WEBVTT FILE 1 00:00:10.143 --> 00:00:17.117 ♪ 2 00:00:17.117 --> 00:00:19.986 >> WELCOME TO THE VERY FIRST 3 00:00:19.986 --> 00:00:21.521 EPISODE OF NASA SCIENCE LIVE. 4 00:00:21.521 --> 00:00:23.690 THIS IS IS A CHANGE TO TAKE YOU 5 00:00:23.690 --> 00:00:26.893 BEHIND THE SCENES TO GET TO 6 00:00:26.893 --> 00:00:29.396 KNOW THE SPACE AGENCY. 7 00:00:29.396 --> 00:00:30.730 TODAY WE ARE TALKING ABOUT 8 00:00:30.730 --> 00:00:31.031 MOON. 9 00:00:31.031 --> 00:00:33.767 BUT BEFORE WE GET INTO THAT. 10 00:00:33.767 --> 00:00:36.136 HERE ARE THE MOST RECENT NASA 11 00:00:36.136 --> 00:00:36.736 NEWS. 12 00:00:36.736 --> 00:00:41.708 WE ARE ALL BROKEN HEARTED EMOJI 13 00:00:41.708 --> 00:00:43.176 SAYING GOOD TO THE ROVER. 14 00:00:43.176 --> 00:00:46.312 IT LASTED 15 YEARS. 15 00:00:46.312 --> 00:00:50.417 DESPITE THE ORIGINAL MISSION 16 00:00:50.417 --> 00:00:54.054 PROPOSING IT FOR IT TO LAST 90 17 00:00:54.054 --> 00:00:54.654 DAYS. 18 00:00:54.654 --> 00:00:58.191 YOU KNOW, IT IS NOT ALL SAD 19 00:00:58.191 --> 00:01:03.129 BECAUSE IT AFFORDED AWE NEW 20 00:01:03.129 --> 00:01:06.866 GENERATION OF SPACE EXPLO 21 00:01:06.866 --> 00:01:07.267 EXPLORATION. 22 00:01:07.267 --> 00:01:10.303 WHEN THIS MISSION ENDED, WE 23 00:01:10.303 --> 00:01:11.871 ANNOUNCED A NEW MISSION AND 24 00:01:11.871 --> 00:01:17.744 LOOK AT THE ORIGINS OF THE 25 00:01:17.744 --> 00:01:20.914 UNIVERSE AND IT IS SALMONELLAED 26 00:01:20.914 --> 00:01:21.247 SPHEREX. 27 00:01:21.247 --> 00:01:23.616 WHY DID THE JUNE VERSE EXPAND 28 00:01:23.616 --> 00:01:30.690 SO RAPIDLY AFTER THE BIG BANG? 29 00:01:30.690 --> 00:01:30.924 . 30 00:01:30.924 --> 00:01:32.358 I KNOW. 31 00:01:32.358 --> 00:01:34.260 NASA EXPANDING THE KWA THAT WE 32 00:01:34.260 --> 00:01:38.631 DO SCIENCE, INSTEAD OF 33 00:01:38.631 --> 00:01:40.166 DESIGNING AND BUILDING, WE 34 00:01:40.166 --> 00:01:41.000 BUYING THE SPACE. 35 00:01:41.000 --> 00:01:43.536 THIS IS HOPEFULLY FAST TRACKS 36 00:01:43.536 --> 00:01:45.338 THE SCIENCE, SO MUCH SO THAT WE 37 00:01:45.338 --> 00:01:47.607 HAVE NEW SCIENCE ON THE MOON IN 38 00:01:47.607 --> 00:01:50.777 AS EARLY AS THE END OF THIS 39 00:01:50.777 --> 00:01:51.077 YEAR. 40 00:01:51.077 --> 00:01:53.513 SO, SPEAKING OF THE MOON, LET'S 41 00:01:53.513 --> 00:01:57.884 TALK ABOUT OUR COSMIC NEXT DOOR 42 00:01:57.884 --> 00:01:59.085 NEIGHBOR. 43 00:01:59.085 --> 00:02:02.355 IT HAS BEEN 50 YEARS SINCE 44 00:02:02.355 --> 00:02:05.291 FIRST GOING TO THE MOON, THE 45 00:02:05.291 --> 00:02:10.130 MOON IS THE GREATEST 46 00:02:10.130 --> 00:02:10.563 ACHIEVEMENTS. 47 00:02:10.563 --> 00:02:13.199 WHAT DUSZ IT TAKE TO GO BACK 48 00:02:13.199 --> 00:02:17.237 AND GENERATED A LOT OF 49 00:02:17.237 --> 00:02:18.605 QUESTIONS AND WE HAVE TO GO 50 00:02:18.605 --> 00:02:21.241 BACK TO FIND OUT MORE. 51 00:02:21.241 --> 00:02:23.009 OVER THE COURSE OF OUR SHOW 52 00:02:23.009 --> 00:02:24.377 TODAY, WE ARE TALKING ABOUT A 53 00:02:24.377 --> 00:02:26.346 FEW IMPORTANT THINGS, THE 54 00:02:26.346 --> 00:02:31.384 EARTH, THE MOON, THE LUNAR 55 00:02:31.384 --> 00:02:34.554 LEGACY AND MOON MYSTERIES AND 56 00:02:34.554 --> 00:02:36.356 ASK NASA PORTION, THAT IS A 57 00:02:36.356 --> 00:02:38.625 CHANCE FOR YOU TO ASK US 58 00:02:38.625 --> 00:02:38.992 QUESTIONS. 59 00:02:38.992 --> 00:02:42.061 AND FOR OUR EXPERTS TO ANSWER 60 00:02:42.061 --> 00:02:42.362 THEM. 61 00:02:42.362 --> 00:02:44.230 SO OUR NEW GOAL IS GOING BACK 62 00:02:44.230 --> 00:02:47.467 TO THE MOON FOR LONG TERM 63 00:02:47.467 --> 00:02:48.334 EXPLORATION, AND THIS HAS A 64 00:02:48.334 --> 00:02:50.737 HOST OF CHALLENGES THAT DIDN'T 65 00:02:50.737 --> 00:02:52.105 EXIST 50 YEARS AGO. 66 00:02:52.105 --> 00:02:54.207 WHY GOING BACK TO THE MOON. 67 00:02:54.207 --> 00:02:56.242 BECAUSE IT IS THE KEY TO 68 00:02:56.242 --> 00:02:59.078 HISTORY OF OUR EARTH, OUR SOLAR 69 00:02:59.078 --> 00:03:01.548 SYSTEM, DEEP SPACE MISSIONS TO 70 00:03:01.548 --> 00:03:04.117 MARS AND WITH ALL OF THE NEW 71 00:03:04.117 --> 00:03:05.285 CHARGES, WE HAVE TO UNDERSTAND 72 00:03:05.285 --> 00:03:06.486 ITS ENVIRONMENT. 73 00:03:06.486 --> 00:03:10.023 JUST TO GIVE YOU A FRAME OF 74 00:03:10.023 --> 00:03:12.659 REFERENCE, THE LONGEST AN 75 00:03:12.659 --> 00:03:15.962 ASTRONAUT OUT THERE IS JUST 76 00:03:15.962 --> 00:03:16.963 THREE DAYS, GOING BACK LONG 77 00:03:16.963 --> 00:03:18.731 TERM WE HAVE TO UNDERSTAND THE 78 00:03:18.731 --> 00:03:19.999 ENVIRONMENT A. HUGE AND 79 00:03:19.999 --> 00:03:21.367 CRITICAL THINK TO THINK ABOUT 80 00:03:21.367 --> 00:03:23.403 IS THE RADIATION. 81 00:03:23.403 --> 00:03:24.704 HERE ON EARTH WE HAVE THE 82 00:03:24.704 --> 00:03:29.776 ATMOSPHERE, THAT IS GOING TO 83 00:03:29.776 --> 00:03:30.243 PROTECT US. 84 00:03:30.243 --> 00:03:32.512 ANYTHING ON THE MOON IS BALDLY 85 00:03:32.512 --> 00:03:32.845 EXPOSED. 86 00:03:32.845 --> 00:03:34.447 SO WE ARE GOING TO HEAR MORE 87 00:03:34.447 --> 00:03:37.984 ABOUT THAT. 88 00:03:37.984 --> 00:03:40.720 >> THE SUN IS A DAMAGING SOURCE 89 00:03:40.720 --> 00:03:43.790 OF THE RATED YAGS, ALL OBJECTS 90 00:03:43.790 --> 00:03:46.492 HAVE TO CONTEND WITH THE 91 00:03:46.492 --> 00:03:48.595 HAZARD, INCLUDING THE PLANETS. 