WEBVTT FILE 1 00:00:11.828 --> 00:00:19.335 ♪ 2 00:00:19.335 --> 00:00:22.605 >> Hello and welcome to NASA 3 00:00:22.605 --> 00:00:24.040 science live. 4 00:00:24.040 --> 00:00:24.908 An opportunity to come behind 5 00:00:24.908 --> 00:00:27.444 the scenes and get to know your 6 00:00:27.444 --> 00:00:28.511 space agency. 7 00:00:28.511 --> 00:00:31.181 I'm your host, Sophia Roberts. 8 00:00:31.181 --> 00:00:32.115 This show gives you an 9 00:00:32.115 --> 00:00:33.450 opportunity to ask NASA 10 00:00:33.450 --> 00:00:39.089 scientists questions and get 11 00:00:39.089 --> 00:00:39.322 answers. 12 00:00:39.322 --> 00:00:45.361 First, here is the hottest news 13 00:00:45.361 --> 00:00:47.363 from around the galaxy brought 14 00:00:47.363 --> 00:00:50.934 to you by our cosmic news anchor 15 00:00:50.934 --> 00:00:51.935 Scot Bednar. 16 00:00:51.935 --> 00:00:53.636 Scott, what have you got for us? 17 00:00:53.636 --> 00:00:55.772 >> Thank you, Sophia. 18 00:00:55.772 --> 00:00:57.640 I'm Scot Bednar reporting live 19 00:00:57.640 --> 00:00:59.743 from the cosmic news corner, and 20 00:00:59.743 --> 00:01:01.878 have I got news for you. 21 00:01:01.878 --> 00:01:02.912 History was made when the first 22 00:01:02.912 --> 00:01:04.681 ever image of a black hole and 23 00:01:04.681 --> 00:01:06.716 it's shadow was unveiled to the 24 00:01:06.716 --> 00:01:07.751 world. 25 00:01:07.751 --> 00:01:13.156 The photo may be blurry, and you 26 00:01:13.156 --> 00:01:16.993 may say to yourself, did I just 27 00:01:16.993 --> 00:01:18.962 catch the black hole? 28 00:01:18.962 --> 00:01:20.864 No, we've never been able to 29 00:01:20.864 --> 00:01:21.965 image one. 30 00:01:21.965 --> 00:01:24.100 It took eight radio telescopes 31 00:01:24.100 --> 00:01:25.935 around the world working 32 00:01:25.935 --> 00:01:28.938 together as one earth-sized 33 00:01:28.938 --> 00:01:31.641 telescope to capture this image. 34 00:01:31.641 --> 00:01:36.513 The non-scientific term 35 00:01:36.513 --> 00:01:38.181 describes a black hole is what 36 00:01:38.181 --> 00:01:44.754 you get with holes in socks. 37 00:01:44.754 --> 00:01:46.756 NASA's mission has discovered 38 00:01:46.756 --> 00:01:50.160 that water is being released 39 00:01:50.160 --> 00:01:52.162 from the moon during meter 40 00:01:52.162 --> 00:01:52.562 showers. 41 00:01:52.562 --> 00:01:56.132 It strikes the move and vapizes 42 00:01:56.132 --> 00:01:58.668 and creates a shockwave in the 43 00:01:58.668 --> 00:02:00.103 Lunar soil. 44 00:02:00.103 --> 00:02:02.105 This shockwave can release the 45 00:02:02.105 --> 00:02:04.808 upper level and release water 46 00:02:04.808 --> 00:02:07.243 molecules from the layer below 47 00:02:07.243 --> 00:02:08.945 it. 48 00:02:08.945 --> 00:02:11.147 It there is water on the moon. 49 00:02:11.147 --> 00:02:12.649 Have you heard? 50 00:02:12.649 --> 00:02:14.651 NASA is sending a helicopter to 51 00:02:14.651 --> 00:02:16.786 the red planet. 52 00:02:16.786 --> 00:02:18.454 A helicopter to mars. 53 00:02:18.454 --> 00:02:20.356 Now, this isn't your every day, 54 00:02:20.356 --> 00:02:22.025 run of the mill helicopter. 55 00:02:22.025 --> 00:02:23.760 With the body of size of a 56 00:02:23.760 --> 00:02:33.536 rolled up ginny pig this will be 57 00:02:33.536 --> 00:02:36.539 in the thin atmosphere of mars. 58 00:02:36.539 --> 00:02:39.976 We've sent orbiters, landers and 59 00:02:39.976 --> 00:02:40.977 rovers. 60 00:02:40.977 --> 00:02:41.711 Think what would be possible 61 00:02:41.711 --> 00:02:42.979 from the air. 62 00:02:42.979 --> 00:02:46.249 NASA is taking science to new 63 00:02:46.249 --> 00:02:46.816 heights. 64 00:02:46.816 --> 00:02:48.518 Meanwhile, it's earth day. 65 00:02:48.518 --> 00:02:49.652 Have you thrown away those 66 00:02:49.652 --> 00:02:51.387 plastic straws? 67 00:02:51.387 --> 00:02:54.090 How about planting a tree. 68 00:02:54.090 --> 00:02:58.728 NASA secrets you--invites you to 69 00:02:58.728 --> 00:03:01.464 take a picture using #picture 70 00:03:01.464 --> 00:03:02.198 earth. 71 00:03:02.198 --> 00:03:03.633 It can be a setting sun, a 72 00:03:03.633 --> 00:03:08.304 blooming flour or a pile of 73 00:03:08.304 --> 00:03:09.739 dirt. 74 00:03:09.739 --> 00:03:13.142 NASA will take this to a cause 75 00:03:13.142 --> 00:03:18.715 of legit pro portions. 76 00:03:18.715 --> 00:03:22.852 Hungry for more NASA news? 77 00:03:22.852 --> 00:03:27.257 Check it out, you might even 78 00:03:27.257 --> 00:03:29.525 learn something. 79 00:03:29.525 --> 00:03:30.793 Back to you, Sophia. 80 00:03:30.793 --> 00:03:31.961 >> Thanks, Scott. 81 00:03:31.961 --> 00:03:32.929 Happy earth day. 82 00:03:32.929 --> 00:03:34.497 Today's episode celebrates what 83 00:03:34.497 --> 00:03:38.234 makes our homes special and 84 00:03:38.234 --> 00:03:38.768 weird. 85 00:03:38.768 --> 00:03:43.072 We've been asking you to send us 86 00:03:43.072 --> 00:03:46.175 pictures of your environment. 