when Hubble
goes into the nighttime.

629
00:33:43.133 --> 00:33:45.067
These are called
the battery voltage

630
00:33:45.067 --> 00:33:46.767
temperature improvement kits.

631
00:33:46.767 --> 00:33:49.167
There are six of them,
and they just get installed

632
00:33:49.167 --> 00:33:53.100
in-line
with Hubble's six batteries.

633
00:33:53.100 --> 00:33:59.067
Now, when Hubble goes through
its day-night cycle,

634
00:33:59.067 --> 00:34:02.434
it has wide
temperature excursions,

635
00:34:02.434 --> 00:34:06.367
and it gets as cold as minus
130 degrees Fahrenheit

636
00:34:06.367 --> 00:34:10.734
at night and 180 degrees
Fahrenheit in the daytime,

637
00:34:10.734 --> 00:34:13.167
and coupled with
the radiation environment

638
00:34:13.167 --> 00:34:16.934
and strong
ultraviolet light,

639
00:34:16.934 --> 00:34:19.501
there needs to be
a skin on Hubble

640
00:34:19.501 --> 00:34:22.934
to protect it from
these thermal excursions

641
00:34:22.934 --> 00:34:26.100
and from the radiation.

642
00:34:26.100 --> 00:34:30.000
Now, the original skin that was
put on has degraded over time,

643
00:34:30.000 --> 00:34:33.300
and we intend
to change this skin,

644
00:34:33.300 --> 00:34:36.367
and now if you'll
roll the clip,

645
00:34:36.367 --> 00:34:39.133
I'll explain to you
what we're going to do.

646
00:34:42.167 --> 00:34:45.968
First, we're going to install
stainless steel plates

647
00:34:45.968 --> 00:34:50.968
over doors that are on
the circumference of the Hubble,

648
00:34:50.968 --> 00:34:54.434
and then we'll cover
over the insulation

649
00:34:54.434 --> 00:34:59.100
on the sun side of Hubble
using wallpaper-like rolls.

650
00:34:59.100 --> 00:35:00.901
There are seven of them,

651
00:35:00.901 --> 00:35:04.767
and the largest roll
is 18 feet by 5 feet.

652
00:35:04.767 --> 00:35:08.133
Now, here is a quick look
at astronauts

653
00:35:08.133 --> 00:35:12.567
in short sleeves
who are testing these...

654
00:35:12.567 --> 00:35:15.534
The installation
of these wallpaper rolls,

655
00:35:15.534 --> 00:35:17.334
and you may have noticed that
there's all kinds of writing

656
00:35:17.334 --> 00:35:19.133
on there.

657
00:35:19.133 --> 00:35:20.634
Those are installation
instructions,

658
00:35:20.634 --> 00:35:22.467
and they will stay there,

659
00:35:22.467 --> 00:35:25.167
and it won't be a clean
spacecraft when we get done.

660
00:35:25.167 --> 00:35:27.567
It'll have letter writing
all over the place

661
00:35:27.567 --> 00:35:29.534
in terms of the installation
of this

662
00:35:29.534 --> 00:35:32.868
to be sure that
it was done properly.

663
00:35:32.868 --> 00:35:36.267
I'd like to point out that today
in the audience with us

664
00:35:36.267 --> 00:35:41.801
is Jackie Townsend who's a
materials engineer from Goddard.

665
00:35:41.801 --> 00:35:44.033
She's been on the Hubble team
for a long time,

666
00:35:44.033 --> 00:35:47.100
and I know there's a lot
of interest in this insulation,

667
00:35:47.100 --> 00:35:49.601
and she's available
for questions later

668
00:35:49.601 --> 00:35:52.567
as we get into
the question period,

669
00:35:52.567 --> 00:35:55.467
so, Anne, that's all I wanted
to talk about,

670
00:35:55.467 --> 00:35:57.400
so maybe you'd like
to continue with the science.

671
00:35:57.400 --> 00:35:58.767
-Mm-hmm.

672
00:35:58.767 --> 00:36:00.667
Well, let me talk a little bit
more about the science,

673
00:36:00.667 --> 00:36:02.934
but let me start
by correcting...

674
00:36:02.934 --> 00:36:04.133
I misspoke earlier.

675
00:36:04.133 --> 00:36:06.100
The number of proposals
submitted this year

676
00:36:06.100 --> 00:36:10.367
was close to 1,000,
not 100,

677
00:36:10.367 --> 00:36:12.901
so, you know,
there's a great deal

678
00:36:12.901 --> 00:36:16.734
of scientific interest
in this program.

679
00:36:16.734 --> 00:36:21.534
It has been almost 10 years
since Hubble launched,

680
00:36:21.534 --> 00:36:25.400
and so I'd like to talk
a little bit about

681
00:36:25.400 --> 00:36:29.501
just a few science fields
and where they were 10 years ago

682
00:36:29.501 --> 00:36:32.534
and where they are today.

683
00:36:32.534 --> 00:36:34.000
Of course, in 10 years' time,

684
00:36:34.000 --> 00:36:36.567
there's been a lot of advance
made on the ground, also,

685
00:36:36.567 --> 00:36:39.968
and the big eyes
have opened up.

686
00:36:39.968 --> 00:36:43.467
Some 8-meter and 10-meter
facilities have opened up,

687
00:36:43.467 --> 00:36:47.767
but they are very synergistic
with the Hubble Space Telescope

688
00:36:47.767 --> 00:36:50.167
because it is
extremely difficult

689
00:36:50.167 --> 00:36:52.367
to get over the fact
that on the ground,

690
00:36:52.367 --> 00:36:54.100
you have to look
through the atmosphere,

691
00:36:54.100 --> 00:36:55.501
and the atmosphere blurs.

692
00:36:55.501 --> 00:36:57.300
It's very much like looking
at the sky

693
00:36:57.300 --> 00:36:59.601
through the bottom
of a swimming pool.

694
00:36:59.601 --> 00:37:02.934
The changes in density
in the atmosphere

695
00:37:02.934 --> 00:37:04.334
cause the images to blur,

696
00:37:04.334 --> 00:37:06.434
and it's very difficult
to get over that,

697
00:37:06.434 --> 00:37:11.200
so Hubble Space Telescope
gets extremely clear images.

698
00:37:11.200 --> 00:37:13.467
Even though it is
a smaller telescope

699
00:37:13.467 --> 00:37:17.501
than the ground-based ones,
it still has an enormous impact,

700
00:37:17.501 --> 00:37:20.234
and in fact, there's a lot
of work done in collaboration

701
00:37:20.234 --> 00:37:22.300
between the big telescopes
on ground

702
00:37:22.300 --> 00:37:26.267
and Hubble Space Telescope
in space,

703
00:37:26.267 --> 00:37:29.067
but let me just choose
a few topics

704
00:37:29.067 --> 00:37:30.601
and talk about
the science of them,

705
00:37:30.601 --> 00:37:32.267
and this is by
no means complete,

706
00:37:32.267 --> 00:37:34.968
and these are sort of
my personal favorites,

707
00:37:34.968 --> 00:37:40.100
so they don't cover
the whole range of topics,

708
00:37:40.100 --> 00:37:41.868
and one of the things indeed
that's unusual

709
00:37:41.868 --> 00:37:43.267
about the Hubble Space Telescope

710
00:37:43.267 --> 00:37:46.033
is that there are so many
different scientific topics

711
00:37:46.033 --> 00:37:48.801
that it has been able
to make contributions to.

712
00:37:48.801 --> 00:37:51.634
It's not a one-question
telescope.

713
00:37:51.634 --> 00:37:56.801
It's a very broad...
It has very broad applicability.

714
00:37:56.801 --> 00:38:00.367
The first topic is to me

715
00:38:00.367 --> 00:38:02.067
is perhaps the easiest
to talk about.

716
00:38:02.067 --> 00:38:06.267
It's galaxies, and if you look
at where galaxy research

717
00:38:06.267 --> 00:38:09.701
was 10 years ago
before Hubble launched,

718
00:38:09.701 --> 00:38:13.100
people worked very, very hard
to get images of galaxies

719
00:38:13.100 --> 00:38:16.534
that went as far back
as 20 percent of the way

720
00:38:16.534 --> 00:38:18.334
back to the beginning of time.

721
00:38:18.334 --> 00:38:21.667
That was a real victory
when the ground-based telescopes

722
00:38:21.667 --> 00:38:24.000
could get back to 20 percent,

723
00:38:24.000 --> 00:38:28.801
and they started to get
the first intimations

724
00:38:28.801 --> 00:38:31.467
of how galaxies evolved,

725
00:38:31.467 --> 00:38:34.067
and that was the beginning
of a new topic

726
00:38:34.067 --> 00:38:36.567
is actually
the life of galaxies.

727
00:38:36.567 --> 00:38:40.701
That's a much bigger topic
than...

728
00:38:40.701 --> 00:38:44.133
Well, bigger is the wrong word
in astronomy.

