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Telemetry Sounds

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These are sounds of our times. Called
telemetry, it is the way satellites

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orbiting in space report to controllers
on Earth. Each spacecraft has its own

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signature, a unique tone. Engineers call
it beta, you may see it later as a

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weather report or a television picture
from around the world.

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Music

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Space down-to-Earth with applications
satellites. What they are, what they're

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doing for you now and what will be
happening in the decade of the 70s.

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Weather, communications, Earth resources. These will be among the main topics for

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dialogue in the 1970s. Each has its own
type of impact on our lifestyles.

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At times we will be more concerned about one than the other but always they will be there.

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Music

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Case in point, weather. Spacecraft like
TIROS, Nimbus and the application

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technology satellites. Satellites that
return daily weather information over

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the entire world. What do they report? A
continuous watch of the Earth's moving

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cloud cover, tracking storms, measuring
winds, recording temperatures at

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different heights and testing the
moisture content of the atmosphere. As a

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result computer systems are built that
can receive and analyze vast amounts of

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global information from many sources.
Making forecasting more accurate.

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(Hurricane high wind sounds)

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Hurricanes with their devastating winds
and flood causing rains, a perennial

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threat. In 1969 Hurricane Camille was
first observed and then tracked by

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satellite. Because the storms arrival was
predicted accurately enough in advance

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it was possible to evacuate people from
the Gulf Coast. Without this early

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warning, the weather bureau estimated
that 50,000 people might have been

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killed. In contrast during Hurricane Laurie in November 1969, observations and

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tracking by satellite enabled the
weather forecasters to predict that

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Laurie would not strike the coast. It is
estimated that three million dollars was

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saved from this satellite prompted
decision not to evacuate and not to

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protect property.

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TIROS, Television Infrared Operational
Satellite, over the past ten years twenty

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of these hat box shaped satellites have
been successfully launched for use by

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NASA and the weather bureau. The
television eyes of TIROS scanned the

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entire globe daily reporting on cloud
cover and warning of major storms. Since

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the first operational weather satellites
started clicking off pictures, roughly

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600 severe storms have been detected,
followed and predictions made about

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their course. They have sent back more
than a million pictures of weather

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conditions around the globe. Cameras
onboard the application's technology

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satellite scan the Earth and return
color images as often as every 20

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minutes.

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Music

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Here's a view showing six hurricanes on
one picture. This near-continuous

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surveillance of 40% of the Earth's
surface has proven so useful, that the

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reports have been incorporated into
routine weather forecasts. And have

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pointed the way for even more
sophisticated meteorological satellites.

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Major airlines make use of satellite
data in planning their flights. Pilots

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routinely receive weather photos of
their transoceanic routes. Before

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satellite tracking of hurricanes US Navy
Hurricane Hunters had to search out the

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killer storms. Weather satellites now
locate the storms and the Navy flies

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directly to them to make their
measurements.

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(Ice breaking)

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The Navy also uses weather satellite
pictures for ice patrols. Remote stations

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in the Antarctic benefit to, giant
resupply ski planes can be safely

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scheduled for landings in the icy
outposts without worrying about being

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trapped by snowstorms. Supply ships
benefit from improved scheduling as well.

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A recent satellite in the TIROS series
does the work of two spacecraft. Carrying

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twice as many cameras, it's capable of
discerning cloud formations as small as

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two miles across. The improved TIROS
operational satellite carries a proton

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monitoring instrument, that helps spot
solar flares. The same instrument can

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measure the amount of heat reflected
from and absorbed by the Earth's

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atmosphere. This is very important in
weather forecasting.

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In addition, radio frequencies affected
by solar storms can be changed in

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advance and man flights to the moon
better planned.

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Music

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Nimbus, research and development craft
studying advanced techniques and

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concepts for meteorological Earth
observations. Nimbus is measuring the

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atmospheres temperature and moisture at various altitudes.

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As well as making day and nighttime
cloud photographs. These measurements are

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considered the key to accurate
long-range weather forecasts. By the end

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of this decade forecasts made one week
in advance will be as accurate as those

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now made 24 or 48 hours ahead. Satellites and weather are global in nature. Every

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nation in the world can benefit from the
automatic picture transmissions of US

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weather satellites. Over 50 countries are
now using inexpensive automatic picture

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readout equipment to view daily weather
patterns over their own territory. These

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same countries also benefit from cloud
picture mosaics routinely made available

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by the weather bureau to Europe, Asia,
Australia and North and South America.

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The weather mosaic is built up from
individual weather photos and processed

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by computer. It is then retransmitted by
a satellite. There are three main

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objectives for an effective
meteorological program. The first global

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cloud cover photography. Enabling us to
identify and track storms and to observe

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their formation and dissipation. This is
valuable in the analysis of current

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weather and the prediction of 24 to
36-hour changes. The second objective,

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continuous viewing of the atmosphere.
Needed to keep significant portions of

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the Earth's cloud cover under constant
surveillance and providing essential

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early warning on rapidly developing
weather phenomena, such as thunderstorms

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and the formation growth and death of
tornadoes. This information is valuable

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for short period forecasts of less than
12 hours. The third objective, a global

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atmospheric research program. It's goal
long-range weather prediction on a

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worldwide basis. In 1976 scientists from
governments, industries and universities

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in many countries will meet to work out
the problems of International weather

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forecasting. The global research program
will use computers to design and test

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theoretical models of atmospheric
behavior. When the mathematical models

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are combined with information returned
from already operating satellites, it may

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be possible to make forecasts two to
three weeks in advance. Communications,

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some of the greatest strides in putting
space to work have taken place in this

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field. In 1960 Americans made 100 billion
telephone calls. In 1969 nearly 200

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billion were made. New uses are
continually being found for

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telecommunications. Banks, stock exchanges,
hotel reservations, cable TV, hospitals,

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computer centers and other new customers
are appearing at an increasing rate.

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We are in the midst of a global
communications explosion. Helping meet

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this demand our communications
satellites.

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(Eisenhower) "This is President Eisenhower speaking. It is a great personal satisfaction

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to participate in this experiment in communication involving the use of the satellite balloons known

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as Echo." August 12, 1960, President
Eisenhower took part in the historic

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first transmission via Escho satellite. By
bouncing radio waves off its shiny

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surface it made possible long-distance
telephone conversations and the

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transmission of photographs and music.
Other communication satellites followed

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Telstar, Relay,
SIMCom, each a research step leading to

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commercial spacecraft capable of
handling satellite communications. In

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1964 television viewers around the world
were able to watch the Olympics from

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Tokyo. A visit to Mexico City by the Pope
was also viewed globally. Over half a

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billion people one-sixth of the world's
population saw Man's first steps on the

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moon.

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Music

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Color coverage of space recovery
operations from mid-ocean is now routine.

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At the manned spacecraft Center in
Houston,

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doctors discussed space medicine and
early cancer detection. The proceedings

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were telecast live by a communication
satellite and provided two-way voice

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circuits between the United States and
three European countries. The closed

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circuit telecast (end)