87 00:03:46.175 --> 00:03:50.446 Take a look on social media and 88 00:03:50.446 --> 00:03:52.282 there is still time for you to 89 00:03:52.282 --> 00:03:54.284 submit your own picture. 90 00:03:54.284 --> 00:03:55.685 During today's episode we're 91 00:03:55.685 --> 00:03:57.687 going to talk about some of the 92 00:03:57.687 --> 00:03:59.589 features that make our home 93 00:03:59.589 --> 00:04:01.357 weird, how we study our planet 94 00:04:01.357 --> 00:04:03.393 and how we might see these 95 00:04:03.393 --> 00:04:06.796 features elsewhere in the solar 96 00:04:06.796 --> 00:04:07.030 system. 97 00:04:07.030 --> 00:04:13.036 Send your questions #ask NASA. 98 00:04:13.036 --> 00:04:14.671 Before we go any further, let's 99 00:04:14.671 --> 00:04:16.639 look at how earth is unique. 100 00:04:16.639 --> 00:04:17.907 >> Earth. 101 00:04:17.907 --> 00:04:23.479 Home. 102 00:04:23.479 --> 00:04:25.882 >> Of all that NASA has 103 00:04:25.882 --> 00:04:28.017 explored, none have matched the 104 00:04:28.017 --> 00:04:29.585 complexity of our own. 105 00:04:29.585 --> 00:04:32.855 Deserts, tropical forests, icy 106 00:04:32.855 --> 00:04:37.293 poles, massive storms, a unique 107 00:04:37.293 --> 00:04:39.295 atmosphere that protects and 108 00:04:39.295 --> 00:04:43.099 insulates us, liquid water spans 109 00:04:43.099 --> 00:04:45.234 its surface. 110 00:04:45.234 --> 00:04:46.669 And a delicate balance of 111 00:04:46.669 --> 00:04:48.805 systems gives way to a 112 00:04:48.805 --> 00:04:50.807 kaleidoscope of life. 113 00:04:50.807 --> 00:04:52.809 Earth is a very special place. 114 00:04:52.809 --> 00:04:55.578 From the vantage point of space, 115 00:04:55.578 --> 00:04:59.048 the perspective of sky and sea, 116 00:04:59.048 --> 00:05:02.051 we study our planet not only to 117 00:05:02.051 --> 00:05:03.586 learn about it, but also to 118 00:05:03.586 --> 00:05:08.591 protect. 119 00:05:08.591 --> 00:05:10.893 >> Earth is weird. 120 00:05:10.893 --> 00:05:13.429 There is an active moving core. 121 00:05:13.429 --> 00:05:15.431 A magnetic field that protects 122 00:05:15.431 --> 00:05:16.833 our planet, a delicate 123 00:05:16.833 --> 00:05:18.568 atmosphere and fresh water that 124 00:05:18.568 --> 00:05:21.838 moves throughout the land and 125 00:05:21.838 --> 00:05:22.705 air. 126 00:05:22.705 --> 00:05:25.908 Then the weirdest of all: us. 127 00:05:25.908 --> 00:05:28.077 There is nowhere else in the 128 00:05:28.077 --> 00:05:30.246 solar system where we have found 129 00:05:30.246 --> 00:05:33.816 life like our home planet. 130 00:05:33.816 --> 00:05:35.218 We're going to talk to three 131 00:05:35.218 --> 00:05:36.919 experts who will help us dive in 132 00:05:36.919 --> 00:05:39.055 these topics. 133 00:05:39.055 --> 00:05:40.323 We have Annmarie Eldering from 134 00:05:40.323 --> 00:05:43.726 NASA's jpl who is working on the 135 00:05:43.726 --> 00:05:49.298 orbiting carbon serve tore. 136 00:05:49.298 --> 00:05:50.867 We've Jim Garvin, NASA's chief 137 00:05:50.867 --> 00:05:53.569 scientist and Alicia Joseph, a 138 00:05:53.569 --> 00:05:57.707 leading scientist here at 139 00:05:57.707 --> 00:05:59.142 Goddard. 140 00:05:59.142 --> 00:06:00.710 I'm going to start with you, 141 00:06:00.710 --> 00:06:02.545 Jim, how do we get water on our 142 00:06:02.545 --> 00:06:03.212 earth? 143 00:06:03.212 --> 00:06:06.983 >> So our planet was born four 144 00:06:06.983 --> 00:06:08.418 and a half billion years ago 145 00:06:08.418 --> 00:06:09.685 when it came together. 146 00:06:09.685 --> 00:06:10.953 It formed hot. 147 00:06:10.953 --> 00:06:12.789 As it formed it was collided 148 00:06:12.789 --> 00:06:17.627 with from the remnants in our 149 00:06:17.627 --> 00:06:18.494 solar system. 150 00:06:18.494 --> 00:06:20.797 Some were water edge. 151 00:06:20.797 --> 00:06:26.202 Comets and then volcanos 152 00:06:26.202 --> 00:06:30.006 erupted, releasing even more 153 00:06:30.006 --> 00:06:30.740 water. 154 00:06:30.740 --> 00:06:32.708 And it effects even the rocks on 155 00:06:32.708 --> 00:06:33.743 our continent. 156 00:06:33.743 --> 00:06:40.249 We are the water planet. 157 00:06:40.249 --> 00:06:42.952 >> Whoo, and Alicia, how does it 158 00:06:42.952 --> 00:06:45.121 move there our atmosphere. 159 00:06:45.121 --> 00:06:47.090 >> Well, it's a fascinating 160 00:06:47.090 --> 00:06:48.257 process which describes how 161 00:06:48.257 --> 00:06:51.928 water moves above and below the 162 00:06:51.928 --> 00:06:53.362 earth's surface. 163 00:06:53.362 --> 00:06:55.665 Water moves from one reservoir 164 00:06:55.665 --> 00:06:59.469 to another, for example, ice, 165 00:06:59.469 --> 00:07:02.638 fresh and saline water like 166 00:07:02.638 --> 00:07:05.741 ocean, lakes, rivers, and 167 00:07:05.741 --> 00:07:11.547 aquifers and the atmosphere. 