729
00:38:44.133 --> 00:38:46.133
It's an older topic, perhaps,

730
00:38:46.133 --> 00:38:48.100
than people have taken on
before,

731
00:38:48.100 --> 00:38:51.667
and with Hubble, you started
to be able to make images

732
00:38:51.667 --> 00:38:55.033
that were very deep such
as the Hubble Deep Field

733
00:38:55.033 --> 00:39:01.434
where you actually sat
on one patch of sky for 10 days.

734
00:39:01.434 --> 00:39:02.934
I call it Zen astronomy

735
00:39:02.934 --> 00:39:05.734
because the way they chose
the field with Hubble is,

736
00:39:05.734 --> 00:39:09.167
they searched for an area
that had nothing in it.

737
00:39:09.167 --> 00:39:10.667
They really worked very hard

738
00:39:10.667 --> 00:39:12.634
to find an area
that had nothing in it

739
00:39:12.634 --> 00:39:15.100
because they wanted to see
as far back as possible,

740
00:39:15.100 --> 00:39:17.801
so they wanted
no nearby galaxies,

741
00:39:17.801 --> 00:39:22.234
nothing local in our home galaxy
to obscure this field of view,

742
00:39:22.234 --> 00:39:25.234
and one of the most
difficult parts of planning

743
00:39:25.234 --> 00:39:28.300
the Hubble Deep Field
was to look for a patch of sky

744
00:39:28.300 --> 00:39:30.934
that really had nothing in it,

745
00:39:30.934 --> 00:39:34.634
and then they did this...
It's like drilling a core.

746
00:39:34.634 --> 00:39:39.300
They took a very deep image
and were able to see galaxies

747
00:39:39.300 --> 00:39:42.868
as far back
as 60 percent of the way back

748
00:39:42.868 --> 00:39:48.067
to the beginning of the universe
and saw a very different picture

749
00:39:48.067 --> 00:39:51.501
than what people
expected to see.

750
00:39:51.501 --> 00:39:56.868
What they saw was that they saw
galaxies that were already old.

751
00:39:56.868 --> 00:40:01.467
At that very early time,
these galaxies were already old,

752
00:40:01.467 --> 00:40:08.300
and so they could conclude that
galaxies formed even earlier,

753
00:40:08.300 --> 00:40:12.934
and this leads to what will be
some of the future astronomy

754
00:40:12.934 --> 00:40:17.434
that is done on this telescope
and also on other telescopes

755
00:40:17.434 --> 00:40:20.968
like the next generation
space telescope.

756
00:40:20.968 --> 00:40:23.901
When the advanced camera
goes on,

757
00:40:23.901 --> 00:40:26.634
you will have a camera that will
be able to take deeper images

758
00:40:26.634 --> 00:40:29.834
with a larger field
of view than the WFPC,

759
00:40:29.834 --> 00:40:32.534
and that's one of the areas
that we really expect

760
00:40:32.534 --> 00:40:34.801
to make progress on
in Hubble Space Telescope

761
00:40:34.801 --> 00:40:37.267
in the future
is to understand...

762
00:40:37.267 --> 00:40:39.100
We now understand
that galaxies formed

763
00:40:39.100 --> 00:40:41.334
even earlier than
we thought they could,

764
00:40:41.334 --> 00:40:43.968
and we want to keep pushing
that envelope

765
00:40:43.968 --> 00:40:48.734
and understand
how they first began,

766
00:40:48.734 --> 00:40:52.834
so that's one certainly
a favorite topic of mine

767
00:40:52.834 --> 00:40:55.601
that Hubble has made
wonderful advances in,

768
00:40:55.601 --> 00:40:59.167
and it's also an example
of the strong collaboration

769
00:40:59.167 --> 00:41:01.968
between Hubble and some
of the ground-based telescopes

770
00:41:01.968 --> 00:41:04.634
because Hubble discovers
these objects

771
00:41:04.634 --> 00:41:07.734
because it has
such a clear view.

772
00:41:07.734 --> 00:41:10.868
The images are...
Have such clarity to them,

773
00:41:10.868 --> 00:41:14.667
and then the telescopes
like Keck will go

774
00:41:14.667 --> 00:41:18.067
and take a spectrum of it
and get the exact red shift

775
00:41:18.067 --> 00:41:20.467
and make some conclusions
about the composition

776
00:41:20.467 --> 00:41:22.000
of these galaxies,

777
00:41:22.000 --> 00:41:26.834
so there's a wonderful synergy
between the sets of telescopes.

778
00:41:26.834 --> 00:41:29.400
Another favorite topic,
and, you know,

779
00:41:29.400 --> 00:41:32.367
these really are
some of my personal favorites

780
00:41:32.367 --> 00:41:34.367
is black holes.

781
00:41:34.367 --> 00:41:36.167
Ten years ago
when Hubble launched,

782
00:41:36.167 --> 00:41:40.434
there was not
one confirmed black hole.

783
00:41:40.434 --> 00:41:42.267
People loved black holes.

784
00:41:42.267 --> 00:41:43.501
It was such a great idea.

785
00:41:43.501 --> 00:41:45.267
It had to be true,

786
00:41:45.267 --> 00:41:47.567
but obviously,
they're hard to detect!

787
00:41:47.567 --> 00:41:48.467
They don't emit.

788
00:41:48.467 --> 00:41:51.701
They swallow everything up,

789
00:41:51.701 --> 00:41:53.534
and so how do you detect
something that is,

790
00:41:53.534 --> 00:41:55.934
you know,
by definition invisible?

791
00:41:55.934 --> 00:41:58.000
And of course, the way you do
that

792
00:41:58.000 --> 00:42:01.200
is you look for the things
that revolve around it

793
00:42:01.200 --> 00:42:04.834
because a black hole
is very dense,

794
00:42:04.834 --> 00:42:06.701
and anything that
revolves around it

795
00:42:06.701 --> 00:42:09.634
is going to go very fast,

796
00:42:09.634 --> 00:42:13.400
and so the first detection
was M87.

797
00:42:13.400 --> 00:42:15.033
With the Faint
Object Spectrograph,

798
00:42:15.033 --> 00:42:20.167
they were able to put
the aperture

799
00:42:20.167 --> 00:42:22.934
very close to the center
of this galaxy,

800
00:42:22.934 --> 00:42:25.000
and what they saw
was material moving

801
00:42:25.000 --> 00:42:27.467
in an extremely
high velocity,

802
00:42:27.467 --> 00:42:30.000
and the bottom line was that
if it wasn't a black hole,

803
00:42:30.000 --> 00:42:32.667
it had to be something
even stranger,

804
00:42:32.667 --> 00:42:34.434
something that
we didn't even...

805
00:42:34.434 --> 00:42:36.267
You know, we'd have
to invent it,

806
00:42:36.267 --> 00:42:40.734
so that was the first proof,
you know, really hard evidence

807
00:42:40.734 --> 00:42:42.434
for a black hole,
and since then,

808
00:42:42.434 --> 00:42:46.567
Hubble has been detecting
many black holes to the point

809
00:42:46.567 --> 00:42:51.634
where there was a column
by Art Buchwald a year or so ago

810
00:42:51.634 --> 00:42:54.100
where he listed all the articles
that he didn't want to read

811
00:42:54.100 --> 00:42:56.400
one more time in the newspaper,
and one of them was,

812
00:42:56.400 --> 00:42:59.334
"Hubble Space Telescope
finds another black hole,"

813
00:42:59.334 --> 00:43:03.234
so, you know,
it has been very successful

814
00:43:03.234 --> 00:43:04.567
at finding black holes,

815
00:43:04.567 --> 00:43:08.834
and it finds them in the centers
of many galaxies,

816
00:43:08.834 --> 00:43:10.434
and so one of the things,
again,

817
00:43:10.434 --> 00:43:13.801
that we'll be able to do
in the future

818
00:43:13.801 --> 00:43:17.367
is demographics
of black holes.

819
00:43:17.367 --> 00:43:20.400
We'll have yet
better spectrographs.

820
00:43:20.400 --> 00:43:22.067
They'll be able to go deeper

821
00:43:22.067 --> 00:43:24.567
and look at the full range
of galaxies.

822
00:43:24.567 --> 00:43:27.467
Is there a black hole
as the seed

823
00:43:27.467 --> 00:43:29.267
in the center
of every single galaxy?

824
00:43:29.267 --> 00:43:32.267
We don't know the answer
to that question,

825
00:43:32.267 --> 00:43:36.501
so that's an area where I expect
that poor Art Buchwald,

826
00:43:36.501 --> 00:43:38.601
he's going to have to read
a few more articles

827
00:43:38.601 --> 00:43:44.200
on discoveries of black holes,
and then the final topic

828
00:43:44.200 --> 00:43:46.100
and the one that is probably
near and dear

829
00:43:46.100 --> 00:43:49.067
to all our hearts
is the solar system,

830
00:43:49.067 --> 00:43:53.501
and this is an area where,
you know,

831
00:43:53.501 --> 00:43:57.367
when Galileo first
pointed his telescope,

832
00:43:57.367 --> 00:44:00.834
his little spyglass to Jupiter,

833
00:44:00.834 --> 00:44:05.100
and he saw that there was
actual motion around Jupiter,

834
00:44:05.100 --> 00:44:07.067
that, you know,
that was so astounding

835
00:44:07.067 --> 00:44:09.667
that he was basically
threatened with death,

836
00:44:09.667 --> 00:44:13.334
with, you know, capital
punishment for so much change

837
00:44:13.334 --> 00:44:17.267
in people's point of view
about the universe,

838
00:44:17.267 --> 00:44:21.300
and he did that by seeing
that things move in the sky,

839
00:44:21.300 --> 00:44:23.767
and that was not our idea.