92 00:03:48.595 --> 00:03:49.696 NEW RESEARCH SUGGESTS THAT THE 93 00:03:49.696 --> 00:03:51.864 COLOR RATION ON THE MOON COULD 94 00:03:51.864 --> 00:03:54.434 BE A FORM OF SUN BURN. 95 00:03:54.434 --> 00:03:58.338 >> THE LEADING HIGH THOT SIS 96 00:03:58.338 --> 00:04:01.074 THAT IS THE FIELD IS BLOCKING 97 00:04:01.074 --> 00:04:02.308 THE SOLAR WIND FROM REACHING 98 00:04:02.308 --> 00:04:03.977 THE SURFACE. 99 00:04:03.977 --> 00:04:06.145 >> THE RADIATION FILLS THE 100 00:04:06.145 --> 00:04:10.049 INNER SOLAR SYSTEM AND 101 00:04:10.049 --> 00:04:12.619 PROTECTING AGAINST IT. 102 00:04:12.619 --> 00:04:19.192 THE MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE MOON. 103 00:04:19.192 --> 00:04:21.094 IT IS FUNNELED BY THE REGIONS. 104 00:04:21.094 --> 00:04:26.099 THE SHIELDED AREAS UNDER THE 105 00:04:26.099 --> 00:04:27.433 FIELD FORM PARTS AND THEY 106 00:04:27.433 --> 00:04:31.204 BECOME DARKER AND THE CONTRAST 107 00:04:31.204 --> 00:04:32.438 IS PROMINENT. 108 00:04:32.438 --> 00:04:35.742 >> THE MAGNETIC FIELDS IN SOME 109 00:04:35.742 --> 00:04:38.544 REGION IS ACTING AS A SUN 110 00:04:38.544 --> 00:04:40.546 SCREEN, STIECHLS YOU MISS A BIT 111 00:04:40.546 --> 00:04:41.848 AND YOU HAVE A BRIGHT RED SPOT 112 00:04:41.848 --> 00:04:43.449 ON THE SKIN, THAT IS THE 113 00:04:43.449 --> 00:04:46.419 ANALOGY OF THIS SORT OF REGION 114 00:04:46.419 --> 00:04:48.154 OF THE MOON THAT IS EXTRA 115 00:04:48.154 --> 00:04:49.889 EXPOSED. 116 00:04:49.889 --> 00:04:53.526 >> THE MOON'S PASSAGES ARE NOT 117 00:04:53.526 --> 00:04:55.395 ROBUST ENOUGH TO PROTECT FROM 118 00:04:55.395 --> 00:04:57.263 THE SUN'S RADIATION, FUR 24ER 119 00:04:57.263 --> 00:05:01.334 STUDY OF THE MAGNETIC FIELDS 120 00:05:01.334 --> 00:05:02.669 LEADS THE GROUND WORK. 121 00:05:02.669 --> 00:05:04.537 >> WHAT IF WE CAN PRODUCE 122 00:05:04.537 --> 00:05:05.738 ARTIFICIALLY SHS THAT IS A 123 00:05:05.738 --> 00:05:07.507 QUESTION THAT REMAINS TO BE 124 00:05:07.507 --> 00:05:09.175 ANSWERED AND THE MAGNETIC 125 00:05:09.175 --> 00:05:10.643 FIELDS ON THE MOON AND THE 126 00:05:10.643 --> 00:05:12.378 SWIRLS PROVIDE A HINT IN THAT 127 00:05:12.378 --> 00:05:14.547 DIRECTION THAT WE MIGHT BE ABLE 128 00:05:14.547 --> 00:05:18.451 TO LEARN SOMETHING ABOUT. 129 00:05:18.451 --> 00:05:20.386 >> SO WITH US TODAY WE HAVE 130 00:05:20.386 --> 00:05:22.188 THREE EXPERTS THAT ARING GO TO 131 00:05:22.188 --> 00:05:24.324 GIVE US A BETTER IDEA OF WHAT 132 00:05:24.324 --> 00:05:26.693 IT TAKES TO GO BACK TO MOON. 133 00:05:26.693 --> 00:05:31.064 WE HAVE DANA HURLEY, A 134 00:05:31.064 --> 00:05:34.901 PLANETARY SCIENTIST AND NOAH 135 00:05:34.901 --> 00:05:37.770 PETRO AND KEGLY YOUNG, REEARCH 136 00:05:37.770 --> 00:05:40.306 SPACE SCIENTIST. 137 00:05:40.306 --> 00:05:42.875 DANA, YOU ARE RIGHT HERE WITH 138 00:05:42.875 --> 00:05:45.611 ME, WHAT DO WE HAVE TO CONSIDER 139 00:05:45.611 --> 00:05:47.980 TO HAVE A SUSTAINABLE PRESENCE 140 00:05:47.980 --> 00:05:52.385 ON THE MOON AND WHAT DOES THAT 141 00:05:52.385 --> 00:05:57.023 LUNAR ENVIRONMENT LOOK LIKE? 142 00:05:57.023 --> 00:05:59.125 >> WE HAVE ASTRONAUTS THAT 143 00:05:59.125 --> 00:06:00.226 WOULD BE THERE FOR A LONG 144 00:06:00.226 --> 00:06:02.729 PERIOD OF TIME OR ASTRONAUTS 145 00:06:02.729 --> 00:06:04.931 COMING AND GOING, AND BEING 146 00:06:04.931 --> 00:06:07.233 ABLE TO GO OUT TO DO 147 00:06:07.233 --> 00:06:09.569 EXPERIMENTS ACROSS THE SURFACE 148 00:06:09.569 --> 00:06:11.571 AND THAT SORT OF THING SO WE 149 00:06:11.571 --> 00:06:14.073 NEED TO PROTECT THEM FROM THE 150 00:06:14.073 --> 00:06:16.109 RADIATION THAT THE SUN IS 151 00:06:16.109 --> 00:06:18.511 SPITTING OUT AND THAT IS COMING 152 00:06:18.511 --> 00:06:19.812 THROUGH THE SOLAR SYSTEM FROM 153 00:06:19.812 --> 00:06:20.980 THE GALAXY. 154 00:06:20.980 --> 00:06:23.883 AND SO, ONE OF THE WAYS TO DO 155 00:06:23.883 --> 00:06:29.088 THAT IS BY BUILDING THE 156 00:06:29.088 --> 00:06:31.290 SHELTERS FOR THEM. 157 00:06:31.290 --> 00:06:32.592 IF THERE ARE HIGH ENERGY 158 00:06:32.592 --> 00:06:34.327 PARTICLES THEY CAN GET OUT OF 159 00:06:34.327 --> 00:06:35.027 THE WAY. 160 00:06:35.027 --> 00:06:37.463 BUT, YEAH, SO THAT'S THE BIG 161 00:06:37.463 --> 00:06:38.398 ENVIRONMENT THAT WE HAVE TO 162 00:06:38.398 --> 00:06:41.667 DEAL WITH FOR THE ASTRONAUTS. 163 00:06:41.667 --> 00:06:43.603 >> I HEARD SOMETHING ABOUT A 164 00:06:43.603 --> 00:06:44.937 BIT OF WATER ON THE MOON? 165 00:06:44.937 --> 00:06:47.073 >> YEAH, THAT IS REALLY 166 00:06:47.073 --> 00:06:48.875 ENABLING IF WE WANT TO HAVE 167 00:06:48.875 --> 00:06:50.176 SUSTAINABLE PRESENCE ON THE 168 00:06:50.176 --> 00:06:54.447 MOON IS THAT THERE IS WATER AND 169 00:06:54.447 --> 00:06:57.049 IN THE SHADOWED REGIONS NEAR 170 00:06:57.049 --> 00:06:59.685 THE LUNAR POLES AND IF WE CAN 171 00:06:59.685 --> 00:07:01.954 USE THE WATER ON THE MOON, WE 172 00:07:01.954 --> 00:07:04.323 DON'T HAVE TO TAKE IT WITH US 173 00:07:04.323 --> 00:07:06.926 AND THAT'S BIG COST SAVINGS IN 174 00:07:06.926 --> 00:07:09.896 THAT ENABLES US TO SEND MORE 175 00:07:09.896 --> 00:07:11.297 MISSIONS TO THE MOON IF WE 176 00:07:11.297 --> 00:07:12.632 DON'T HAVE TO TAKE EVERYTHING 177 00:07:12.632 --> 00:07:14.567 WITH US AND USING THE PRODUCTS 178 00:07:14.567 --> 00:07:16.869 THAT ARE ALREADY THERE. 