168 00:07:11.547 --> 00:07:13.049 By the physical process of 169 00:07:13.049 --> 00:07:20.823 evaporation, precipitation, and 170 00:07:20.823 --> 00:07:22.091 surface run off. 171 00:07:22.091 --> 00:07:24.560 In doing so water goes through 172 00:07:24.560 --> 00:07:27.830 various forms like ice in its 173 00:07:27.830 --> 00:07:30.500 solid state, liquid and vapor in 174 00:07:30.500 --> 00:07:41.210 its gasseous state. 175 00:07:41.210 --> 00:07:43.613 >> Can you talk to us about how 176 00:07:43.613 --> 00:07:45.915 our atmosphere has formed? 177 00:07:45.915 --> 00:07:47.750 >> Our planet is special because 178 00:07:47.750 --> 00:07:52.155 it's big enough to contain an 179 00:07:52.155 --> 00:07:53.756 atmosphere. 180 00:07:53.756 --> 00:07:57.026 When the earth released gasses 181 00:07:57.026 --> 00:08:01.297 and it built up over time, and 182 00:08:01.297 --> 00:08:05.434 affected our planet and slowly 183 00:08:05.434 --> 00:08:07.403 began the activity of life. 184 00:08:07.403 --> 00:08:08.838 That's what makes our planet 185 00:08:08.838 --> 00:08:10.506 atmosphere so unique. 186 00:08:10.506 --> 00:08:12.175 >> Yes, our atmosphere is just 187 00:08:12.175 --> 00:08:13.376 perfect for us. 188 00:08:13.376 --> 00:08:16.546 It has 21% oxygen. 189 00:08:16.546 --> 00:08:18.047 That's what we breathe, a whole 190 00:08:18.047 --> 00:08:21.217 lot of nitrogen and other gasses 191 00:08:21.217 --> 00:08:22.652 in trace amounts. 192 00:08:22.652 --> 00:08:29.325 One of those is carbon dioxide. 193 00:08:29.325 --> 00:08:31.294 It's like a blanket and keeps 194 00:08:31.294 --> 00:08:34.830 our heat comfortable. 195 00:08:34.830 --> 00:08:37.567 But in concentration is 196 00:08:37.567 --> 00:08:38.834 something that we need to keep 197 00:08:38.834 --> 00:08:39.869 our eye on. 198 00:08:39.869 --> 00:08:44.540 And and if it's high in the 199 00:08:44.540 --> 00:08:50.112 atmosphere it protect us from uv 200 00:08:50.112 --> 00:08:51.948 radiation. 201 00:08:51.948 --> 00:08:53.115 >> One of the things I don't 202 00:08:53.115 --> 00:08:54.383 think about when we talk about 203 00:08:54.383 --> 00:08:57.086 the earth but is super important 204 00:08:57.086 --> 00:08:58.354 is on the inside. 205 00:08:58.354 --> 00:08:59.388 That's our core. 206 00:08:59.388 --> 00:09:00.890 Jim, can you tell us about our 207 00:09:00.890 --> 00:09:01.791 earth's core? 208 00:09:01.791 --> 00:09:05.328 >> Our planet is special because 209 00:09:05.328 --> 00:09:09.165 we have a sweet inner score. 210 00:09:09.165 --> 00:09:11.400 And an outer liquid core that 211 00:09:11.400 --> 00:09:13.436 moves and it rotates and create 212 00:09:13.436 --> 00:09:16.138 a geomagnetic field. 213 00:09:16.138 --> 00:09:17.173 And that field is the force 214 00:09:17.173 --> 00:09:18.841 field that protects us from all 215 00:09:18.841 --> 00:09:21.143 that nasty space radiation that 216 00:09:21.143 --> 00:09:24.981 if we moved beyond it we would 217 00:09:24.981 --> 00:09:26.349 be experiencing. 218 00:09:26.349 --> 00:09:27.984 We're lucky to have an inner 219 00:09:27.984 --> 00:09:28.517 core. 220 00:09:28.517 --> 00:09:30.686 We look at such elements on 221 00:09:30.686 --> 00:09:34.657 other planets like mars, where 222 00:09:34.657 --> 00:09:37.660 we'll be working for the martian 223 00:09:37.660 --> 00:09:38.060 core. 224 00:09:38.060 --> 00:09:39.629 >> Now is our chance to take 225 00:09:39.629 --> 00:09:40.863 questions from you. 226 00:09:40.863 --> 00:09:41.797 If you can send your questions 227 00:09:41.797 --> 00:09:53.709 in, use #ask NASA, and go to 228 00:09:53.709 --> 00:09:56.312 Twitter. 229 00:09:56.312 --> 00:09:57.980 Vickie on face back is asking 230 00:09:57.980 --> 00:10:00.283 how come earth is the only 231 00:10:00.283 --> 00:10:03.152 planet with water and oceans? 232 00:10:03.152 --> 00:10:05.655 >> Well, I will say this, first, 233 00:10:05.655 --> 00:10:08.257 some of the planets and 234 00:10:08.257 --> 00:10:10.393 planet-like objects have oceans, 235 00:10:10.393 --> 00:10:12.128 but you don't see them on the 236 00:10:12.128 --> 00:10:13.062 surface. 237 00:10:13.062 --> 00:10:15.364 One of the big moons of Jupiter 238 00:10:15.364 --> 00:10:17.667 called Europa, about the size of 239 00:10:17.667 --> 00:10:21.804 our moon, probably has a bigger 240 00:10:21.804 --> 00:10:23.472 ocean than earth under an ice 241 00:10:23.472 --> 00:10:24.173 shell. 242 00:10:24.173 --> 00:10:27.743 And a lot of mars is frozen. 243 00:10:27.743 --> 00:10:29.745 So it's not exactly that planets 244 00:10:29.745 --> 00:10:31.180 you see what you get. 245 00:10:31.180 --> 00:10:34.583 There are ocean worlds to 246 00:10:34.583 --> 00:10:36.585 discover. 247 00:10:36.585 --> 00:10:37.586 >> Excellent. 248 00:10:37.586 --> 00:10:39.422 On Twitter, how many advances in 249 00:10:39.422 --> 00:10:40.990 space technology have helped us 250 00:10:40.990 --> 00:10:43.693 on earth? 251 00:10:43.693 --> 00:10:45.695 >> I think the answer is a lot. 252 00:10:45.695 --> 00:10:47.096 [laughing] 253 00:10:47.096 --> 00:10:48.531 I mean, I know there is 254 00:10:48.531 --> 00:10:51.100 insulating materials that were 255 00:10:51.100 --> 00:10:58.641 deviled for space program that 256 00:10:58.641 --> 00:11:02.211 benefited us in our lives. 