840
00:44:23.767 --> 00:44:29.801
We thought the sky, you know,
the heavens were unchangeable,

841
00:44:29.801 --> 00:44:33.300
and in fact, every time you look
at something more closely,

842
00:44:33.300 --> 00:44:37.968
you find that it changes,
and Hubble has been able to...

843
00:44:37.968 --> 00:44:40.601
What it has been able to do
that you couldn't do before

844
00:44:40.601 --> 00:44:45.367
is have a longtime presence
looking at planets

845
00:44:45.367 --> 00:44:47.334
and watching them over and over.

846
00:44:47.334 --> 00:44:50.968
Now, Hubble does not see
the planets as close up

847
00:44:50.968 --> 00:44:52.834
as many of the planetary
missions do

848
00:44:52.834 --> 00:44:55.234
because we don't do flybys.

849
00:44:55.234 --> 00:44:56.767
We just go around and around
the Earth,

850
00:44:56.767 --> 00:44:58.267
you know, and look off,

851
00:44:58.267 --> 00:45:01.167
but we have the time constancy
to be able

852
00:45:01.167 --> 00:45:04.834
to look at these things
over and over, and of course,

853
00:45:04.834 --> 00:45:09.334
what you see then is that
the planets really change,

854
00:45:09.334 --> 00:45:12.300
and even though the planets
are very different than Earth,

855
00:45:12.300 --> 00:45:14.901
they have very different
conditions than Earth,

856
00:45:14.901 --> 00:45:18.767
still, like the Earth,
they change constantly.

857
00:45:18.767 --> 00:45:20.334
They have weather.

858
00:45:20.334 --> 00:45:22.200
They have catastrophic events.

859
00:45:22.200 --> 00:45:24.267
They have volcanoes.

860
00:45:24.267 --> 00:45:28.501
We observed a spectacular
storm on Mars

861
00:45:28.501 --> 00:45:30.100
that you could see from Earth.

862
00:45:30.100 --> 00:45:33.534
You could see it progressing.

863
00:45:33.534 --> 00:45:37.667
We observed Aurora on Saturn
and Jupiter,

864
00:45:37.667 --> 00:45:41.267
you know, spectacularly
beautiful, Aurora coming up...

865
00:45:41.267 --> 00:45:44.934
Coming down on the poles
that,

866
00:45:44.934 --> 00:45:50.367
you know, look somewhat similar
to Aurora on Earth,

867
00:45:50.367 --> 00:45:54.467
and then of course the most
spectacular thing of all which

868
00:45:54.467 --> 00:45:56.968
Hubble can't actually directly
take credit for

869
00:45:56.968 --> 00:45:59.067
is the comets on...

870
00:45:59.067 --> 00:46:03.701
the comet collision
with Jupiter,

871
00:46:03.701 --> 00:46:10.234
but Hubble was there to watch it
and was able to see...

872
00:46:10.234 --> 00:46:14.033
There was a lot of fortuitous
positive accident

873
00:46:14.033 --> 00:46:17.767
with that collision
that we were able to see

874
00:46:17.767 --> 00:46:22.501
the plumes come up into
the atmosphere at the collision

875
00:46:22.501 --> 00:46:24.501
and then see the fallout,

876
00:46:24.501 --> 00:46:28.100
and people really did
a thorough diagnosis

877
00:46:28.100 --> 00:46:31.033
of the atmosphere of Jupiter
and the impact,

878
00:46:31.033 --> 00:46:33.567
but all of those things
very much change

879
00:46:33.567 --> 00:46:37.534
our picture of the solar system
as an active system

880
00:46:37.534 --> 00:46:40.734
with day-to-day changes
much like the day-to-day changes

881
00:46:40.734 --> 00:46:46.334
we have on Earth
with weather, with volcanoes,

882
00:46:46.334 --> 00:46:49.334
and so in the future,

883
00:46:49.334 --> 00:46:52.033
what will we do with planets
in the future?

884
00:46:52.033 --> 00:46:54.300
Well, one of the things that
I think that we'll be able to do

885
00:46:54.300 --> 00:46:58.734
is a very detailed analysis
of the atmospheres

886
00:46:58.734 --> 00:46:59.968
of these planets,

887
00:46:59.968 --> 00:47:01.901
and we will be able
to look at the atmospheres

888
00:47:01.901 --> 00:47:05.667
across a very broad
wavelength range, ultraviolet

889
00:47:05.667 --> 00:47:09.801
and optical and infrared
and start to understand

890
00:47:09.801 --> 00:47:13.467
the composition
of these atmospheres,

891
00:47:13.467 --> 00:47:18.400
and there's also
more planetary science

892
00:47:18.400 --> 00:47:23.367
that we will do in the future
on the formation of planets

893
00:47:23.367 --> 00:47:25.567
once we get the NICMOS back

894
00:47:25.567 --> 00:47:29.634
and running where you get
an infrared capability,

895
00:47:29.634 --> 00:47:31.501
and what the infrared
does for you

896
00:47:31.501 --> 00:47:35.167
is it allows you to see
through those dark clouds

897
00:47:35.167 --> 00:47:37.467
where stars are forming.

898
00:47:37.467 --> 00:47:39.834
In the optical,
they are obscured to you.

899
00:47:39.834 --> 00:47:43.067
The very regions of star
formation are obscured to you,

900
00:47:43.067 --> 00:47:44.334
but as you go to the infrared,

901
00:47:44.334 --> 00:47:47.300
you are able to penetrate
these regions,

902
00:47:47.300 --> 00:47:50.801
and again, that's an area
where Hubble Space Telescope

903
00:47:50.801 --> 00:47:55.267
has had wonderful advances
in seeing the little disks

904
00:47:55.267 --> 00:47:58.100
that appear around
the forming stars

905
00:47:58.100 --> 00:48:00.300
which look to
an astronomer's eye

906
00:48:00.300 --> 00:48:05.400
very much like a solar system
before it's born,

907
00:48:05.400 --> 00:48:07.701
so I think that
that's another area

908
00:48:07.701 --> 00:48:08.934
where Hubble Space Telescope

909
00:48:08.934 --> 00:48:12.567
will be making
some real impacts,

910
00:48:12.567 --> 00:48:15.601
so I think we have
some wonderful astronomy

911
00:48:15.601 --> 00:48:17.167
to look ahead to,

912
00:48:17.167 --> 00:48:20.801
and what we need to do now
is get up there

913
00:48:20.801 --> 00:48:26.200
and get the telescope serviced
so we can get back to work.

914
00:48:26.200 --> 00:48:27.801
-Okay.
Well, thank you.

915
00:48:27.801 --> 00:48:31.133
We'll start now taking questions
here at the end of the row.

916
00:48:31.133 --> 00:48:32.167
Please wait for the mic,

917
00:48:32.167 --> 00:48:33.667
and give us your name
and affiliation.

918
00:48:33.667 --> 00:48:35.834
-Good morning, Peter King
with CBS News Radio,

919
00:48:35.834 --> 00:48:38.767
and I hate to burst a bubble
with the first question,

920
00:48:38.767 --> 00:48:41.367
but I was reading
that the Hubble costs

921
00:48:41.367 --> 00:48:43.801
millions of dollars
to operate every day,

922
00:48:43.801 --> 00:48:46.300
that it has not been functioning
for the past month.

923
00:48:46.300 --> 00:48:48.267
I'm wondering if you could
tell us

924
00:48:48.267 --> 00:48:50.534
how some of that money is spent

925
00:48:50.534 --> 00:48:55.434
and give us some idea
of where it's being spent

926
00:48:55.434 --> 00:48:59.133
while it's not operating versus
while it is operating?

927
00:48:59.133 --> 00:49:03.100
-Well, I think the cost
for mission operation

928
00:49:03.100 --> 00:49:07.334
and data analysis
is about 20 million a month,

929
00:49:07.334 --> 00:49:13.501
and, you know, obviously, when
the telescope stops operating,

930
00:49:13.501 --> 00:49:15.667
you can't fire everybody
and tell them to come home

931
00:49:15.667 --> 00:49:18.267
and come back later,

932
00:49:18.267 --> 00:49:25.334
so there is, you know,
that funding is ongoing,

933
00:49:25.334 --> 00:49:27.334
but, of course,
at the same time,

934
00:49:27.334 --> 00:49:31.501
Hubble has been taking data
for 9 1/2 years,

935
00:49:31.501 --> 00:49:33.534
and the people who are
doing data analysis

936
00:49:33.534 --> 00:49:36.200
are not doing data analysis
on the data today.