179 00:07:16.869 --> 00:07:18.237 >> HOW MUCH WATER ARE YOU 180 00:07:18.237 --> 00:07:19.739 TALKING ABOUT THERE, IS IT A 181 00:07:19.739 --> 00:07:20.006 LOT? 182 00:07:20.006 --> 00:07:22.041 >> IT IS A LOT FOR THE MOON. 183 00:07:22.041 --> 00:07:23.810 TEN YEARS AGO WE DIDN'T THINK 184 00:07:23.810 --> 00:07:25.511 THERE WAS WATER ON THE MOON. 185 00:07:25.511 --> 00:07:27.513 OVER THE LAST TEN YEARS WE HAVE 186 00:07:27.513 --> 00:07:31.117 DISCOVERED THERE IS WATER HERE 187 00:07:31.117 --> 00:07:35.021 AND WE PROBABLY COULD FILL UP 188 00:07:35.021 --> 00:07:40.226 MAYBE ONE THOUSANDTH OF LAKE 189 00:07:40.226 --> 00:07:43.029 ERIE IF YOU PUT ALL THE WATER 190 00:07:43.029 --> 00:07:43.396 TOGETHER. 191 00:07:43.396 --> 00:07:44.664 SO THERE IS WATER. 192 00:07:44.664 --> 00:07:46.666 >> NOAH, THE NEXT QUESTION IS 193 00:07:46.666 --> 00:07:47.967 FOR YOU, YOU HAD THE 194 00:07:47.967 --> 00:07:49.402 OPPORTUNITY TO ARE STUDY A 195 00:07:49.402 --> 00:07:52.405 LITTLE CLOSER THAN WE ARE HERE 196 00:07:52.405 --> 00:07:55.441 ON EARTH, SO WHAT DO YOU KNOW 197 00:07:55.441 --> 00:08:01.080 RIGHT NOW ABOUT THE LUNAR 198 00:08:01.080 --> 00:08:03.282 ENVIRONMENT TODAY AND WHAT HAVE 199 00:08:03.282 --> 00:08:04.884 WE LEARNED? 200 00:08:04.884 --> 00:08:06.586 >> WE HAVE THE BENEFIT OF THE 201 00:08:06.586 --> 00:08:08.955 MOON 50 YEARS OF UNDERSTANDING 202 00:08:08.955 --> 00:08:19.499 STARTING WITH THE PRECURSOR TO 203 00:08:19.499 --> 00:08:20.933 POLL LOW. 204 00:08:20.933 --> 00:08:22.502 MEASURING THE RADIATION AND THE 205 00:08:22.502 --> 00:08:24.537 SOLAR WIND AND COMING AND 206 00:08:24.537 --> 00:08:26.205 PLANTING ON THE LOU NOR SUR 207 00:08:26.205 --> 00:08:29.041 FAUS AND UNDERSTANDING THE 208 00:08:29.041 --> 00:08:30.843 CHANGES, THE MOON QUAKES THAT 209 00:08:30.843 --> 00:08:31.878 ARE OCCRRING. 210 00:08:31.878 --> 00:08:34.747 SO FOR 50 YEARS WE HAVE HAD THE 211 00:08:34.747 --> 00:08:38.384 DATA AND THE LAST TEN YEARS 212 00:08:38.384 --> 00:08:42.788 FROM THE LUN NAR RECON SENSE 213 00:08:42.788 --> 00:08:43.122 ORBITER. 214 00:08:43.122 --> 00:08:47.693 WE SEE THE CRATERS FORMING 215 00:08:47.693 --> 00:08:49.929 EVERY DAY AND CHANGING THE 216 00:08:49.929 --> 00:08:51.898 SURFACE AND LOOKING AT THE NEW 217 00:08:51.898 --> 00:08:53.566 ENVIRONMENTS OF THE MOON. 218 00:08:53.566 --> 00:08:58.004 THE POLARS OF THE MOON, NO SUN 219 00:08:58.004 --> 00:08:59.739 LIGHT, COLD TEMPERATURES, AND 220 00:08:59.739 --> 00:09:06.879 SO, THE COMBINED DATA OF 221 00:09:06.879 --> 00:09:10.783 APOLLO, AND UNIQUE 222 00:09:10.783 --> 00:09:13.052 CHARACTERISTS OF THE MOON AND 223 00:09:13.052 --> 00:09:15.021 LAVA ON THE SURFACE OF THE 224 00:09:15.021 --> 00:09:16.956 MOON, AND WE HAVE A ROBUST 225 00:09:16.956 --> 00:09:18.624 PICTURE OF THE LUNAR 226 00:09:18.624 --> 00:09:19.926 ENVIRONMENT AND THE THE 227 00:09:19.926 --> 00:09:21.427 DYNAMICS AND A LOT OF PLACES WE 228 00:09:21.427 --> 00:09:22.295 WOULD LOVE TO GO. 229 00:09:22.295 --> 00:09:23.696 WE HAVE IDENTIFIED A HUGE SWEET 230 00:09:23.696 --> 00:09:27.300 OF PLACES ON THE SURFACE THAT 231 00:09:27.300 --> 00:09:28.968 COMPEL US TO EXPLORE FURTHER ON 232 00:09:28.968 --> 00:09:29.936 THE MOON. 233 00:09:29.936 --> 00:09:32.171 >> YOU TALKED ABOUT THE IMPACT 234 00:09:32.171 --> 00:09:34.106 CRATERS, IS THAT SOMETHING THAT 235 00:09:34.106 --> 00:09:37.810 IS HAPPENING YEARLY, DAILY, 236 00:09:37.810 --> 00:09:38.144 MONTHLY? 237 00:09:38.144 --> 00:09:41.447 >> THERE IS A CONSTANT 238 00:09:41.447 --> 00:09:47.753 BOMBARDMENT OF THE MEERT IETS. 239 00:09:47.753 --> 00:09:48.854 WE WANT TO BE THERE LONGER WE 240 00:09:48.854 --> 00:09:50.556 HAVE NO KNOW HOW THE MOON IS 241 00:09:50.556 --> 00:09:53.125 CHANGING AND THE THREATS IT IS 242 00:09:53.125 --> 00:09:55.394 POSING TO THE ASTRONAUTS. 243 00:09:55.394 --> 00:09:57.730 >> YOU ARE LUCKY TO HAVE 244 00:09:57.730 --> 00:10:04.070 SOMETHING CLOSE TO THE MOON, 245 00:10:04.070 --> 00:10:05.271 KELSEY TELL US MORE. 246 00:10:05.271 --> 00:10:08.140 >> ABSOLUTELY. 247 00:10:08.140 --> 00:10:11.077 WE HEARD ABOUT APOLLO AND THEY 248 00:10:11.077 --> 00:10:19.885 COLLECTED AN AMAZING SUITE OF 249 00:10:19.885 --> 00:10:21.554 SAMPLES AND BUT TECHNOLOGY HAS 250 00:10:21.554 --> 00:10:27.326 COME A LONG WAY SINCE APOLLO 251 00:10:27.326 --> 00:10:29.295 AND THINGS TO HOLD IN THE HANDS 252 00:10:29.295 --> 00:10:32.665 TO UNDERSTAND THE REAL TIME 253 00:10:32.665 --> 00:10:33.666 EXAMPLES OF THE ROCKS ON THE 254 00:10:33.666 --> 00:10:35.635 MOON AND GOING OUT AND TESTING 255 00:10:35.635 --> 00:10:37.503 THESE THINGS IN THE 256 00:10:37.503 --> 00:10:38.771 ENVIRONMENTS HERE ON EARTH TO 257 00:10:38.771 --> 00:10:40.406 UNDERSTAND HOW EXACTLY 258 00:10:40.406 --> 00:10:42.842 ASTRONAUTS IN THE FUTURE CAN 259 00:10:42.842 --> 00:10:46.746 USE THE INSTRUMENTS. 260 00:10:46.746 --> 00:10:49.849 WHAT PROCESSES HERE ON EARTH DO 261 00:10:49.849 --> 00:10:53.819 WE SEE SEEING FORMING ON THE 262 00:10:53.819 --> 00:10:55.855 LUNAR SURFACE AS WELL, ONE OF 263 00:10:55.855 --> 00:11:03.629 THE EXAMPLES IS LUNAR TUBES. 264 00:11:03.629 --> 00:11:07.366 IT IS REALLY EXCITING. 265 00:11:07.366 --> 00:11:08.934 >> NOW IS THE CHANCE FOR THE 266 00:11:08.934 --> 00:11:10.536 QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED. 267 00:11:10.536 --> 00:11:13.239 IF YOU GO TO TWITTER AND USE 268 00:11:13.239 --> 00:11:16.776 ASK NASA OR SEND IN YOUR 269 00:11:16.776 --> 00:11:17.376 QUESTIONS. 