257 00:11:02.211 --> 00:11:05.047 >> Laser detection we can use to 258 00:11:05.047 --> 00:11:07.750 figure outdistances to things 259 00:11:07.750 --> 00:11:09.852 that led us to driverless cars. 260 00:11:09.852 --> 00:11:12.888 And there are things in our 261 00:11:12.888 --> 00:11:15.291 atmosphere that affect our 262 00:11:15.291 --> 00:11:16.158 quality of life. 263 00:11:16.158 --> 00:11:18.127 >> Every day at NASA, scientists 264 00:11:18.127 --> 00:11:19.562 and engineers are continuing to 265 00:11:19.562 --> 00:11:24.433 push the envelope and to do 266 00:11:24.433 --> 00:11:26.235 research to take it further and 267 00:11:26.235 --> 00:11:27.670 give us more information. 268 00:11:27.670 --> 00:11:28.838 >> What planet have we 269 00:11:28.838 --> 00:11:31.374 discovered is the closest in 270 00:11:31.374 --> 00:11:34.410 characteristics to earth? 271 00:11:34.410 --> 00:11:36.078 >> Well, it depends on how you 272 00:11:36.078 --> 00:11:36.946 look at it. 273 00:11:36.946 --> 00:11:41.250 For me that world would be mars. 274 00:11:41.250 --> 00:11:41.951 Even though it has less 275 00:11:41.951 --> 00:11:44.353 atmosphere, it's colder, but it 276 00:11:44.353 --> 00:11:46.655 has a history book written in 277 00:11:46.655 --> 00:11:53.162 the rocks, so it really is like 278 00:11:53.162 --> 00:11:54.730 earth's brother. 279 00:11:54.730 --> 00:11:57.600 But don't forget Venus. 280 00:11:57.600 --> 00:11:59.568 She's hiding her secrets and we 281 00:11:59.568 --> 00:12:07.977 have to get to know better. 282 00:12:07.977 --> 00:12:08.411 >> Wonderful. 283 00:12:08.411 --> 00:12:11.747 Ask #NASA. 284 00:12:11.747 --> 00:12:15.217 Let's talk about how we study 285 00:12:15.217 --> 00:12:18.954 earth and the processes that 286 00:12:18.954 --> 00:12:20.623 work on this planet. 287 00:12:20.623 --> 00:12:29.331 Annmarie, can you tell us how we 288 00:12:29.331 --> 00:12:30.900 study earth. 289 00:12:30.900 --> 00:12:32.435 >> Humans have been studying 290 00:12:32.435 --> 00:12:36.005 earth by looking in the sky and 291 00:12:36.005 --> 00:12:36.806 around us. 292 00:12:36.806 --> 00:12:37.740 But there is only so much you 293 00:12:37.740 --> 00:12:39.408 can learn that way. 294 00:12:39.408 --> 00:12:44.246 By using satellites you can how 295 00:12:44.246 --> 00:12:46.148 everything is connected. 296 00:12:46.148 --> 00:12:52.254 I'm going to tell you about 297 00:12:52.254 --> 00:12:54.089 carbon dioxide. 298 00:12:54.089 --> 00:12:56.091 You can see how quickly it moves 299 00:12:56.091 --> 00:12:58.060 around and it's emitted by 300 00:12:58.060 --> 00:13:01.497 humans when we burn fossil fuel 301 00:13:01.497 --> 00:13:03.933 we put it up in the atmosphere. 302 00:13:03.933 --> 00:13:05.768 It's like a blanket capturing 303 00:13:05.768 --> 00:13:06.435 heat. 304 00:13:06.435 --> 00:13:07.770 When the amount increases it 305 00:13:07.770 --> 00:13:09.338 keeps us really warm. 306 00:13:09.338 --> 00:13:12.608 But carbon dioxide is dynamic 307 00:13:12.608 --> 00:13:15.144 with other parts of our earth. 308 00:13:15.144 --> 00:13:17.746 The plants on the earth take it 309 00:13:17.746 --> 00:13:20.850 up from the atmosphere and 310 00:13:20.850 --> 00:13:22.585 release it when the leaves fall 311 00:13:22.585 --> 00:13:23.419 off. 312 00:13:23.419 --> 00:13:25.154 To understand it and pull these 313 00:13:25.154 --> 00:13:27.857 pieces apart and see why each 314 00:13:27.857 --> 00:13:29.658 piece is different in the carbon 315 00:13:29.658 --> 00:13:31.260 cycle we use satellites to do 316 00:13:31.260 --> 00:13:32.361 that. 317 00:13:32.361 --> 00:13:35.097 We have o Co2 which has been up 318 00:13:35.097 --> 00:13:37.366 there since 2014. 319 00:13:37.366 --> 00:13:40.503 This is a model one-tenth in 320 00:13:40.503 --> 00:13:41.170 size. 321 00:13:41.170 --> 00:13:42.471 The real thing is about the size 322 00:13:42.471 --> 00:13:43.906 of a refrigerator. 323 00:13:43.906 --> 00:13:48.177 There is a payload going up to 324 00:13:48.177 --> 00:13:58.988 the international space station 325 00:13:58.988 --> 00:14:00.723 with oco-3. 326 00:14:00.723 --> 00:14:01.857 >> That's happening soon. 327 00:14:01.857 --> 00:14:02.424 >> Yes. 328 00:14:02.424 --> 00:14:05.094 >> And we have the water cycle 329 00:14:05.094 --> 00:14:06.862 that is important. 330 00:14:06.862 --> 00:14:11.534 >> We use satellite, campaigns 331 00:14:11.534 --> 00:14:13.669 and ground instruments to study 332 00:14:13.669 --> 00:14:14.803 water. 333 00:14:14.803 --> 00:14:16.672 Water is abundant on earth. 334 00:14:16.672 --> 00:14:19.942 Approximately 71% of the earth's 335 00:14:19.942 --> 00:14:22.478 surface is covered by water. 336 00:14:22.478 --> 00:14:26.782 However, less than 3% is fresh 337 00:14:26.782 --> 00:14:26.982 water. 