937
00:49:36.200 --> 00:49:39.300
They're doing the analysis on
the data that has been in hand,

938
00:49:39.300 --> 00:49:43.133
and likewise,
there's a lot of work going on

939
00:49:43.133 --> 00:49:45.100
in the scheduling
of the telescope,

940
00:49:45.100 --> 00:49:48.834
and for example,
they have constructed schedules

941
00:49:48.834 --> 00:49:51.133
that are dependent on
exactly which day the telescope

942
00:49:51.133 --> 00:49:52.734
starts to work again

943
00:49:52.734 --> 00:49:56.601
because what you schedule
depends on, you know,

944
00:49:56.601 --> 00:49:59.834
when you flip the switch
and you start work again,

945
00:49:59.834 --> 00:50:02.334
so a lot of it
is ongoing work.

946
00:50:02.334 --> 00:50:05.434
-I guess the question I had is,
do you have a bunch of people

947
00:50:05.434 --> 00:50:07.467
who are sitting around
and not doing anything right now

948
00:50:07.467 --> 00:50:09.667
and just waiting for it
to come back online?

949
00:50:09.667 --> 00:50:11.267
-We never never
people like that.

950
00:50:11.267 --> 00:50:13.334
-Okay.
-No. No.

951
00:50:13.334 --> 00:50:17.868
No, I mean, you know, there's
an enormous amount of work

952
00:50:17.868 --> 00:50:21.634
both on the one end
and on the other end.

953
00:50:21.634 --> 00:50:23.634
In fact, these things
sometimes cause more work.

954
00:50:23.634 --> 00:50:25.767
As I said, they have
to rework schedules,

955
00:50:25.767 --> 00:50:28.200
and they have several
contingency schedules

956
00:50:28.200 --> 00:50:30.334
going at the same time
so that they can pick it

957
00:50:30.334 --> 00:50:32.667
right up again
when they're ready to go.

958
00:50:32.667 --> 00:50:34.968
-The majority of that
20 million per month

959
00:50:34.968 --> 00:50:37.834
is the people
that do the servicing,

960
00:50:37.834 --> 00:50:40.501
and when the gyro failed,

961
00:50:40.501 --> 00:50:44.634
that caused us to rework
our grapple time line,

962
00:50:44.634 --> 00:50:48.434
for example, and so these people
actually began working harder,

963
00:50:48.434 --> 00:50:49.968
I think,
than they were working before

964
00:50:49.968 --> 00:50:52.000
as we were getting ready
for the mission,

965
00:50:52.000 --> 00:50:54.901
so we certainly have not
had our feet on a desk

966
00:50:54.901 --> 00:50:56.701
waiting for the shuttle to come.

967
00:50:56.701 --> 00:50:58.033
-Nobody likes delays,

968
00:50:58.033 --> 00:50:59.834
and they don't make
anything easier for anybody.

969
00:50:59.834 --> 00:51:01.701
They really make things harder.

970
00:51:01.701 --> 00:51:03.334
-Okay, and one clarification
of a figure

971
00:51:03.334 --> 00:51:04.901
that you gave us earlier,
Dr. Kenny,

972
00:51:04.901 --> 00:51:07.968
that was that
1.000 proposals every year.

973
00:51:07.968 --> 00:51:11.133
How many proposals are accepted
for the Hubble every year?

974
00:51:11.133 --> 00:51:13.801
-Let me give you the exact
number this year,

975
00:51:13.801 --> 00:51:19.067
914 submitted proposals.
145 accepted proposals.

976
00:51:19.067 --> 00:51:24.000
and the acceptance rate
is one per five by proposal,

977
00:51:24.000 --> 00:51:26.334
but it's one per six by orbit

978
00:51:26.334 --> 00:51:27.868
because many of the proposals
are...

979
00:51:27.868 --> 00:51:30.100
They allocate
slightly less sometimes

980
00:51:30.100 --> 00:51:34.033
than what people ask for,
so those are the exact numbers.

981
00:51:34.033 --> 00:51:35.267
-Okay.

982
00:51:35.267 --> 00:51:38.334
Well, I'll take Jay
and then back to Bill.

983
00:51:38.334 --> 00:51:40.868
-Jay Barbree with NBC,
Dr. Kenny,

984
00:51:40.868 --> 00:51:42.667
I have some basic
science questions,

985
00:51:42.667 --> 00:51:44.367
but first, I want to clarify,
John,

986
00:51:44.367 --> 00:51:46.567
you said that the Hubble
in its position now

987
00:51:46.567 --> 00:51:49.234
is rotating around the sun
every hour and a half.

988
00:51:49.234 --> 00:51:51.400
You mean, of course, the face,
the sun side

989
00:51:51.400 --> 00:51:54.968
is rotating on its own axis
as it faces the sun, right?

990
00:51:54.968 --> 00:51:56.968
It's not rotating
around the sun.

991
00:51:56.968 --> 00:51:58.100
-Oh, no.
Sorry.

992
00:51:58.100 --> 00:51:58.901
-Yeah, okay, but...
-Yeah, so it can...

993
00:51:58.901 --> 00:52:00.434
-But anyway, what is this doing?

994
00:52:00.434 --> 00:52:05.200
What is the time period that
it is rotating now 360 degrees?

995
00:52:05.200 --> 00:52:07.200
-It's about one revolution
per hour.

996
00:52:07.200 --> 00:52:08.701
-One revolution,
about the same length

997
00:52:08.701 --> 00:52:10.234
as the orbit around Earth.

998
00:52:10.234 --> 00:52:14.133
-Yeah, approximately.
-Yeah, and Dr. Kenny,

999
00:52:14.133 --> 00:52:17.400
what are the estimated number
of stars now in the universe

1000
00:52:17.400 --> 00:52:20.501
that Hubble can account for,
the number...

1001
00:52:20.501 --> 00:52:21.868
-Oh.
-...of galaxies

1002
00:52:21.868 --> 00:52:25.701
that it can account for now
and the farthest distance?

1003
00:52:25.701 --> 00:52:27.734
You were talking about talking
about looking 60 percent

1004
00:52:27.734 --> 00:52:29.100
by galaxies.

1005
00:52:29.100 --> 00:52:31.200
What is the farthest distance
in light-years

1006
00:52:31.200 --> 00:52:34.834
that Hubble has recorded
an image to date,

1007
00:52:34.834 --> 00:52:36.400
and how close are you

1008
00:52:36.400 --> 00:52:39.601
to determining
with Hubble the universe's age?

1009
00:52:42.467 --> 00:52:44.267
-Hubble Space Telescope
can observe

1010
00:52:44.267 --> 00:52:47.033
exactly a squidzillion stars.

1011
00:52:47.033 --> 00:52:48.634
I don't know...
-Spell that out.

1012
00:52:48.634 --> 00:52:50.634
-I can't spell it, no.
I don't know...

1013
00:52:50.634 --> 00:52:51.934
I don't know how to...

1014
00:52:51.934 --> 00:52:53.567
I don't know how many zeros
behind the number,

1015
00:52:53.567 --> 00:52:57.467
but too bad Carl Sagan
isn't here,

1016
00:52:57.467 --> 00:52:59.868
and you could say
billions and...squidzillion.

1017
00:52:59.868 --> 00:53:01.300
-Squidzillion, right?

1018
00:53:01.300 --> 00:53:04.033
-I made that word up, so...
I'm sorry!

1019
00:53:04.033 --> 00:53:09.000
-I was going to quote you!
-Oh, dear.

1020
00:53:09.000 --> 00:53:10.801
Yeah, but, you know,

1021
00:53:10.801 --> 00:53:14.300
there's about 10
to the 11 stars per galaxy.

1022
00:53:14.300 --> 00:53:18.434
That's the billions and billions
of our...of dear Carl Sagan.

1023
00:53:20.667 --> 00:53:23.400
-How about the number
of galaxies that there are?

1024
00:53:23.400 --> 00:53:29.234
-Let's see.
That's almost as many.

1025
00:53:29.234 --> 00:53:30.267
Again, I don't have the...

1026
00:53:30.267 --> 00:53:31.701
-Are you saying you
quit counting?

1027
00:53:31.701 --> 00:53:32.934
-Yeah.

1028
00:53:32.934 --> 00:53:36.067
Yeah.
-Yeah.

1029
00:53:36.067 --> 00:53:38.300
-I don't have the number
on the tip of my tongue

1030
00:53:38.300 --> 00:53:41.601
like I did
for the number of stars.

1031
00:53:41.601 --> 00:53:42.901
-How about the farthest
distance?

1032
00:53:42.901 --> 00:53:48.167
-Well, let me tell you
a really innovative proposal

1033
00:53:48.167 --> 00:53:54.033
that is the deepest observation
that Hubble has ever made,

1034
00:53:54.033 --> 00:53:57.300
and it's really...
It's just so clever.