270 00:11:17.376 --> 00:11:18.477 WE HAVE ONE FROM MARK DO WE 271 00:11:18.477 --> 00:11:20.846 HAVE GOOD MATERIALS TO BLOCK 272 00:11:20.846 --> 00:11:22.181 THE SOLAR RADIATION OR 273 00:11:22.181 --> 00:11:23.783 SOMETHING THAT NEEDS TO BE 274 00:11:23.783 --> 00:11:24.150 DEVELOPED? 275 00:11:24.150 --> 00:11:27.086 >> THAT IS A GREAT QUESTION, 276 00:11:27.086 --> 00:11:28.654 MARK. 277 00:11:28.654 --> 00:11:30.256 SO ACTUALLY THE SOIL THAT ON 278 00:11:30.256 --> 00:11:32.324 THE SURFACE OF THE MOON IS 279 00:11:32.324 --> 00:11:35.294 REALLY GOOD AT BLOCKING THE 280 00:11:35.294 --> 00:11:38.764 SUN'S RADIATION. 281 00:11:38.764 --> 00:11:42.735 FROM THE APOLLO SAMPLES WE SEE 282 00:11:42.735 --> 00:11:45.171 THE SOLAR WIND AND STUCK ON THE 283 00:11:45.171 --> 00:11:46.605 VERY, VERY SURFACE. 284 00:11:46.605 --> 00:11:48.207 WE DON'T NEED A LOT. 285 00:11:48.207 --> 00:11:52.278 WE USE THAT SOIL TO BUILD WALLS 286 00:11:52.278 --> 00:11:54.146 OR TO PROVIDE SHELTER. 287 00:11:54.146 --> 00:11:55.181 >> GREAT. 288 00:11:55.181 --> 00:11:56.749 WE HAVE ANOTHER QUESTION HERE 289 00:11:56.749 --> 00:11:58.951 FROM FACEBOOK, AND IF THE MOON 290 00:11:58.951 --> 00:12:03.622 HAS NO ATMOSPHERE, HOW CAN 291 00:12:03.622 --> 00:12:04.724 THERE BE WATER? 292 00:12:04.724 --> 00:12:07.793 >> THAT IS A GOOD QUESTION. 293 00:12:07.793 --> 00:12:09.495 THE MOON HAS A LITTLE 294 00:12:09.495 --> 00:12:12.364 ATMOSPHERE BUT SO SMALL THAT 295 00:12:12.364 --> 00:12:17.203 WHEN THE APOLLO CAPSULE LANDED 296 00:12:17.203 --> 00:12:19.705 AND LET OUT THE AIR IT DOUBLED 297 00:12:19.705 --> 00:12:22.475 THE MOON'S ATMOSPHERE. 298 00:12:22.475 --> 00:12:25.044 IT IS INTERESTING THAT THE MOON 299 00:12:25.044 --> 00:12:27.313 GETS HIT BY COMETS AND THOSE 300 00:12:27.313 --> 00:12:28.748 COMETS HAVE WATER IN THEM AND 301 00:12:28.748 --> 00:12:31.951 IF THAT WATER LANDS WHERE IT IS 302 00:12:31.951 --> 00:12:36.155 COLD IT IS FREEZING INTO ICE. 303 00:12:36.155 --> 00:12:37.723 AND CAN BE STABLE. 304 00:12:37.723 --> 00:12:39.859 IT IS SO COLD IT IS NOT 305 00:12:39.859 --> 00:12:41.694 EVAPORATING IN BILLIONS OF 306 00:12:41.694 --> 00:12:41.994 YEARS. 307 00:12:41.994 --> 00:12:43.329 >> WE ARE NOT TALKING ABOUT THE 308 00:12:43.329 --> 00:12:44.997 FLOWING WATER OR RIVERS OR 309 00:12:44.997 --> 00:12:48.667 OCEANS, IT IS A SINGLE LAYER 310 00:12:48.667 --> 00:12:49.969 MOLECULES AND WE TALK ABOUT 311 00:12:49.969 --> 00:12:51.270 WATER, WE ARE NOT TALKING ABOUT 312 00:12:51.270 --> 00:12:55.141 THE WATER LIKE WE SEE AFTER A 313 00:12:55.141 --> 00:12:58.210 RAINY DAY IN WASHINGTON, D.C. 314 00:12:58.210 --> 00:13:00.880 OR THE BEACHES. 315 00:13:00.880 --> 00:13:06.385 THE DREST DESERT ON THE EARTH 316 00:13:06.385 --> 00:13:11.123 IS FAT -- FAR WETTER THAN ON 317 00:13:11.123 --> 00:13:12.591 THE MOON. 318 00:13:12.591 --> 00:13:15.461 HOW CAN YOU COLLECT ANYTHING TO 319 00:13:15.461 --> 00:13:17.062 DO ANYTHING? 320 00:13:17.062 --> 00:13:18.731 >> SO YOU HAVE TO HEAT IT UP, 321 00:13:18.731 --> 00:13:20.566 BECAUSE THE WATT EVERY IS STUCK 322 00:13:20.566 --> 00:13:22.968 TO THE SURFACES AND IF IT IS 323 00:13:22.968 --> 00:13:24.603 WARMED UP ENOUGH IT LEAVES AND 324 00:13:24.603 --> 00:13:26.372 THE REASON WHY IT IS STICKING 325 00:13:26.372 --> 00:13:28.407 BECAUSE IT IS NOT QUITE WARM 326 00:13:28.407 --> 00:13:28.741 ENOUGH. 327 00:13:28.741 --> 00:13:31.010 SO YOU CAN GATHER UP A LOT THE 328 00:13:31.010 --> 00:13:32.778 SOIL THAT HAS THE WATER STUCK 329 00:13:32.778 --> 00:13:34.547 TO THE SURFACE AND HEAT IT UP 330 00:13:34.547 --> 00:13:35.648 AND COLLECT IT. 331 00:13:35.648 --> 00:13:37.750 >> YEAH, THAT IS ONE OF THE 332 00:13:37.750 --> 00:13:39.051 WAYS THAT THE WE KNOW THAT THE 333 00:13:39.051 --> 00:13:40.553 MOON IS DIFFERENT THAN THE 334 00:13:40.553 --> 00:13:40.853 EARTH. 335 00:13:40.853 --> 00:13:44.023 LOOK AT THE MOON ROCKS, THE 336 00:13:44.023 --> 00:13:46.258 WETTEST MOON ROCKS HAVE SUCH A 337 00:13:46.258 --> 00:13:48.294 SMALL AMOUNT OF WATER. 338 00:13:48.294 --> 00:13:49.695 FOR 40 YEARS WE THOUGHT NO 339 00:13:49.695 --> 00:13:57.203 WATER WAS ON THE MOON. 340 00:13:57.203 --> 00:13:59.305 >> ALL RIGHT. 341 00:13:59.305 --> 00:14:02.641 SO TWITTER, CONSIDERING THE 342 00:14:02.641 --> 00:14:03.576 EXPLORATION, WHAT IS THE 343 00:14:03.576 --> 00:14:06.178 CURRENT DEBATE ABOUT THE PAST, 344 00:14:06.178 --> 00:14:09.315 SHOULD THE LANDING SITES OF 345 00:14:09.315 --> 00:14:12.051 APOLLO BE PROTECTED AS A 346 00:14:12.051 --> 00:14:12.918 CULTURE HERITAGE SITE? 347 00:14:12.918 --> 00:14:14.253 >> YES, THEY ARE THE MOST 348 00:14:14.253 --> 00:14:15.588 IMPORTANT SITES FOR THE 349 00:14:15.588 --> 00:14:18.023 NATION'S HISTORY AND THE 350 00:14:18.023 --> 00:14:19.692 HISTORY OF HUMAN KIND AND THEY 351 00:14:19.692 --> 00:14:21.794 ARE IMPORTANT SITES TO 352 00:14:21.794 --> 00:14:22.161 PRESERVE. 353 00:14:22.161 --> 00:14:23.762 WE ALL ARE STILL LEARNING A LOT 354 00:14:23.762 --> 00:14:25.764 OF THINGS ABOUT THE ROCKS 355 00:14:25.764 --> 00:14:27.600 COLLECTED AT THESE SITES AND A 356 00:14:27.600 --> 00:14:30.236 LOT TO BE LEARNED AND 357 00:14:30.236 --> 00:14:31.670 PRESERVATION SHOULD BE ON OUR 358 00:14:31.670 --> 00:14:32.071 MINDS. 359 00:14:32.071 --> 00:14:33.806 >> I ALSO THINK IT IS VALUABLE 360 00:14:33.806 --> 00:14:36.942 TO GO BACK TO ONE OF THE LANDS 361 00:14:36.942 --> 00:14:39.345 SITES AND SEEING HOW THE 362 00:14:39.345 --> 00:14:44.149 MATERIAL LEFT BEHIND HAS IT 363 00:14:44.149 --> 00:14:45.417 CHANGED AND HOW IT WORN FROM 364 00:14:45.417 --> 00:14:48.587 THE RADIATION AND THE 365 00:14:48.587 --> 00:14:48.988 ENVIRONMENT. 