338 00:14:26.982 --> 00:14:36.859 Meaning, potable or suitable for 339 00:14:36.859 --> 00:14:37.726 drinking. 340 00:14:37.726 --> 00:14:42.264 And of this, two-thirds is 341 00:14:42.264 --> 00:14:45.134 locked up in ice caps and 342 00:14:45.134 --> 00:14:47.102 glaciers. 343 00:14:47.102 --> 00:14:49.104 So fresh water is rare. 344 00:14:49.104 --> 00:14:53.242 We have satellites like snap, 345 00:14:53.242 --> 00:14:55.110 grace, which studies ground 346 00:14:55.110 --> 00:15:01.951 water, and land which can study 347 00:15:01.951 --> 00:15:11.827 the evaporate. 348 00:15:11.827 --> 00:15:15.164 Collect data on small water 349 00:15:15.164 --> 00:15:19.301 equivalent, and this data is 350 00:15:19.301 --> 00:15:20.569 important. 351 00:15:20.569 --> 00:15:23.439 It helps improve water 352 00:15:23.439 --> 00:15:30.412 management and it guides 353 00:15:30.412 --> 00:15:31.280 policies. 354 00:15:31.280 --> 00:15:32.247 For example, more than 355 00:15:32.247 --> 00:15:39.088 1.5 billion people rely on for 356 00:15:39.088 --> 00:15:40.089 water supply. 357 00:15:40.089 --> 00:15:42.958 >> You mentioned that NASA has 358 00:15:42.958 --> 00:15:51.600 an airborne observatory. 359 00:15:51.600 --> 00:15:57.740 1.5 billion people is enormous. 360 00:15:57.740 --> 00:16:02.878 We didn't know that it we rely 361 00:16:02.878 --> 00:16:04.446 on know melt. 362 00:16:04.446 --> 00:16:05.714 Let's take a look at this. 363 00:16:05.714 --> 00:16:08.584 >> Yes. 364 00:16:08.584 --> 00:16:10.819 >> Between NASA jpl and the 365 00:16:10.819 --> 00:16:12.321 department of water resources. 366 00:16:12.321 --> 00:16:15.958 We operate in two states in 367 00:16:15.958 --> 00:16:17.793 western U.S. 368 00:16:17.793 --> 00:16:20.663 We operate in California and 369 00:16:20.663 --> 00:16:22.631 Colorado. 370 00:16:22.631 --> 00:16:23.499 We provide information to manage 371 00:16:23.499 --> 00:16:25.200 our water resources. 372 00:16:25.200 --> 00:16:36.545 We have learn two really great 373 00:16:36.545 --> 00:16:41.850 things, the amount of water we 374 00:16:41.850 --> 00:16:45.254 have in the snowpack, and how 375 00:16:45.254 --> 00:16:48.057 reflective it is tells us when 376 00:16:48.057 --> 00:16:50.259 it will melt from the mountains. 377 00:16:50.259 --> 00:16:53.529 We have two instruments on board 378 00:16:53.529 --> 00:16:55.397 that looks at the snowpack. 379 00:16:55.397 --> 00:16:56.665 The first instrument is a 380 00:16:56.665 --> 00:16:58.100 scanning radar. 381 00:16:58.100 --> 00:17:00.235 The second instrument is an 382 00:17:00.235 --> 00:17:08.143 imaging specktrometer. 383 00:17:08.143 --> 00:17:09.945 Right now we're delivering 384 00:17:09.945 --> 00:17:12.247 information to the department of 385 00:17:12.247 --> 00:17:14.149 water resources. 386 00:17:14.149 --> 00:17:15.884 That helps us where to put water 387 00:17:15.884 --> 00:17:18.287 and how to allocate those 388 00:17:18.287 --> 00:17:20.589 resources more efficiently. 389 00:17:20.589 --> 00:17:24.560 It's amazing to be flying at 390 00:17:24.560 --> 00:17:27.563 0,000 feet you get an epic view 391 00:17:27.563 --> 00:17:28.997 of the water shed and a view of 392 00:17:28.997 --> 00:17:30.666 the snowpack and how it's 393 00:17:30.666 --> 00:17:32.401 distributed as a scientist I 394 00:17:32.401 --> 00:17:33.936 really love just sitting up 395 00:17:33.936 --> 00:17:35.070 there and thinking about how I 396 00:17:35.070 --> 00:17:37.239 can understand the snowpack 397 00:17:37.239 --> 00:17:38.207 more. 398 00:17:38.207 --> 00:17:39.641 I start off in the spring 399 00:17:39.641 --> 00:17:40.509 working very long days and 400 00:17:40.509 --> 00:17:41.777 making sure that everything is 401 00:17:41.777 --> 00:17:43.912 going smoothly, but it is really 402 00:17:43.912 --> 00:17:45.914 worth it in the end to give the 403 00:17:45.914 --> 00:17:48.050 data to the folks who need it so 404 00:17:48.050 --> 00:17:49.618 we can improve our lives and 405 00:17:49.618 --> 00:17:51.453 manage our resources more 406 00:17:51.453 --> 00:17:52.321 efficiently. 407 00:17:52.321 --> 00:17:53.756 >> All right, I hear some of you 408 00:17:53.756 --> 00:17:57.159 are wondering about our NASA 409 00:17:57.159 --> 00:17:59.461 spin off technology. 410 00:17:59.461 --> 00:18:00.896 If you're interested in learning 411 00:18:00.896 --> 00:18:04.700 more about spin off technology. 412 00:18:04.700 --> 00:18:09.138 I had no idea before we started 413 00:18:09.138 --> 00:18:11.273 the show that so many relied on 414 00:18:11.273 --> 00:18:12.474 snow melt as a source of 415 00:18:12.474 --> 00:18:13.842 drinking water and it is 416 00:18:13.842 --> 00:18:15.744 incredible how our earth system 417 00:18:15.744 --> 00:18:18.514 is so connected to provide us 418 00:18:18.514 --> 00:18:21.216 with these precious resources. 