1035
00:53:57.300 --> 00:53:59.767
You know about
gravitational lensing.

1036
00:53:59.767 --> 00:54:04.834
If you have a massive body with
something shining behind it,

1037
00:54:04.834 --> 00:54:08.100
that massive body bends
the light and focuses the light.

1038
00:54:08.100 --> 00:54:10.667
You can also do this
with wine glasses,

1039
00:54:10.667 --> 00:54:11.968
but you have to hold them up,

1040
00:54:11.968 --> 00:54:13.334
so you can't have anything
in the wine glass.

1041
00:54:13.334 --> 00:54:17.734
A wine glass seen from
the end operations

1042
00:54:17.734 --> 00:54:19.200
something like
a gravitational lens.

1043
00:54:19.200 --> 00:54:24.300
It focuses light, so you can,
through a gravitational lens,

1044
00:54:24.300 --> 00:54:28.467
you can sometimes observe
an object that is very distant,

1045
00:54:28.467 --> 00:54:29.634
and there was...

1046
00:54:29.634 --> 00:54:34.567
This trick was used with
a very distant galaxy

1047
00:54:34.567 --> 00:54:36.467
that was observed as a lens,

1048
00:54:36.467 --> 00:54:38.701
and they actually put
a slit on it

1049
00:54:38.701 --> 00:54:40.534
and were able to take
a spectrum of it

1050
00:54:40.534 --> 00:54:44.133
with Hubble Space Telescope,
and that particular image

1051
00:54:44.133 --> 00:54:49.667
went back to 93 percent
of the age of the universe.

1052
00:54:49.667 --> 00:54:53.834
It went really very far back,
and of course,

1053
00:54:53.834 --> 00:54:55.968
what it really meant
was there are galaxies

1054
00:54:55.968 --> 00:54:59.701
back at 93 percent
of the age of the universe.

1055
00:54:59.701 --> 00:55:01.634
-What's the age?
-Hmm.

1056
00:55:01.634 --> 00:55:03.100
-I mean,
what's the latest thinking?

1057
00:55:03.100 --> 00:55:05.334
-I think the latest thinking
is about 12 billion.

1058
00:55:05.334 --> 00:55:07.801
-Twelve billion?
-Yeah.

1059
00:55:07.801 --> 00:55:09.667
-Bill.
-Bill Harwood, CBS,

1060
00:55:09.667 --> 00:55:11.033
John, just...

1061
00:55:11.033 --> 00:55:12.868
I want to make sure I
understood the grapple attitude,

1062
00:55:12.868 --> 00:55:14.601
what you were saying earlier.

1063
00:55:14.601 --> 00:55:16.067
If you take Earth
out of the picture,

1064
00:55:16.067 --> 00:55:18.801
and once you turn on the
retrieval mode gyro assembly,

1065
00:55:18.801 --> 00:55:20.868
and it basically
stops the rotation,

1066
00:55:20.868 --> 00:55:24.167
you were saying a little bit
before TI, I guess,

1067
00:55:24.167 --> 00:55:27.167
that's a random position as far
as the astronauts are concerned,

1068
00:55:27.167 --> 00:55:29.334
but when the astronauts
finally get there,

1069
00:55:29.334 --> 00:55:31.000
they will essentially,
if you take Earth out of it,

1070
00:55:31.000 --> 00:55:33.400
approach it from the base
like an R-bar approach.

1071
00:55:33.400 --> 00:55:34.501
It's just it isn't on the R-bar.

1072
00:55:34.501 --> 00:55:36.434
Am I correct in assuming that?

1073
00:55:36.434 --> 00:55:39.200
-Yes.
It is an R-bar approach,

1074
00:55:39.200 --> 00:55:43.334
and again, if you're the sun,
then...

1075
00:55:43.334 --> 00:55:45.300
And we've fixed now,

1076
00:55:45.300 --> 00:55:48.467
and the grapple fixture is back
behind here where I'm pointing,

1077
00:55:48.467 --> 00:55:52.067
and so the orbiter
needs to get around

1078
00:55:52.067 --> 00:55:54.934
and be able to grapple
that fixture,

1079
00:55:54.934 --> 00:55:57.434
and it should be easy to do
because the telescope

1080
00:55:57.434 --> 00:55:59.267
will just be fixed in space.

1081
00:55:59.267 --> 00:56:00.868
-What I'm trying to figure
is though,

1082
00:56:00.868 --> 00:56:03.033
does the commander
position the orbiter

1083
00:56:03.033 --> 00:56:05.767
so that he's approaching low Z

1084
00:56:05.767 --> 00:56:08.267
to minimize plume impingement
on the solar rays,

1085
00:56:08.267 --> 00:56:10.434
but he's approaching from...

1086
00:56:10.434 --> 00:56:12.200
There is no...
I'm trying to say from below.

1087
00:56:12.200 --> 00:56:13.868
I'm picturing the regular
R-bar approach,

1088
00:56:13.868 --> 00:56:15.300
but it's the same as that.

1089
00:56:15.300 --> 00:56:16.667
It's just it's not on the R-bar.

1090
00:56:16.667 --> 00:56:19.234
The Earth isn't below it.

1091
00:56:19.234 --> 00:56:20.567
-It's an R-bar approach,

1092
00:56:20.567 --> 00:56:23.267
and I'm about ready
to exceed my knowledge

1093
00:56:23.267 --> 00:56:27.634
on how exactly
the shuttle maneuvers,

1094
00:56:27.634 --> 00:56:29.300
but it's an R-bar approach,

1095
00:56:29.300 --> 00:56:35.300
and what low Z means
is using a series of thrusters

1096
00:56:35.300 --> 00:56:39.334
on the orbiter as it's getting
closer so that it does...

1097
00:56:39.334 --> 00:56:42.534
So the thrusters don't impinge
the solar rays

1098
00:56:42.534 --> 00:56:43.968
or any part of the spacecraft.

1099
00:56:43.968 --> 00:56:46.901
It does that, and that's about
as much as I can do.

1100
00:56:46.901 --> 00:56:49.400
I think we'll have
to work offline,

1101
00:56:49.400 --> 00:56:52.234
and maybe we can get some of
the shuttle folks to help out.

1102
00:56:52.234 --> 00:56:53.934
-I think I understand it,

1103
00:56:53.934 --> 00:56:55.734
and the other one is once
the repairs are completed,

1104
00:56:55.734 --> 00:56:58.267
assuming you launch on the 16th,
I know you have

1105
00:56:58.267 --> 00:57:00.868
to let things equalize
once the shuttle goes away.

1106
00:57:00.868 --> 00:57:03.501
When is the earliest
that it could be back up

1107
00:57:03.501 --> 00:57:05.167
to doing science again?
-Right.

1108
00:57:05.167 --> 00:57:09.434
The nominal timeline would
have us deployed on the...

1109
00:57:09.434 --> 00:57:13.701
late on the 23rd, and then
we take about 2 more weeks

1110
00:57:13.701 --> 00:57:18.000
to test out
what's been installed,

1111
00:57:18.000 --> 00:57:21.300
let the contamination
that might have gotten in

1112
00:57:21.300 --> 00:57:23.968
from the astronauts
working around,

1113
00:57:23.968 --> 00:57:27.400
get that outgassed,
and after those 2 weeks,

1114
00:57:27.400 --> 00:57:31.968
we should be able to begin
doing science using WFPC2.

1115
00:57:34.601 --> 00:57:39.167
-Todd?
-Todd Halvorson, space.com,

1116
00:57:39.167 --> 00:57:41.200
for either one of you,

1117
00:57:41.200 --> 00:57:43.667
I was wondering
if you could give us an idea

1118
00:57:43.667 --> 00:57:47.501
of how many observations
with Hubble have had to be

1119
00:57:47.501 --> 00:57:52.100
either delayed or canceled
since the shutdown in November,

1120
00:57:52.100 --> 00:57:56.534
and how many more would have
to be either delayed or canceled

1121
00:57:56.534 --> 00:58:00.267
if this mission got pushed
for some reason into January?

1122
00:58:02.367 --> 00:58:03.734
-Let's see.

1123
00:58:03.734 --> 00:58:05.267
I'm just trying to figure out
how many hours in a day

1124
00:58:05.267 --> 00:58:13.467
and days in a month, 720 hours,
two-thirds of that, 500 orbits,

1125
00:58:13.467 --> 00:58:17.834
500 orbits'
worth of observations.

1126
00:58:17.834 --> 00:58:23.534
Observations will go anywhere
from one orbit to 30 orbits,

1127
00:58:23.534 --> 00:58:25.133
so...

1128
00:58:27.267 --> 00:58:28.734
-So there's about four...
-Probably...

1129
00:58:28.734 --> 00:58:31.234
-Four hundred and fifty orbits
in a month.

1130
00:58:31.234 --> 00:58:34.267
-Yeah, so, you know, any...

1131
00:58:34.267 --> 00:58:37.200
A hundred programs,
say, put off.