366 00:14:48.988 --> 00:14:56.896 WE KEEP THEM PRESSING TEEN. 367 00:14:56.896 --> 00:14:58.864 >> BY SAYING THAT, YOU CAN 368 00:14:58.864 --> 00:15:00.532 LEARN ABOUT THE SUSTAINABLE 369 00:15:00.532 --> 00:15:03.002 PRESENCE ON THE LUNAR SURFACE 370 00:15:03.002 --> 00:15:06.305 WHEN YOU SEE THE ENVIRONMENT 371 00:15:06.305 --> 00:15:06.739 INTERACTING. 372 00:15:06.739 --> 00:15:10.743 >> WE HAVE A QUESTION, PEGGY, 373 00:15:10.743 --> 00:15:12.645 WHAT THE MOST IMPORTANT TOOL TO 374 00:15:12.645 --> 00:15:17.683 USE ON THE MOON TO TELL US 375 00:15:17.683 --> 00:15:20.152 ABOUT THE INHABITABILITY. 376 00:15:20.152 --> 00:15:22.187 >> MEASURING THE RADIATION ON 377 00:15:22.187 --> 00:15:23.055 THE SURFACE. 378 00:15:23.055 --> 00:15:25.391 >> YES, THAT WOULD BE HELPFUL. 379 00:15:25.391 --> 00:15:27.259 APSE TO QUANTIFY WHAT RESOURCES 380 00:15:27.259 --> 00:15:30.763 ARE THERE THAT WE DON'T HAVE TO 381 00:15:30.763 --> 00:15:32.598 TAKE WITH US. 382 00:15:32.598 --> 00:15:34.566 FINDING OUT WHERE THE WATER IS 383 00:15:34.566 --> 00:15:35.668 AND UNDERSTANDING WHETHER THAT 384 00:15:35.668 --> 00:15:38.470 WATER IS ONLY IN THE POLAR 385 00:15:38.470 --> 00:15:40.139 REGIONS AND HOW MUCH IS AT 386 00:15:40.139 --> 00:15:41.507 LOWER LATITUDES. 387 00:15:41.507 --> 00:15:42.574 >> ALL RIGHT, TANK YOU ALL FOR 388 00:15:42.574 --> 00:15:43.676 THE QUESTIONS. 389 00:15:43.676 --> 00:15:44.944 WE ARE GOING TO ANSWER MORE 390 00:15:44.944 --> 00:15:47.112 QUESTIONS LATER ON IN THE 391 00:15:47.112 --> 00:15:47.446 SEGMENT. 392 00:15:47.446 --> 00:15:48.714 BUT WE REALLY NEED TO TALK 393 00:15:48.714 --> 00:15:50.983 ABOUT THE LAVA TUBES THAT 394 00:15:50.983 --> 00:15:52.818 KELSEY MENTIONED. 395 00:15:52.818 --> 00:15:55.554 THIS IS EXCITING. 396 00:15:55.554 --> 00:15:57.189 LET'S LOOK AT WHAT THOSE ARE 397 00:15:57.189 --> 00:15:57.856 ALL ABOUT. 398 00:15:57.856 --> 00:16:00.426 >> THE MOON ORIGINALLY WAS A 399 00:16:00.426 --> 00:16:02.494 BIG BALL OF MAGMA AND THROUGH 400 00:16:02.494 --> 00:16:03.595 TIME, AS THE CRUST FORMED ON 401 00:16:03.595 --> 00:16:07.166 THE SURFACE, THE MAGMA ON THE 402 00:16:07.166 --> 00:16:08.400 INTERIOR SLOWLY LEAKED TO THE 403 00:16:08.400 --> 00:16:12.037 SURFACE AND A LAVA TUBE IS 404 00:16:12.037 --> 00:16:14.506 ESSENTIALLY A CAVE, A TUNNEL IN 405 00:16:14.506 --> 00:16:18.577 WHICH THE LAVA FLOWED AND NOW 406 00:16:18.577 --> 00:16:20.813 DRAINING OUT YOU HAVE AN OPEN 407 00:16:20.813 --> 00:16:28.120 CAVE TO CONDUCT THE EXPER 408 00:16:28.120 --> 00:16:28.520 EXPERIMENTS. 409 00:16:28.520 --> 00:16:29.922 WE STUDY TO UNDERSTAND THEM 410 00:16:29.922 --> 00:16:32.157 FROM THE PLANETS AND THE MOON. 411 00:16:32.157 --> 00:16:39.498 FROM THE IMAGES FROM THE LUNAR 412 00:16:39.498 --> 00:16:41.767 RECON SENSE ORBITER. 413 00:16:41.767 --> 00:16:44.403 THEY COULD BE PATHWAYS TO TENS 414 00:16:44.403 --> 00:16:46.939 OF HUNDREDS OF METERS LONG OR 415 00:16:46.939 --> 00:16:48.507 KILOMETERS LONG, UNDERSTANDING 416 00:16:48.507 --> 00:16:50.009 WHEN AND WHERE THEY FORMED O 417 00:16:50.009 --> 00:16:52.611 THE SURFACE OF THE MOON IS 418 00:16:52.611 --> 00:16:52.978 EXCITING. 419 00:16:52.978 --> 00:16:55.581 THE CAVERNS ARE PROTECTED FROM 420 00:16:55.581 --> 00:16:58.017 THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT SO THIS 421 00:16:58.017 --> 00:17:00.519 IS AN IDEAL PLACE TO COLLECT 422 00:17:00.519 --> 00:17:03.589 THE SAMPLES THAT TELLS US ABOUT 423 00:17:03.589 --> 00:17:05.190 THE MOON AND THE SOLAR SYSTEMT. 424 00:17:05.190 --> 00:17:08.227 NEXT STEPS ARE PLANNING ROBOTIC 425 00:17:08.227 --> 00:17:11.096 EXPLORATION OF THE MOON AND 426 00:17:11.096 --> 00:17:12.064 OBSERVATIONS TO HELP CON IF I 427 00:17:12.064 --> 00:17:14.767 WERE THE PRESENCE OF THE LAVA 428 00:17:14.767 --> 00:17:17.469 TUBES OR THE VOID SPACES OR 429 00:17:17.469 --> 00:17:19.872 ACCESSIBLE BY ROBOTS OR MAYBE 430 00:17:19.872 --> 00:17:21.707 HUMANS IN THE FUTURE, TO ME IT 431 00:17:21.707 --> 00:17:23.342 IS MAKING THEM A VERY 432 00:17:23.342 --> 00:17:25.010 INTERESTING AND EXCITING ASPECT 433 00:17:25.010 --> 00:17:28.480 OF STUDYING THE MOON. 434 00:17:28.480 --> 00:17:30.349 >> SO THAT IS SO COOL. 435 00:17:30.349 --> 00:17:32.251 THERE IS A WHOLE NEW WORLD 436 00:17:32.251 --> 00:17:33.752 UNDER THE SURFACE OF THE MOON 437 00:17:33.752 --> 00:17:36.055 THAT WE REALLY NEED TO EXPLORE. 438 00:17:36.055 --> 00:17:38.390 SO KELSEY, I KNOW YOU KNOW ALL 439 00:17:38.390 --> 00:17:40.626 ABOUT THIS, THAT IS JUST A 440 00:17:40.626 --> 00:17:41.727 TASTE, CAN YOU TELL US MORE 441 00:17:41.727 --> 00:17:43.529 ABOUT THE LAVA TUBES AND WHAT 442 00:17:43.529 --> 00:17:45.497 ELSE DO WE NEED TO KNOW ABOUT 443 00:17:45.497 --> 00:17:46.865 THE MOON TO EXPLORE? 444 00:17:46.865 --> 00:17:49.601 >> YES, LOOKING AT THE LAVA 445 00:17:49.601 --> 00:17:51.603 TUBES ON EARTH, THEY TELL US 446 00:17:51.603 --> 00:17:55.407 ABOUT THE LAVA FLOWING, 447 00:17:55.407 --> 00:17:56.809 VOLCANIC HISTORY. 