419 00:18:21.216 --> 00:18:22.651 So we've been talking a lot 420 00:18:22.651 --> 00:18:24.219 about what makes earth special 421 00:18:24.219 --> 00:18:25.654 but it doesn't mean that it's 422 00:18:25.654 --> 00:18:27.222 only earth that has amazing 423 00:18:27.222 --> 00:18:30.893 resources like atmospheres or 424 00:18:30.893 --> 00:18:33.128 volcanos even seas. 425 00:18:33.128 --> 00:18:38.200 Yes, earth is pretty weird, but 426 00:18:38.200 --> 00:18:41.870 we see distinctive qualities in 427 00:18:41.870 --> 00:18:44.873 the solar system and beyond. 428 00:18:44.873 --> 00:18:47.009 Let's look at some of the areas 429 00:18:47.009 --> 00:18:51.380 that share some of these 430 00:18:51.380 --> 00:18:53.282 features. 431 00:18:53.282 --> 00:18:55.684 Where do you think it is? 432 00:18:55.684 --> 00:18:56.685 Type your answers and wherever 433 00:18:56.685 --> 00:18:58.120 you're watching this. 434 00:18:58.120 --> 00:19:02.791 Is this atmosphere a, mercury. 435 00:19:02.791 --> 00:19:06.028 B, pluto. 436 00:19:06.028 --> 00:19:09.498 C, the moon. 437 00:19:09.498 --> 00:19:11.633 A, mercury. 438 00:19:11.633 --> 00:19:13.769 B, pluto. 439 00:19:13.769 --> 00:19:15.037 C, the moon. 440 00:19:15.037 --> 00:19:18.040 The answer is b, pluto. 441 00:19:18.040 --> 00:19:19.875 What is the difference between 442 00:19:19.875 --> 00:19:21.877 this atmosphere and this 443 00:19:21.877 --> 00:19:23.145 atmosphere. 444 00:19:23.145 --> 00:19:24.880 >> This is an atmosphere that we 445 00:19:24.880 --> 00:19:27.249 could not breathe very well. 446 00:19:27.249 --> 00:19:29.952 It has gasses and it also 447 00:19:29.952 --> 00:19:31.854 disappears and reappears almost 448 00:19:31.854 --> 00:19:33.822 completely because it condenses 449 00:19:33.822 --> 00:19:35.691 out and then goes back up. 450 00:19:35.691 --> 00:19:37.059 So it's very different kind of 451 00:19:37.059 --> 00:19:38.927 atmosphere than we have here on 452 00:19:38.927 --> 00:19:39.795 earth. 453 00:19:39.795 --> 00:19:41.063 >> Let's get on to another 454 00:19:41.063 --> 00:19:42.097 question. 455 00:19:42.097 --> 00:19:44.499 There are volcanos on other 456 00:19:44.499 --> 00:19:45.667 planets, too. 457 00:19:45.667 --> 00:19:47.336 Where do you think that this 458 00:19:47.336 --> 00:19:50.205 volcano is in our solar system? 459 00:19:50.205 --> 00:19:51.773 A, Venus. 460 00:19:51.773 --> 00:19:54.176 B, Saturn. 461 00:19:54.176 --> 00:19:56.311 C, mars. 462 00:19:56.311 --> 00:19:59.882 Is it Venus, is it Saturn, or 463 00:19:59.882 --> 00:20:00.549 mars. 464 00:20:00.549 --> 00:20:02.885 The answer is mars. 465 00:20:02.885 --> 00:20:06.555 How do the volcanos on mars 466 00:20:06.555 --> 00:20:08.090 compare to the ones on earth? 467 00:20:08.090 --> 00:20:10.692 >> This volcano is the biggest 468 00:20:10.692 --> 00:20:12.961 volcano we've discovered in our 469 00:20:12.961 --> 00:20:14.396 solar system. 470 00:20:14.396 --> 00:20:15.998 90,000 feet high. 471 00:20:15.998 --> 00:20:19.101 It's as big as France. 472 00:20:19.101 --> 00:20:25.908 One volcano five cubic miles of 473 00:20:25.908 --> 00:20:26.108 rock. 474 00:20:26.108 --> 00:20:31.213 So this is the grandaddy when 475 00:20:31.213 --> 00:20:34.883 this volcano erupted it produced 476 00:20:34.883 --> 00:20:42.724 enough gas to throw 477 00:20:42.724 --> 00:20:45.527 Mediterranean ocean with water. 478 00:20:45.527 --> 00:20:47.162 >> There are other seas but they 479 00:20:47.162 --> 00:20:50.565 may not be made up of water. 480 00:20:50.565 --> 00:20:51.533 Where are these seas? 481 00:20:51.533 --> 00:21:02.644 A, Saturn, b, Europa or c foe 482 00:21:02.644 --> 00:21:06.014 toes. 483 00:21:06.014 --> 00:21:08.050 The answer is a. 484 00:21:08.050 --> 00:21:09.318 Are these similar to the ones on 485 00:21:09.318 --> 00:21:10.519 earth? 486 00:21:10.519 --> 00:21:12.120 >> They're very different. 487 00:21:12.120 --> 00:21:12.988 These seas are made of 488 00:21:12.988 --> 00:21:15.357 hydrocarbon and they freeze from 489 00:21:15.357 --> 00:21:16.425 the bottom up. 490 00:21:16.425 --> 00:21:17.726 We're seeing them through the 491 00:21:17.726 --> 00:21:22.898 eyes of radar flying on the 492 00:21:22.898 --> 00:21:24.666 radar Cassini. 493 00:21:24.666 --> 00:21:28.136 And it is bigger than our moon 494 00:21:28.136 --> 00:21:29.404 to our planet. 495 00:21:29.404 --> 00:21:31.540 This is the connectivity of our 496 00:21:31.540 --> 00:21:33.842 planet to other worlds. 497 00:21:33.842 --> 00:21:37.245 >> So did any of you get those 498 00:21:37.245 --> 00:21:39.648 at home right? 499 00:21:39.648 --> 00:21:41.550 Our scientists are ready to 500 00:21:41.550 --> 00:21:46.655 answer your questions using #ask 501 00:21:46.655 --> 00:21:47.356 NASA. 502 00:21:47.356 --> 00:21:52.761 How did earth cool down? 503 00:21:52.761 --> 00:21:54.496 >> Well,. 504 00:21:54.496 --> 00:21:55.597 >> Sounds like another Jim 505 00:21:55.597 --> 00:21:56.164 question. 