1132
00:58:37.200 --> 00:58:40.000
None of them are canceled.

1133
00:58:40.000 --> 00:58:42.267
That's why they are working
on the cues.

1134
00:58:42.267 --> 00:58:45.000
They're working
on the scheduling to getting all

1135
00:58:45.000 --> 00:58:47.534
these things running again,
and in fact,

1136
00:58:47.534 --> 00:58:50.801
one of the considerations
with this latest panel review

1137
00:58:50.801 --> 00:58:52.467
that I was telling you about

1138
00:58:52.467 --> 00:58:56.634
is it depends on how soon
they can start operating again

1139
00:58:56.634 --> 00:58:58.634
because the sooner
they start operating again,

1140
00:58:58.634 --> 00:59:00.234
the more orbits
they have to allocate,

1141
00:59:00.234 --> 00:59:02.868
so this is something
everybody cares about.

1142
00:59:05.367 --> 00:59:08.000
-Craig.
-Craig Covault, Aviation Week,

1143
00:59:08.000 --> 00:59:11.434
for John, following on
Bill's question again

1144
00:59:11.434 --> 00:59:15.667
on when you go to the RMGAs,

1145
00:59:15.667 --> 00:59:19.334
will you time
that activation of RMGAs

1146
00:59:19.334 --> 00:59:21.901
to a particular Hubble attitude?

1147
00:59:21.901 --> 00:59:24.834
Do you have good attitude data
on Hubble?

1148
00:59:24.834 --> 00:59:26.801
Is that part of the equation

1149
00:59:26.801 --> 00:59:29.367
in timing out the rendezvous
and the Prox Ops?

1150
00:59:29.367 --> 00:59:30.868
-No, we don't have...

1151
00:59:30.868 --> 00:59:35.901
In a zero-gyro mode, we don't
have good attitude information.

1152
00:59:35.901 --> 00:59:39.734
The telescope is kept
on the sun line

1153
00:59:39.734 --> 00:59:41.734
by devices
called coarse sun sensors

1154
00:59:41.734 --> 00:59:46.300
which are very coarse,
and we don't have attitude.

1155
00:59:46.300 --> 00:59:51.100
We in fact will time the switch
from the zero-gyro mode

1156
00:59:51.100 --> 00:59:56.634
to the hardware safe mode
with these retrieval-mode gyros

1157
00:59:56.634 --> 00:59:58.834
according to where we are
in the orbit,

1158
00:59:58.834 --> 01:00:04.701
and the zero-gyro mode
does not have any control

1159
01:00:04.701 --> 01:00:06.834
during the nighttime,

1160
01:00:06.834 --> 01:00:09.100
and when it comes
out of the night,

1161
01:00:09.100 --> 01:00:11.801
the coarse sun sensors
are used to put the telescope

1162
01:00:11.801 --> 01:00:13.901
back onto the sun line,

1163
01:00:13.901 --> 01:00:18.567
and sometimes the telescope
drifts off 15 to 30 degrees,

1164
01:00:18.567 --> 01:00:20.567
sometimes more on occasion,

1165
01:00:20.567 --> 01:00:22.434
and we want to wait
until the sun line...

1166
01:00:22.434 --> 01:00:26.300
until the telescope gets back
under this mode, is stable,

1167
01:00:26.300 --> 01:00:29.267
and so we'll put this...
We'll change modes

1168
01:00:29.267 --> 01:00:32.000
about two-thirds
of the way through the orbit,

1169
01:00:32.000 --> 01:00:34.467
guaranteeing that this new mode
will lock onto the sun

1170
01:00:34.467 --> 01:00:36.934
and be stable as it goes
through the night,

1171
01:00:36.934 --> 01:00:41.534
so the timing is done
by where we were in the orbit

1172
01:00:41.534 --> 01:00:44.767
as opposed to
where we are in altitude.

1173
01:00:46.968 --> 01:00:49.501
-Justin Ray with
spaceflightnow.com,

1174
01:00:49.501 --> 01:00:51.000
I guess for John,
I was wondering

1175
01:00:51.000 --> 01:00:52.234
if you could talk a little bit

1176
01:00:52.234 --> 01:00:56.334
about what effect losing EVA 4
would have

1177
01:00:56.334 --> 01:00:59.133
if you didn't make it off
the ground until the 18th,

1178
01:00:59.133 --> 01:01:02.467
what effect that would have
on the 3B mission.

1179
01:01:02.467 --> 01:01:05.133
Does that add another EVA
to that mission,

1180
01:01:05.133 --> 01:01:08.801
and how many EVAs
are currently planned for 3B?

1181
01:01:08.801 --> 01:01:11.601
-Okay, the question really
points to the fact

1182
01:01:11.601 --> 01:01:15.400
that
we're planning four EVA days,

1183
01:01:15.400 --> 01:01:19.200
that is, four spacewalks
for this mission,

1184
01:01:19.200 --> 01:01:23.968
and if we launch on the 16th,
we should have time to do that,

1185
01:01:23.968 --> 01:01:26.701
but if for some reason
we're delayed

1186
01:01:26.701 --> 01:01:30.934
'til the 18th, then...
so that we could fly

1187
01:01:30.934 --> 01:01:36.234
and get down
before the end of the holidays

1188
01:01:36.234 --> 01:01:38.434
and the transition
to the new millennium,

1189
01:01:38.434 --> 01:01:40.434
Y2K issues, et cetera,

1190
01:01:40.434 --> 01:01:44.634
that we looked at what
we're doing and have decided

1191
01:01:44.634 --> 01:01:48.300
that we'd be willing
to eliminate

1192
01:01:48.300 --> 01:01:54.300
one of the four EVAs,
and this fourth EVA

1193
01:01:54.300 --> 01:02:00.868
is there nominally
to put the wallpaper MLI on.

1194
01:02:00.868 --> 01:02:05.434
To date, we really have not seen
any degradation

1195
01:02:05.434 --> 01:02:07.200
in terms of performance,

1196
01:02:09.234 --> 01:02:16.133
so this multi-layer installation
is for preventive maintenance

1197
01:02:16.133 --> 01:02:19.000
rather than corrective
maintenance,

1198
01:02:19.000 --> 01:02:21.501
so that's likely to be delayed
to the next mission.

1199
01:02:21.501 --> 01:02:25.300
Now, the next mission
has got five spacewalks

1200
01:02:25.300 --> 01:02:26.634
associated with it,

1201
01:02:26.634 --> 01:02:29.434
and we really haven't timed
that out well enough

1202
01:02:29.434 --> 01:02:35.934
to be able to see whether
this wallpaper would be...

1203
01:02:35.934 --> 01:02:39.601
We could put that on some time
during these spacewalks.

1204
01:02:39.601 --> 01:02:42.534
Now, it's pretty simple to do
because we don't have to power

1205
01:02:42.534 --> 01:02:45.667
boxes off
or power boxes on,

1206
01:02:45.667 --> 01:02:48.200
so the ground
doesn't have to get involved,

1207
01:02:48.200 --> 01:02:51.400
and the crew
can put any one of...

1208
01:02:51.400 --> 01:02:54.501
There are seven of them...
Can put on any one of them

1209
01:02:54.501 --> 01:02:58.601
at any time, and so there's
a lot of discretionary choice

1210
01:02:58.601 --> 01:03:02.200
that the crew would have
in servicing mission 3B,

1211
01:03:02.200 --> 01:03:05.968
and we're hoping that it would
get installed then, and if not,

1212
01:03:05.968 --> 01:03:11.133
then we could even wait
until servicing mission four.

1213
01:03:11.133 --> 01:03:13.200
-And I was wondering if, Anne,
if you could talk at all

1214
01:03:13.200 --> 01:03:15.400
about
next-generation space telescope,

1215
01:03:15.400 --> 01:03:21.868
where you are and the status
of the designing of the mission

1216
01:03:21.868 --> 01:03:24.133
and some of the science
observations and science

1217
01:03:24.133 --> 01:03:27.300
that the new telescope
will bring beyond Hubble.

1218
01:03:30.701 --> 01:03:32.400
-We also have somebody else
in the audience

1219
01:03:32.400 --> 01:03:34.934
that could help address
that question,

1220
01:03:34.934 --> 01:03:40.367
but let me just say...
Let me just say a few words.

1221
01:03:40.367 --> 01:03:43.033
We're about to go into...

1222
01:03:43.033 --> 01:03:45.033
We're making decisions
right now about,

1223
01:03:45.033 --> 01:03:48.767
what are the highest priorities
for instruments,

1224
01:03:48.767 --> 01:03:51.367
instrumentation for NGST?

1225
01:03:51.367 --> 01:03:54.434
And that is a discussion
that is based

1226
01:03:54.434 --> 01:03:58.200
on a combination
of optimizing the science

1227
01:03:58.200 --> 01:04:02.934
and holding the line
on the budget,

1228
01:04:02.934 --> 01:04:06.901
you know, trying to avoid
the Christmas tree effect

1229
01:04:06.901 --> 01:04:11.801
where everybody
wants everything.