448 00:17:56.809 --> 00:17:58.577 WE THINK THE SAME THING ABOUT 449 00:17:58.577 --> 00:18:01.180 THE LUNAR TUBES, WE ARE ABLE TO 450 00:18:01.180 --> 00:18:02.514 LEARN SOMETHING ABOUT HOW THE 451 00:18:02.514 --> 00:18:05.818 TRAINS RECEIVED THE LAVA PITS 452 00:18:05.818 --> 00:18:10.322 AND WE GO TO THE LAVA TUBES ON 453 00:18:10.322 --> 00:18:11.924 EARTH AND USE THE INSTRUMENTS 454 00:18:11.924 --> 00:18:14.893 TO TRAVERSE ON TOP OF THE TIEBS 455 00:18:14.893 --> 00:18:16.795 AND IMAGE UNDER THE SURFACE 456 00:18:16.795 --> 00:18:18.797 WITHOUT GOING TO THE PIT 457 00:18:18.797 --> 00:18:19.631 ITSELF. 458 00:18:19.631 --> 00:18:21.567 BUT DOING THE FIELD WORK ON 459 00:18:21.567 --> 00:18:22.701 EARTH, YOU ARE ABLE TO 460 00:18:22.701 --> 00:18:24.770 UNDERSTAND WHAT'S BELOW AND 461 00:18:24.770 --> 00:18:27.973 ACTUALLY PERHAPS DEDUCE THE 462 00:18:27.973 --> 00:18:30.676 VOLCANIC HISTORY. 463 00:18:30.676 --> 00:18:32.478 >> REALLY WONDERFUL. 464 00:18:32.478 --> 00:18:37.516 >> LET'S ANSWER MORE QUESTIONS. 465 00:18:37.516 --> 00:18:40.986 USING TWITTER HASHTAG ASK NASA. 466 00:18:40.986 --> 00:18:45.891 THAT IS NASA SCIENCE LIVE. 467 00:18:45.891 --> 00:18:48.760 CHRIS ON TWITTER IS ASKING WHAT 468 00:18:48.760 --> 00:18:50.963 BACHELOR QUALIFICATIONS ARE 469 00:18:50.963 --> 00:18:54.633 THERE REQUIRED FOR INTERNSHIP. 470 00:18:54.633 --> 00:18:58.604 HE WANTS TO JOIN NASA. 471 00:18:58.604 --> 00:19:02.541 >> YES, NASA TAKES ALL KINDS, 472 00:19:02.541 --> 00:19:04.576 ENGINEERING, MATH, SCIENCE, BUT 473 00:19:04.576 --> 00:19:06.578 WE ARE REALLY INTERESTED IN ALL 474 00:19:06.578 --> 00:19:09.414 BACKGROUNDS, ART, BUSINESS, 475 00:19:09.414 --> 00:19:11.383 COMMUNICATIONS, MEDIA, NASA 476 00:19:11.383 --> 00:19:13.418 REALLY NEEDS ALL TYPES TO MAKE 477 00:19:13.418 --> 00:19:14.920 OUR MISSION HAPPEN AND I WOULD 478 00:19:14.920 --> 00:19:17.322 REALLY JUST SAY FOLLOW YOUR 479 00:19:17.322 --> 00:19:18.590 PASSION AND GET INVOLVED. 480 00:19:18.590 --> 00:19:22.060 >> I THINK NASA ATTRACTS PEOPLE 481 00:19:22.060 --> 00:19:23.795 ARE JUST INTERESTED IN LEARNING 482 00:19:23.795 --> 00:19:25.764 MORE AND WHETHER IT IS THE 483 00:19:25.764 --> 00:19:27.866 SCIENCE, ENGINEER, OR 484 00:19:27.866 --> 00:19:30.135 HUMANITIES, NASA HAS A HISTORY 485 00:19:30.135 --> 00:19:30.469 OFFICE. 486 00:19:30.469 --> 00:19:32.437 THE PEOPLE PUTTING ON THIS SHOW 487 00:19:32.437 --> 00:19:34.473 ARE NASA EMPLOYEES AND WE HAVE 488 00:19:34.473 --> 00:19:38.143 THIS RICH FAMILY FROM DIVERSE 489 00:19:38.143 --> 00:19:40.879 BACKGROUNDS THAT MAKE NASA A 490 00:19:40.879 --> 00:19:42.381 UNIQUE AND SPECIAL PLACE TO 491 00:19:42.381 --> 00:19:44.049 WORK AND WE GET OUTSIDE PEOPLE 492 00:19:44.049 --> 00:19:46.785 COMING IN AS WELL THAT WE WORK 493 00:19:46.785 --> 00:19:47.886 WITH AS WELL. 494 00:19:47.886 --> 00:19:58.363 >> I WORK IN THE JOHNS HOPKINS 495 00:19:58.363 --> 00:19:59.932 AND WE HAVE INTERNS WORKING 496 00:19:59.932 --> 00:20:01.867 THERE WITH THE COMPUTER AND 497 00:20:01.867 --> 00:20:02.968 ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE AND 498 00:20:02.968 --> 00:20:05.103 MATH BACKGROUNDS AND SORTS OF 499 00:20:05.103 --> 00:20:08.140 OTHER WORK THAT WE ARE DOING. 500 00:20:08.140 --> 00:20:10.175 >> LET'S GET BACK TO THE 501 00:20:10.175 --> 00:20:11.743 SCIENCE, ASKING WOULD THE TUBES 502 00:20:11.743 --> 00:20:14.780 UNDER THE MOON CONTAIN OXYGEN? 503 00:20:14.780 --> 00:20:17.716 >> ON THE MOON, PROBABLY NOT, 504 00:20:17.716 --> 00:20:20.552 BUT THEY COULD CONTAIN USABLE 505 00:20:20.552 --> 00:20:21.086 RESOURCES. 506 00:20:21.086 --> 00:20:22.521 THERE IS A TUBE OUT IN 507 00:20:22.521 --> 00:20:24.323 CALIFORNIA WITH THE ICE BURIED 508 00:20:24.323 --> 00:20:27.693 DEEP BELOW THE SURFACE IN A HOT 509 00:20:27.693 --> 00:20:28.527 DESERT ENVIRONMENT SO IT IS 510 00:20:28.527 --> 00:20:31.163 POSSIBLE THAT THE TUBES CONTAIN 511 00:20:31.163 --> 00:20:33.165 DOWN THE LINE COULD BE USED AS 512 00:20:33.165 --> 00:20:35.133 A RESOURCE ONCE WE FIND OUT 513 00:20:35.133 --> 00:20:36.401 WHAT IS DOWN THERE. 514 00:20:36.401 --> 00:20:39.238 WE HAVE A CLASS ASKING US, 515 00:20:39.238 --> 00:20:41.873 EARTH SCIENCE LITERATURE CLASS, 516 00:20:41.873 --> 00:20:43.709 ASKING FROM A SIXTH GRADE 517 00:20:43.709 --> 00:20:46.144 CLASS, IF YOU CAN JUMP HIGH 518 00:20:46.144 --> 00:20:48.080 ENOUGH ON THE MOON CAN YOU FLY 519 00:20:48.080 --> 00:20:49.314 INTO SPACE? 520 00:20:49.314 --> 00:20:51.550 >> IT IS NOT JUST ABOUT JUMPING 521 00:20:51.550 --> 00:20:52.784 HIGH, BUT FAST. 522 00:20:52.784 --> 00:20:56.088 THE MOON HAS WEAKER GRAVITY, 523 00:20:56.088 --> 00:21:00.792 ONE SIXTH THE GRAVITY ON THE 524 00:21:00.792 --> 00:21:01.226 EARTH. 525 00:21:01.226 --> 00:21:03.428 I SUPPOSE IF JACK HAD THE 526 00:21:03.428 --> 00:21:10.569 WHEATIES ADD JUMPED HIGH, I 527 00:21:10.569 --> 00:21:13.705 DON'T KNOW IF JACK COULD HAVE 528 00:21:13.705 --> 00:21:20.879 JUMPED WHAT IT IS ONE HALF 529 00:21:20.879 --> 00:21:21.613 KILOMETERS PER SECOND TO LEAVE 530 00:21:21.613 --> 00:21:23.048 THE GRAVITY OF THE MOON. 531 00:21:23.048 --> 00:21:27.452 IT IS LOOKING, IT IS KANGAROO 532 00:21:27.452 --> 00:21:28.320 HOPPING AROUND THE MOON. 533 00:21:28.320 --> 00:21:31.223 WHEN YOU GROW UP AND IF YOU CAN 534 00:21:31.223 --> 00:21:37.996 MAKE IT TO THE MOON OR MARS. 535 00:21:37.996 --> 00:21:41.933 YOU WANT TO GET BACK DOWN. 536 00:21:41.933 --> 00:21:45.203 >> THAT WOULD BE AWFUL FLOATING 537 00:21:45.203 --> 00:21:46.204 OUT THERE. 