506 00:21:56.164 --> 00:21:59.601 >> Well, our planet was big and 507 00:21:59.601 --> 00:22:00.602 born hot. 508 00:22:00.602 --> 00:22:07.275 But conduction and the planet 509 00:22:07.275 --> 00:22:08.310 cooled down. 510 00:22:08.310 --> 00:22:10.712 But it's still warm and we have 511 00:22:10.712 --> 00:22:13.348 undersea volcanos that help to 512 00:22:13.348 --> 00:22:15.684 get rid of that excessive heat 513 00:22:15.684 --> 00:22:17.686 on our planet. 514 00:22:17.686 --> 00:22:18.787 While that's happening the 515 00:22:18.787 --> 00:22:20.222 planet's regulating itself 516 00:22:20.222 --> 00:22:20.956 inside. 517 00:22:20.956 --> 00:22:23.658 So that's what makes earth so 518 00:22:23.658 --> 00:22:24.493 spectacular. 519 00:22:24.493 --> 00:22:26.495 We have action everywhere. 520 00:22:26.495 --> 00:22:29.297 >> All right, Susan on Facebook 521 00:22:29.297 --> 00:22:31.500 is asking, is there evidence of 522 00:22:31.500 --> 00:22:34.503 other planet's cores that used 523 00:22:34.503 --> 00:22:36.171 to behave like ours? 524 00:22:36.171 --> 00:22:45.013 >> We did detect the science of 525 00:22:45.013 --> 00:22:47.282 magnetic field on mars. 526 00:22:47.282 --> 00:22:48.717 But then something happened, 527 00:22:48.717 --> 00:22:53.155 mars managed to lose its 528 00:22:53.155 --> 00:22:54.556 magnetic field. 529 00:22:54.556 --> 00:22:55.524 How do you do that? 530 00:22:55.524 --> 00:22:58.960 I haven't lost a magnetic field 531 00:22:58.960 --> 00:22:59.127 yet. 532 00:22:59.127 --> 00:23:02.464 You need that to sustain life 533 00:23:02.464 --> 00:23:03.932 today. 534 00:23:03.932 --> 00:23:10.072 So good for either, let's watch 535 00:23:10.072 --> 00:23:10.372 mars. 536 00:23:10.372 --> 00:23:12.140 >> How big is the ozone hole and 537 00:23:12.140 --> 00:23:13.642 has it changed? 538 00:23:13.642 --> 00:23:14.910 >> That's a great question. 539 00:23:14.910 --> 00:23:17.212 The ozone hole, I don't have a 540 00:23:17.212 --> 00:23:19.047 number in square miles but I can 541 00:23:19.047 --> 00:23:21.883 tell you that it's not as big 542 00:23:21.883 --> 00:23:25.153 now that it used to be. 543 00:23:25.153 --> 00:23:28.557 Remember those aerosol spray 544 00:23:28.557 --> 00:23:29.424 cans? 545 00:23:29.424 --> 00:23:34.830 No more of that, we are we're 546 00:23:34.830 --> 00:23:36.364 starting to see the repair of 547 00:23:36.364 --> 00:23:39.101 the ozone holes. 548 00:23:39.101 --> 00:23:40.235 >> What are some of the things 549 00:23:40.235 --> 00:23:42.537 that we can do to nurture our 550 00:23:42.537 --> 00:23:43.805 planet. 551 00:23:43.805 --> 00:23:45.674 >> Buy less stuff. 552 00:23:45.674 --> 00:23:47.509 The less stuff we buy, the less 553 00:23:47.509 --> 00:23:49.211 has to be made. 554 00:23:49.211 --> 00:23:49.911 That's good. 555 00:23:49.911 --> 00:23:56.017 I'm a big fan of the bicycle. 556 00:23:56.017 --> 00:23:57.619 That's one thing I do to reduce 557 00:23:57.619 --> 00:23:58.720 my driving. 558 00:23:58.720 --> 00:24:01.022 >> Conservation of our natural 559 00:24:01.022 --> 00:24:02.457 resources like water and other 560 00:24:02.457 --> 00:24:03.458 things. 561 00:24:03.458 --> 00:24:05.160 >> And plant trees. 562 00:24:05.160 --> 00:24:07.395 >> Yes. 563 00:24:07.395 --> 00:24:07.629 >> Yes. 564 00:24:07.629 --> 00:24:12.367 All right, Alicia, we have 565 00:24:12.367 --> 00:24:13.401 another question for you, which 566 00:24:13.401 --> 00:24:16.805 is how do satellites track the 567 00:24:16.805 --> 00:24:17.706 movement of water? 568 00:24:17.706 --> 00:24:20.242 >> Well, we use satellites to 569 00:24:20.242 --> 00:24:23.645 track the movement of water in 570 00:24:23.645 --> 00:24:25.380 various ways. 571 00:24:25.380 --> 00:24:26.448 We have several missions that 572 00:24:26.448 --> 00:24:27.382 are up. 573 00:24:27.382 --> 00:24:30.018 For example, we have snap, as I 574 00:24:30.018 --> 00:24:33.889 mentioned, and we track soil 575 00:24:33.889 --> 00:24:35.624 moisture using that. 576 00:24:35.624 --> 00:24:38.160 We have gpn, the global 577 00:24:38.160 --> 00:24:40.328 precipitation measurement, and 578 00:24:40.328 --> 00:24:42.297 we use that to track 579 00:24:42.297 --> 00:24:45.867 precipitation, that is pulled 580 00:24:45.867 --> 00:24:47.435 from the air. 581 00:24:47.435 --> 00:24:52.274 And ice and the air flow where 582 00:24:52.274 --> 00:24:55.710 we track the ice and snow in our 583 00:24:55.710 --> 00:24:57.546 atmosphere and on the surface of 584 00:24:57.546 --> 00:24:58.947 the earth. 585 00:24:58.947 --> 00:25:01.516 >> I'm glad we're doing so much. 586 00:25:01.516 --> 00:25:03.652 All right, how does global 587 00:25:03.652 --> 00:25:05.954 warming affect earth? 588 00:25:05.954 --> 00:25:09.224 >> Wow, that's a long answer. 589 00:25:09.224 --> 00:25:11.927 I'll give you a couple of ideas. 590 00:25:11.927 --> 00:25:14.763 First thing we want to say is 591 00:25:14.763 --> 00:25:16.031 that the temperatures have been 592 00:25:16.031 --> 00:25:16.765 increasing. 