1230
01:04:11.801 --> 01:04:16.467
As far as the science goes,
probably, again,

1231
01:04:16.467 --> 01:04:20.734
the easiest thing to discuss
is the understanding

1232
01:04:20.734 --> 01:04:24.000
of the actual formation
of galaxies,

1233
01:04:24.000 --> 01:04:26.334
and, as you know,
as you look at something

1234
01:04:26.334 --> 01:04:29.067
in the very distant universe,
it's redshifted,

1235
01:04:29.067 --> 01:04:31.701
so if you are looking
at a galaxy

1236
01:04:31.701 --> 01:04:34.534
that emitted only
in the ultraviolet,

1237
01:04:34.534 --> 01:04:38.033
but that galaxy were
90 percent of the way

1238
01:04:38.033 --> 01:04:39.534
back to the beginning
of the universe,

1239
01:04:39.534 --> 01:04:43.834
that would appear to you
to be infrared radiation,

1240
01:04:43.834 --> 01:04:48.234
and that, of course, is exactly
what NGST is designed to do,

1241
01:04:48.234 --> 01:04:51.601
and do you have
anything to add?

1242
01:04:51.601 --> 01:04:53.801
Dave Leckrone is here.

1243
01:04:53.801 --> 01:04:55.567
-Just want to say...
-Oh, Dave, wait.

1244
01:04:55.567 --> 01:04:57.467
Please wait for the mic.

1245
01:04:57.467 --> 01:05:01.000
-Just saying that we're...
Well, I can shout.

1246
01:05:01.000 --> 01:05:02.934
Just to add that
working very hard

1247
01:05:02.934 --> 01:05:05.501
on all of the technologies
that have to go into NGST

1248
01:05:05.501 --> 01:05:07.968
because to break
this cost paradigm

1249
01:05:07.968 --> 01:05:10.334
and do something so grand
at a low cost

1250
01:05:10.334 --> 01:05:12.167
will involve almost
purely new technology

1251
01:05:12.167 --> 01:05:13.934
in every aspect
of the telescope,

1252
01:05:13.934 --> 01:05:16.434
and there's very good
progress on that front,

1253
01:05:16.434 --> 01:05:20.534
and we still look forward
to launching NGST in 2007

1254
01:05:20.534 --> 01:05:22.067
or perhaps early 2008.

1255
01:05:22.067 --> 01:05:23.067
-More likely 8.
-Yeah.

1256
01:05:23.067 --> 01:05:25.033
-Yeah.

1257
01:05:25.033 --> 01:05:28.968
-We have questions up front
there and then Marcia second.

1258
01:05:28.968 --> 01:05:30.100
He was first.

1259
01:05:30.100 --> 01:05:31.767
-Yes, Stefano Coledan with UPI

1260
01:05:31.767 --> 01:05:34.300
and Popular Mechanics,
Dr. Kinney,

1261
01:05:34.300 --> 01:05:37.133
how many black holes
has Hubble discovered

1262
01:05:37.133 --> 01:05:41.801
since it started
discovering black holes?

1263
01:05:41.801 --> 01:05:45.567
-I'm not going to have a precise
answer for that question.

1264
01:05:45.567 --> 01:05:53.567
I think it's above a dozen and,
you know, less than 50.

1265
01:05:53.567 --> 01:05:57.434
What it has found is that
it has found black holes

1266
01:05:57.434 --> 01:05:59.534
in the centers
of normal galaxies,

1267
01:05:59.534 --> 01:06:03.234
not just the very bright
active galaxies

1268
01:06:03.234 --> 01:06:04.767
where they were expected
to be found

1269
01:06:04.767 --> 01:06:07.767
but also in the centers
of normal galaxies,

1270
01:06:07.767 --> 01:06:11.367
and they're starting
to correlate the black holes

1271
01:06:11.367 --> 01:06:12.968
with the mass of the galaxy,

1272
01:06:12.968 --> 01:06:15.601
and so that's the plot
I'm trying to remember

1273
01:06:15.601 --> 01:06:18.801
as to how many objects
are actually on that plot,

1274
01:06:18.801 --> 01:06:22.367
and I think it's, you know,
of order 15 to 20.

1275
01:06:22.367 --> 01:06:23.434
That's a guess.

1276
01:06:23.434 --> 01:06:24.734
-When was the first one
discovered?

1277
01:06:24.734 --> 01:06:30.100
Was it '94 or...
-M87, I...was it...

1278
01:06:30.100 --> 01:06:34.133
-'94.
-'94, okay, 1994, yeah.

1279
01:06:34.133 --> 01:06:35.667
-Marcia and then Phil.

1280
01:06:35.667 --> 01:06:40.868
-Marcia Dunn, Associated Press
for Dr. Campbell.

1281
01:06:40.868 --> 01:06:44.067
If you get up there, and you see
that the installation

1282
01:06:44.067 --> 01:06:46.534
is even in worse shape
than you ever dreamt,

1283
01:06:46.534 --> 01:06:50.968
and you're stuck with it having
to cancel that fourth EVA,

1284
01:06:50.968 --> 01:06:53.167
would you consider bumping
something else at that point

1285
01:06:53.167 --> 01:06:54.567
so you could get the job done?

1286
01:06:54.567 --> 01:06:59.133
And also, is it feasible
to think that the instruments

1287
01:06:59.133 --> 01:07:01.033
could start warming up
in the next couple years

1288
01:07:01.033 --> 01:07:05.133
as you wait for another mission,
which could also be delayed?

1289
01:07:05.133 --> 01:07:07.200
What's the risk,
I guess is what I'm asking.

1290
01:07:07.200 --> 01:07:10.234
-We've actually talked
about that

1291
01:07:10.234 --> 01:07:14.901
as we set the priorities
for the mission,

1292
01:07:14.901 --> 01:07:20.467
and we're prepared to have more
cracks and broken installation

1293
01:07:20.467 --> 01:07:23.734
on this mission than we've seen
in the last one,

1294
01:07:23.734 --> 01:07:26.601
and yet, as I said earlier,
there's been no effect.

1295
01:07:26.601 --> 01:07:30.834
That is, we can't see any change
in thermal parameters

1296
01:07:30.834 --> 01:07:33.000
or focus of the telescope,

1297
01:07:33.000 --> 01:07:35.701
so we've decided
that if that happens

1298
01:07:35.701 --> 01:07:37.801
that we're not going
to change our priorities,

1299
01:07:37.801 --> 01:07:43.067
and if we don't get that done,
then we'll do it later.

1300
01:07:43.067 --> 01:07:45.501
-And is there a chance

1301
01:07:45.501 --> 01:07:50.968
that that decision could come
back to haunt you before 2001?

1302
01:07:50.968 --> 01:07:53.133
-I...Well, I don't know.

1303
01:07:53.133 --> 01:07:54.634
We think not.

1304
01:07:54.634 --> 01:07:58.167
We believe we understand what's
happened to the installation,

1305
01:07:58.167 --> 01:08:00.334
that it's only the outer layer
that's cracked

1306
01:08:00.334 --> 01:08:06.868
and that the insulation below
that is working quite well,

1307
01:08:06.868 --> 01:08:11.200
so we don't expect to have
a rapid degradation

1308
01:08:11.200 --> 01:08:15.100
in our thermal capability,
and I think if you...

1309
01:08:15.100 --> 01:08:16.801
I don't know
whether Jackie Townsend

1310
01:08:16.801 --> 01:08:19.300
would like to comment on that.

1311
01:08:19.300 --> 01:08:22.133
-I'd also like to ask her,
here you have been...

1312
01:08:22.133 --> 01:08:23.501
Oh, there you are.

1313
01:08:23.501 --> 01:08:26.033
You've been rushing to get this
ready what should been

1314
01:08:26.033 --> 01:08:29.701
a couple months ago,
and how does it feel for you now

1315
01:08:29.701 --> 01:08:32.200
to think that you might
have rushed for nothing?

1316
01:08:34.234 --> 01:08:37.234
-One of the things John
didn't mention is that

1317
01:08:37.234 --> 01:08:39.367
there are two different types
of insulation

1318
01:08:39.367 --> 01:08:41.501
replacement material
that we're installing,

1319
01:08:41.501 --> 01:08:44.367
and the first is the nobles,
those stainless steel pieces

1320
01:08:44.367 --> 01:08:46.767
with the vent plug
that he showed.

1321
01:08:46.767 --> 01:08:50.067
Those are going on on day 3,
so those are not at risk,

1322
01:08:50.067 --> 01:08:54.734
even if we lose EVA day 4,
and those cover equipment bays,

1323
01:08:54.734 --> 01:08:57.501
so things that are
more thermally sensitive

1324
01:08:57.501 --> 01:09:01.400
are inside those equipment bays,
and that's what

1325
01:09:01.400 --> 01:09:05.100
our primary concern
in terms of thermal issues go.