538 00:21:46.204 --> 00:21:49.041 ARE THERE ANY NEW MOON MISSIONS 539 00:21:49.041 --> 00:21:51.543 BEING PLANNED OR CONSTRUCTED 540 00:21:51.543 --> 00:21:52.644 ANY TIME SOON? 541 00:21:52.644 --> 00:21:55.013 >> YOU MENTIONED TODAY, WE HAVE 542 00:21:55.013 --> 00:21:56.682 THIS PROGRAM THAT IS COMING UP 543 00:21:56.682 --> 00:21:58.917 WITH LAUNCHES PERHAPS AS EARLY 544 00:21:58.917 --> 00:22:00.485 AS THIS YEAR. 545 00:22:00.485 --> 00:22:05.223 THERE WILL BE MIXES -- MISSIONS 546 00:22:05.223 --> 00:22:08.860 TO THE MOON SOON. 547 00:22:08.860 --> 00:22:11.463 I THINK WE ARE AT A NEW 548 00:22:11.463 --> 00:22:13.432 GENERATION AND LUNAR 549 00:22:13.432 --> 00:22:14.499 EXPLORATION WITH SMALLER 550 00:22:14.499 --> 00:22:17.669 MISSIONS BRINGING THE PAYLOADS 551 00:22:17.669 --> 00:22:19.404 TO TO SURFACE AND ASKING THE 552 00:22:19.404 --> 00:22:23.475 FOLKS QUESTIONS ON THE LUNAR 553 00:22:23.475 --> 00:22:23.809 SURFACE. 554 00:22:23.809 --> 00:22:25.143 WE ANTICIPATE A TIME WITH 555 00:22:25.143 --> 00:22:27.946 BIGGER MISSIONS AND NASA HAS A 556 00:22:27.946 --> 00:22:29.648 PROCESS FOR PROPOSING THAT. 557 00:22:29.648 --> 00:22:31.049 THAT IS IN THE PIPELINE. 558 00:22:31.049 --> 00:22:33.285 STAY TUNED BECAUSE IT IS 559 00:22:33.285 --> 00:22:35.821 GETTING BUSY AT THE MOON AND WE 560 00:22:35.821 --> 00:22:37.823 HOPE TO GET COMPANY JOINING US 561 00:22:37.823 --> 00:22:39.124 AT THE MOON SOON. 562 00:22:39.124 --> 00:22:42.394 >> WE HAVE A TIME FOR A 563 00:22:42.394 --> 00:22:42.761 QUESTION. 564 00:22:42.761 --> 00:22:43.295 IT IS FROM FACEBOOK. 565 00:22:43.295 --> 00:22:45.864 IS ONE OF THE USES OF MINING 566 00:22:45.864 --> 00:22:48.100 WATER ON THE MOON TO PROVIDE 567 00:22:48.100 --> 00:22:50.035 THE FUEL TO PROPEL US TO MARS? 568 00:22:50.035 --> 00:22:51.870 >> YES, THAT IS SOMETHING THAT 569 00:22:51.870 --> 00:22:54.406 WE CAN DO, BECAUSE EVEN THE 570 00:22:54.406 --> 00:22:57.142 MOON DOES HAVE A GRAVITY WELL, 571 00:22:57.142 --> 00:22:59.945 IT IS LESS OF A GRAVITY WELL 572 00:22:59.945 --> 00:23:02.948 THAN THE EARTH GRAVITY WELL AND 573 00:23:02.948 --> 00:23:08.653 LESS EXPENSE TO PROPEL FROM THE 574 00:23:08.653 --> 00:23:10.389 MOON THAN EARTH. 575 00:23:10.389 --> 00:23:13.091 IF WE WANT TO SEND ANYTHING 576 00:23:13.091 --> 00:23:14.559 ROBOTIC OR HUMAN SPACE MISSIONS 577 00:23:14.559 --> 00:23:16.928 TO MARS, THEN WE COULD FUEL 578 00:23:16.928 --> 00:23:19.498 THAT WE GET FROM MOON THAT WE 579 00:23:19.498 --> 00:23:22.134 MAKE FROM THE WATER THERE. 580 00:23:22.134 --> 00:23:23.835 >> ALL RIGHT, THANK YOU FOR 581 00:23:23.835 --> 00:23:26.304 SUBMITTING THE QUESTIONS. 582 00:23:26.304 --> 00:23:27.939 I WANT SEND YOU MY QUESTIONS. 583 00:23:27.939 --> 00:23:30.108 THE FINAL BIG QUESTION FOR EACH 584 00:23:30.108 --> 00:23:31.877 OF YOU BECAUSE NASA IS GEARING 585 00:23:31.877 --> 00:23:33.211 UP TO SEND ALL OF THE NEW 586 00:23:33.211 --> 00:23:35.046 THINGS OUT TO THE MOON, SO WHAT 587 00:23:35.046 --> 00:23:37.582 ARE EACH OF YOU LOOKING FORWARD 588 00:23:37.582 --> 00:23:40.719 TO RESEARCHING OUT THERE, WHAT 589 00:23:40.719 --> 00:23:43.622 MOON MYSTERIES DOE YOU NEED TO 590 00:23:43.622 --> 00:23:43.922 KNOW? 591 00:23:43.922 --> 00:23:46.892 >> I WANT TO SEND SOMETHING TO 592 00:23:46.892 --> 00:23:50.729 THE MAGNETIC FIELD REGION TO 593 00:23:50.729 --> 00:23:52.431 THE MOON AND UNDERSTAND HOW 594 00:23:52.431 --> 00:23:56.401 WELL THE WELLS BLOCK THE SOLAR 595 00:23:56.401 --> 00:23:59.004 WIND AND WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE 596 00:23:59.004 --> 00:24:00.572 WIND IS INTERACTING WITH THE 597 00:24:00.572 --> 00:24:02.340 SURFACE OF THE MOON AND IF IT 598 00:24:02.340 --> 00:24:03.875 IS EVEN MAKING WATER. 599 00:24:03.875 --> 00:24:07.879 >> THE MOON HAS A GREAT 600 00:24:07.879 --> 00:24:08.847 INTERSECTION OF SCIENCE AND 601 00:24:08.847 --> 00:24:10.749 HELIOPHYSICS AND GOING TO A 602 00:24:10.749 --> 00:24:12.017 LOCATION ON THE MOON AND 603 00:24:12.017 --> 00:24:14.085 DRILLING. 604 00:24:14.085 --> 00:24:17.255 THE DEEPER YOU GO INTO A LUNAR 605 00:24:17.255 --> 00:24:19.691 SURFACE AND BUSTED UP SOIL AND 606 00:24:19.691 --> 00:24:24.763 GOING BACK IN TIME AND MAYBE 607 00:24:24.763 --> 00:24:25.564 UNDERSTANDING THAT 608 00:24:25.564 --> 00:24:27.299 UNDERSTANDING WHAT IS HAPPENING 609 00:24:27.299 --> 00:24:30.535 ON THE SUN FOUR BILLION YEARS 610 00:24:30.535 --> 00:24:32.070 AND HOW DIFFERENT IT IS FOR 611 00:24:32.070 --> 00:24:33.605 TODAY. 612 00:24:33.605 --> 00:24:37.242 >> GOING BACK WE THOUGHT THAT 613 00:24:37.242 --> 00:24:39.277 THE MOON WAS DEAD. 614 00:24:39.277 --> 00:24:41.480 WE ARE FINDING IT IS A DYNAMIC 615 00:24:41.480 --> 00:24:43.882 AND RELATIVELY SPEAKING YOUNG 616 00:24:43.882 --> 00:24:44.149 MAN. 617 00:24:44.149 --> 00:24:45.383 WE HAVE EVIDENCE OF A COUPLE OF 618 00:24:45.383 --> 00:24:46.952 DECADES OF MILLIONS OF YEARS 619 00:24:46.952 --> 00:24:49.521 AGO AND SEEING ACTIVE IMPACTS 620 00:24:49.521 --> 00:24:51.389 ON THE SURFACE, UNDERSTANDING 621 00:24:51.389 --> 00:24:54.493 THOSE RECENT PATH OF THE LUNAR 622 00:24:54.493 --> 00:24:55.927 HISTORY, NEVER SOMETHING WE 623 00:24:55.927 --> 00:24:56.995 THOUGHT ABOUT SOMETHING WE 624 00:24:56.995 --> 00:24:58.129 COULD DO IS SOMETHING 625 00:24:58.129 --> 00:24:58.497 IMPORTANT. 626 00:24:58.497 --> 00:25:00.665 >> EXLEAPT. 627 00:25:00.665 --> 00:25:02.601 WE HAVE TIME FOR A QUESTION. 