593 00:25:16.765 --> 00:25:17.632 We can see that in the 594 00:25:17.632 --> 00:25:19.067 temperature record the fact that 595 00:25:19.067 --> 00:25:20.335 many times we see where the 596 00:25:20.335 --> 00:25:23.004 hottest year on record. 597 00:25:23.004 --> 00:25:24.272 The ice sheets are another 598 00:25:24.272 --> 00:25:27.442 place, and the we sea the sea 599 00:25:27.442 --> 00:25:29.844 levels increasing, and that ice 600 00:25:29.844 --> 00:25:32.714 sheeting area is shrinking. 601 00:25:32.714 --> 00:25:37.152 That all impacts from the 602 00:25:37.152 --> 00:25:38.119 warming temperatures. 603 00:25:38.119 --> 00:25:39.387 >> Things that were never 604 00:25:39.387 --> 00:25:41.823 exposed are now exposed. 605 00:25:41.823 --> 00:25:44.526 Green land has now been exposed. 606 00:25:44.526 --> 00:25:47.229 We're finding airports from 50, 607 00:25:47.229 --> 00:25:51.199 70 years ago that were buried in 608 00:25:51.199 --> 00:25:53.201 ice that are showing some of 609 00:25:53.201 --> 00:25:56.605 those consequences. 610 00:25:56.605 --> 00:25:59.474 >> That's all the time that we 611 00:25:59.474 --> 00:26:00.475 have today. 612 00:26:00.475 --> 00:26:10.585 Thank you for participating and 613 00:26:10.585 --> 00:26:12.487 sending questions in, keep 614 00:26:12.487 --> 00:26:14.289 sending them in. 615 00:26:14.289 --> 00:26:15.824 On earth, the combination of 616 00:26:15.824 --> 00:26:17.259 features come together in a 617 00:26:17.259 --> 00:26:19.394 perfect balance, and it gives us 618 00:26:19.394 --> 00:26:21.830 an oasis in space. 619 00:26:21.830 --> 00:26:26.234 So scientists considering, in 620 00:26:26.234 --> 00:26:27.936 under five years, are your 621 00:26:27.936 --> 00:26:29.371 favorite things about earth? 622 00:26:29.371 --> 00:26:31.773 >> For me a snowy day on a 623 00:26:31.773 --> 00:26:34.075 mountaintop. 624 00:26:34.075 --> 00:26:38.913 >> Our spaceship earth is like 625 00:26:38.913 --> 00:26:41.616 an island in space. 626 00:26:41.616 --> 00:26:44.152 It mimics how our planet is. 627 00:26:44.152 --> 00:26:46.454 >> I love the regenerative 628 00:26:46.454 --> 00:26:48.390 properties of the earth. 629 00:26:48.390 --> 00:26:51.860 The earth heals itself. 630 00:26:51.860 --> 00:26:53.428 >> What is your favorite thing 631 00:26:53.428 --> 00:26:54.129 about earth. 632 00:26:54.129 --> 00:26:58.199 Let's hear from other scientists 633 00:26:58.199 --> 00:26:59.834 about what they have to say. 634 00:26:59.834 --> 00:27:01.836 >> Earth is my favorite planet. 635 00:27:01.836 --> 00:27:04.539 >> My favorite part about planet 636 00:27:04.539 --> 00:27:07.809 earth is the ocean. 637 00:27:07.809 --> 00:27:09.377 >> My favorite part about earth 638 00:27:09.377 --> 00:27:11.079 is that there is life here. 639 00:27:11.079 --> 00:27:12.580 We know that there is life here. 640 00:27:12.580 --> 00:27:15.183 There are so many aspects, the 641 00:27:15.183 --> 00:27:17.185 fact that we're here. 642 00:27:17.185 --> 00:27:20.755 >> That flowing before a 643 00:27:20.755 --> 00:27:21.289 thunderstorm. 644 00:27:21.289 --> 00:27:25.193 >> I enjoy the feel of the wind. 645 00:27:25.193 --> 00:27:29.698 >> Flying on an airplane and 646 00:27:29.698 --> 00:27:33.134 you're between two decks of 647 00:27:33.134 --> 00:27:33.735 clouds. 648 00:27:33.735 --> 00:27:35.937 >> There is so much that we're 649 00:27:35.937 --> 00:27:37.972 learning in the hast two 650 00:27:37.972 --> 00:27:38.840 decades. 651 00:27:38.840 --> 00:27:41.376 >> There is such a large area on 652 00:27:41.376 --> 00:27:43.611 this planet that is basically 653 00:27:43.611 --> 00:27:45.613 relatively unexplored. 654 00:27:45.613 --> 00:27:48.917 >> The depths of the ocean. 655 00:27:48.917 --> 00:27:49.951 >> I think it's fantastic. 656 00:27:49.951 --> 00:27:51.619 >> I think the best thing about 657 00:27:51.619 --> 00:27:53.054 planet earth is that it's so 658 00:27:53.054 --> 00:27:54.789 close to the moon, and the moon 659 00:27:54.789 --> 00:27:55.924 is awesome. 660 00:27:55.924 --> 00:27:57.892 >> The earth has a large moon 661 00:27:57.892 --> 00:28:02.897 and it keeps the planet stable. 662 00:28:02.897 --> 00:28:04.332 >> Our atmosphere. 663 00:28:04.332 --> 00:28:06.468 >> And the feedback between life 664 00:28:06.468 --> 00:28:10.438 and our climate. 665 00:28:10.438 --> 00:28:15.110 >> How sunlight interacts. 666 00:28:15.110 --> 00:28:17.245 >> I love the diversity of life 667 00:28:17.245 --> 00:28:21.850 on earth and all of the places. 668 00:28:21.850 --> 00:28:22.817 It's pretty amazing. 669 00:28:22.817 --> 00:28:25.820 >> And my favorite thing is 670 00:28:25.820 --> 00:28:29.791 carb, sugar, butter and bread. 671 00:28:29.791 --> 00:28:32.794 So happy earth day, friends. 672 00:28:32.794 --> 00:28:34.229 Thank you for joining us. 673 00:28:34.229 --> 00:28:35.113 Next month we'll take you on a 674 00:28:35.113 --> 00:28:36.014 tour of storms across the solar 675 00:28:36.014 --> 00:28:36.781 system. 676 00:28:36.781 --> 00:28:37.949 We'll see you next time.