1326
01:09:05.100 --> 01:09:06.734
Up on the forward shell
and light shield,

1327
01:09:06.734 --> 01:09:09.934
where the SSRFs are going on
on day 4,

1328
01:09:09.934 --> 01:09:12.067
you're really talking about
mechanical changes

1329
01:09:12.067 --> 01:09:14.033
to the telescope,
kind of a banana effect

1330
01:09:14.033 --> 01:09:15.934
if you get thermal changes,
and those have to be

1331
01:09:15.934 --> 01:09:18.501
enormous thermal swings
for that to happen.

1332
01:09:18.501 --> 01:09:20.968
Thermally, the telescope
is very robust,

1333
01:09:20.968 --> 01:09:26.167
so in terms of risking
loss of science

1334
01:09:26.167 --> 01:09:30.167
due to insulation problems,
that's a very, very low risk,

1335
01:09:30.167 --> 01:09:34.033
so your second question was,
how do I feel with the delays?

1336
01:09:34.033 --> 01:09:36.567
This is actually my first launch
and my first flow for Hubble,

1337
01:09:36.567 --> 01:09:39.000
so I'm actually still kind of
excited and enthusiastic

1338
01:09:39.000 --> 01:09:40.634
about it all,

1339
01:09:40.634 --> 01:09:43.634
and, of course, I'm as eager
as everybody is to get up there

1340
01:09:43.634 --> 01:09:46.000
and to resolve these issues,

1341
01:09:46.000 --> 01:09:48.100
so we can get back
to doing our science.

1342
01:09:52.300 --> 01:09:53.534
-I guess you're up

1343
01:09:53.534 --> 01:09:56.501
to about 33 days now
without science,

1344
01:09:56.501 --> 01:09:58.300
any idea of what
the previous record was

1345
01:09:58.300 --> 01:10:00.367
and when that was set,
longest time

1346
01:10:00.367 --> 01:10:03.234
you had to be out of service
and any regrets

1347
01:10:03.234 --> 01:10:08.100
that we've had an incredibly
bright nova recently that...

1348
01:10:08.100 --> 01:10:09.868
one lost target opportunity

1349
01:10:09.868 --> 01:10:13.467
that you're never going to
be able to reschedule.

1350
01:10:13.467 --> 01:10:18.300
-Let me answer the first one.
-Oh, good, you know the answer.

1351
01:10:18.300 --> 01:10:21.667
-Well, yeah, this is since
launch and since commissioning

1352
01:10:21.667 --> 01:10:25.000
that we've never been down
this length of time.

1353
01:10:25.000 --> 01:10:26.701
This is the longest time
we've been down.

1354
01:10:26.701 --> 01:10:28.067
-But how long is
the previous record

1355
01:10:28.067 --> 01:10:29.968
and any idea of when it was?

1356
01:10:29.968 --> 01:10:32.767
-That I'm not able to give you
in terms of days.

1357
01:10:34.834 --> 01:10:38.300
Again, let me say that
at launch in 1990,

1358
01:10:38.300 --> 01:10:39.567
there was
a commissioning period

1359
01:10:39.567 --> 01:10:42.334
before the instruments
were turned on,

1360
01:10:42.334 --> 01:10:46.000
and since then, when we have
a servicing mission,

1361
01:10:46.000 --> 01:10:48.167
we're down
for the period of time

1362
01:10:48.167 --> 01:10:51.200
that the servicing takes place
and then roughly the 2 weeks

1363
01:10:51.200 --> 01:10:53.334
that I mentioned earlier
before we can get

1364
01:10:53.334 --> 01:10:56.501
the instruments back up
and operational.

1365
01:10:56.501 --> 01:10:58.000
-And as far as
the other question,

1366
01:10:58.000 --> 01:11:02.601
it's always keenly felt when
the telescope is not operating.

1367
01:11:02.601 --> 01:11:05.734
Now, I don't know if that nova
would have been observed anyway.

1368
01:11:05.734 --> 01:11:11.434
To have been observed,
someone would have to make a...

1369
01:11:11.434 --> 01:11:13.901
They would have either
had to make a case ahead of time

1370
01:11:13.901 --> 01:11:18.167
for nova to be ready to go

1371
01:11:18.167 --> 01:11:20.434
when one goes off,
or they would have had to submit

1372
01:11:20.434 --> 01:11:22.033
a discretionary proposal
on the time,

1373
01:11:22.033 --> 01:11:23.734
and I have no idea
if somebody did that.

1374
01:11:23.734 --> 01:11:27.701
I do know that there were no
occultation observations

1375
01:11:27.701 --> 01:11:29.667
that were irretrievably lost,

1376
01:11:29.667 --> 01:11:34.000
or there were no unique
astronomical events

1377
01:11:34.000 --> 01:11:35.734
that were uniquely...

1378
01:11:35.734 --> 01:11:38.033
that were known ahead of time
that were lost,

1379
01:11:38.033 --> 01:11:40.467
you know,
of the occultation type,

1380
01:11:40.467 --> 01:11:43.200
but it is absolutely keenly felt

1381
01:11:43.200 --> 01:11:45.167
that the telescope is up
there not doing anything.

1382
01:11:45.167 --> 01:11:46.901
There is no doubt about that.

1383
01:11:46.901 --> 01:11:50.067
There is an enormous desire
to get the telescopes fixed,

1384
01:11:50.067 --> 01:11:52.200
and you don't like the thing
to not be working.

1385
01:11:52.200 --> 01:11:55.367
You want it up working.
It's like a car.

1386
01:11:55.367 --> 01:11:57.167
You don't want to leave a car,
you know,

1387
01:11:57.167 --> 01:11:58.701
sitting in the garage
and not running.

1388
01:11:58.701 --> 01:12:00.968
That's not good for the car.

1389
01:12:00.968 --> 01:12:07.634
You want it operating, you know,
flexed, at work, on target.

1390
01:12:07.634 --> 01:12:09.400
-I'll say.
-And for John,

1391
01:12:09.400 --> 01:12:12.667
can you split down for us
the cost of the gyros?

1392
01:12:12.667 --> 01:12:15.734
How much did it cost originally
to develop and purchase

1393
01:12:15.734 --> 01:12:20.167
the flight set and backups
in 1993 or in the 1980s?

1394
01:12:20.167 --> 01:12:22.267
How much did it cost
for the refurbishment

1395
01:12:22.267 --> 01:12:23.567
on the first flight?

1396
01:12:23.567 --> 01:12:26.033
And I assume the $8 million
figure being given

1397
01:12:26.033 --> 01:12:30.601
is just the cost
for this particular mission.

1398
01:12:30.601 --> 01:12:32.467
-You all have fact sheets,

1399
01:12:32.467 --> 01:12:35.868
and this number that
you're asking for is $8 million

1400
01:12:35.868 --> 01:12:39.501
for the building of six gyros,

1401
01:12:39.501 --> 01:12:44.167
and that cost would have been
the same for the gyros

1402
01:12:44.167 --> 01:12:47.434
that we installed
in the first servicing mission.

1403
01:12:47.434 --> 01:12:49.067
-So 8 million
just for this mission?

1404
01:12:49.067 --> 01:12:52.767
-Eight million for this...
these six gyros, yes.

1405
01:12:52.767 --> 01:12:54.067
-I think we have time
for perhaps

1406
01:12:54.067 --> 01:12:56.234
one final question here, Todd.

1407
01:13:00.634 --> 01:13:04.801
-Todd Halvorson, space.com,
for Anne Kinney, you mentioned

1408
01:13:04.801 --> 01:13:08.701
that you haven't missed
any real astronomical events,

1409
01:13:08.701 --> 01:13:12.434
but I'm wondering
if you can maybe pick out

1410
01:13:12.434 --> 01:13:14.701
of the top of your head
a couple

1411
01:13:14.701 --> 01:13:18.767
of the more interesting projects
that might be being delayed,

1412
01:13:18.767 --> 01:13:21.300
and I know every project
is interesting,

1413
01:13:21.300 --> 01:13:25.234
but perhaps, you could give us
an idea of a couple of things

1414
01:13:25.234 --> 01:13:28.067
that have been delayed
because of the shutdown.

1415
01:13:30.534 --> 01:13:33.067
-I'd really prefer
not to do that.

1416
01:13:33.067 --> 01:13:36.701
There is one that is of enormous
interest to me,

1417
01:13:36.701 --> 01:13:41.000
but I just assume,
keep quiet about it for now,

1418
01:13:41.000 --> 01:13:43.367
so the answer is,

1419
01:13:43.367 --> 01:13:45.267
I'm not going to answer
that question.

1420
01:13:47.901 --> 01:13:49.200
-All right.
All right.

1421
01:13:49.200 --> 01:13:51.567
Thank you very much.
I don't believe there are

1422
01:13:51.567 --> 01:13:54.300
any other briefings
scheduled for today.

1423
01:13:54.300 --> 01:13:56.133
We're looking forward
to launch tomorrow night.

1424
01:13:56.133 --> 01:13:57.634
We'll see you then.

1425
01:13:57.634 --> 01:13:57.634