628 00:25:02.601 --> 00:25:04.035 THAT IS GREAT, BECAUSE WE 629 00:25:04.035 --> 00:25:06.238 TALKED ABOUT IT AT ONE POINT 630 00:25:06.238 --> 00:25:09.407 OUR DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS COMING 631 00:25:09.407 --> 00:25:11.710 THROUGH THE INTERNSHIPS, HOW 632 00:25:11.710 --> 00:25:14.880 DID YOU MAKE YOUR WAY TO NASA? 633 00:25:14.880 --> 00:25:30.362 >> SO I STUDIED PHYICS IN 634 00:25:30.362 --> 00:25:34.499 COLLEGE. 635 00:25:34.499 --> 00:25:36.902 >> FOR ME, I HAD GREAT TEACHERS 636 00:25:36.902 --> 00:25:39.838 WHO PUSHED AND ENCOURAGED ME 637 00:25:39.838 --> 00:25:46.144 AND MY FATHER WORKED ON APOLLO 638 00:25:46.144 --> 00:25:51.016 AND I BECAME A GEEOLOGIST AND 639 00:25:51.016 --> 00:25:52.551 COLLEGE PROFESSOR SAY YOU CAN 640 00:25:52.551 --> 00:25:54.052 GO GEEOLOGY OF PLANETS. 641 00:25:54.052 --> 00:25:55.120 I WILL DO THAT. 642 00:25:55.120 --> 00:26:00.292 I DID A SUMMER INTERNSHIP IN 643 00:26:00.292 --> 00:26:01.793 ARIZONA AND AS THE BEAUTIFUL 644 00:26:01.793 --> 00:26:04.095 PLACE TO BE AND OPENED THE EYES 645 00:26:04.095 --> 00:26:05.530 TO THE PLANETARY SCIENCE AND 646 00:26:05.530 --> 00:26:07.432 WHAT THE CAREER MEANS AND PATH 647 00:26:07.432 --> 00:26:10.268 OF GOING TO GRAD SCHOOL AND 648 00:26:10.268 --> 00:26:14.406 ENDED UP HERE AT GAD GODDARD 649 00:26:14.406 --> 00:26:15.707 AND IT IS A GREAT PATH BECAUSE 650 00:26:15.707 --> 00:26:20.545 OF THE FAMILY AND AMASZING 651 00:26:20.545 --> 00:26:21.012 TORS. 652 00:26:21.012 --> 00:26:23.081 >> I STUDIED FIELD GEEOLOGY 653 00:26:23.081 --> 00:26:25.016 AND GOING OUT IN THE FIELD FOR 654 00:26:25.016 --> 00:26:28.019 WORK AND SOLVING THE PUZZLES 655 00:26:28.019 --> 00:26:30.789 WAS COMPLETELY FASCINATING TO 656 00:26:30.789 --> 00:26:31.056 ME. 657 00:26:31.056 --> 00:26:34.292 I THOUGHT BEING ABLE TO DO THIS 658 00:26:34.292 --> 00:26:36.061 ON OTHER PLANETS, ARE YOU 659 00:26:36.061 --> 00:26:40.031 KIDDING ME, IS THIS A JOB. 660 00:26:40.031 --> 00:26:44.636 I GOT MY PH.D. AND CAME HERE 661 00:26:44.636 --> 00:26:45.604 AND NEVER LEFT. 662 00:26:45.604 --> 00:26:46.671 >> YOU CAN TAKE ONE TING TO 663 00:26:46.671 --> 00:26:48.974 THE MOON WITH YOU, WHAT WOULD 664 00:26:48.974 --> 00:26:51.977 YOU TAKE? 665 00:26:51.977 --> 00:26:53.478 IF YOU COULD GO? 666 00:26:53.478 --> 00:26:57.315 >> I WOULD TAKE A CAMERA AND DO 667 00:26:57.315 --> 00:26:58.516 SELFIES ALL OVER. 668 00:26:58.516 --> 00:27:00.719 >> I WOULD TAKE A ROCK HAMMER 669 00:27:00.719 --> 00:27:02.921 AND GET AS MANY SAMPLES TO 670 00:27:02.921 --> 00:27:07.192 BRING BACK AND STUDY ON EARTH. 671 00:27:07.192 --> 00:27:13.832 >> ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGY. 672 00:27:13.832 --> 00:27:16.134 >> WE HAVE ONE LAST THING, CAN 673 00:27:16.134 --> 00:27:18.103 WE EVER RAISE ANIMALS OR GROW 674 00:27:18.103 --> 00:27:20.438 FOOD ON THE MOON? 675 00:27:20.438 --> 00:27:23.908 >> YEAH, WE WOULD HAVE TO DO IN 676 00:27:23.908 --> 00:27:24.776 A HABITAT. 677 00:27:24.776 --> 00:27:26.711 YOU KNOW, THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT 678 00:27:26.711 --> 00:27:28.980 IS NOT SUITABLE FOR LIFE, 679 00:27:28.980 --> 00:27:31.616 ANYTHING EXPOSED TO THE SURFACE 680 00:27:31.616 --> 00:27:32.317 WOULDN'T THRIVE. 681 00:27:32.317 --> 00:27:37.322 IF YOU HAVE ENCLOSED SPACE, THE 682 00:27:37.322 --> 00:27:41.292 LUNAR MODULE SUSTAINED 683 00:27:41.292 --> 00:27:41.693 ASTRONAUTS. 684 00:27:41.693 --> 00:27:43.061 MAKE IT BIGGER AND BRING A DOG 685 00:27:43.061 --> 00:27:44.429 AND A CAT. 686 00:27:44.429 --> 00:27:47.599 YOU NEED THE SPACE TO DO IT AND 687 00:27:47.599 --> 00:27:50.335 GROWING IN THERE WOULD BE FUN. 688 00:27:50.335 --> 00:27:52.137 THERE ARE EXPERIMENTS ON THE 689 00:27:52.137 --> 00:27:54.105 SPACE STATION AND GROWING 690 00:27:54.105 --> 00:27:56.274 VEGE 691 00:27:56.274 --> 00:27:56.675 VEGETABLES. 692 00:27:56.675 --> 00:27:58.443 THE IDEA OF SUSTAINABLE. 693 00:27:58.443 --> 00:28:02.180 YOU HAVE TO GROW SOME OF IT. 694 00:28:02.180 --> 00:28:04.516 I DON'T THINK WE CAN USE THE 695 00:28:04.516 --> 00:28:07.052 LUNAR SOIL TO GROW THE 696 00:28:07.052 --> 00:28:07.419 POTATOES. 697 00:28:07.419 --> 00:28:10.922 IF YOU BRING YOUR OWN SOIL AND 698 00:28:10.922 --> 00:28:13.658 FERTILIZER YOU MAY BE ABLE TO 699 00:28:13.658 --> 00:28:16.227 DO IT IN YOUR HABITAT. 700 00:28:16.227 --> 00:28:18.263 >> WELL, THANK YOU GUYS FOR 701 00:28:18.263 --> 00:28:21.433 PARTICIPATING WITH THIS. 702 00:28:21.433 --> 00:28:23.168 AND I WANT THANK YOU FOR 703 00:28:23.168 --> 00:28:24.302 PARTICIPATING AND SENDING IN 704 00:28:24.302 --> 00:28:30.608 YOUR QUESTIONS TO THE ASK NASA 705 00:28:30.608 --> 00:28:30.942 HASHTAG. 706 00:28:30.942 --> 00:28:31.776 WE'LL ANSWER MORE QUESTIONS. 707 00:28:31.776 --> 00:28:34.079 THE SCIENTISTS ARE STICKING AND 708 00:28:34.079 --> 00:28:36.181 TO DO IT VIA THE INTERNET. 709 00:28:36.181 --> 00:28:37.982 WE CHOOSE TO DO THIS LIVE TO 710 00:28:37.982 --> 00:28:39.651 FUEL THE CURIOSITY AND WE THINK 711 00:28:39.651 --> 00:28:42.053 THAT THE ANSWERS AND THE 712 00:28:42.053 --> 00:28:44.622 QUESTIONS HELP US TO UNDERSTAND 713 00:28:44.622 --> 00:28:45.490 THE UNIVERSE. 714 00:28:45.490 --> 00:28:51.529 IF UCH QUESTIONS, SEND THEM 715 00:28:51.529 --> 00:28:52.464 ALONG. 716 00:28:52.464 --> 00:28:56.101 NEXT TIME, WE ARE GOING TO TALK 717 00:28:56.101 --> 00:28:58.737 WHAT IT TAKES TO GO INNER 718 00:28:58.737 --> 00:29:00.004 STELLAR.