WEBVTT FILE

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-Welcome to NASA headquarters.

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I'm Don Savage,
public affairs officer

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for the Office of Space Science.

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During a 7-day period this July,

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the periodic comet
Shoemaker-Levy 9

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will collide with Jupiter.

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Coincidentally, that same week,

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the country will be celebrating
the 25th anniversary

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of the Apollo 11
mission to the Moon,

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but today's briefing is about

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the comet's collision
with Jupiter,

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and it's a subject of intense
interest around the world

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and a National
Science Foundation

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observing effort,
and our briefing today,

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we will have recent
images released

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by the Hubble Space
Telescope of the comet,

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followed by a panel discussion,

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and then we'll take
questions and answers

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from the reporters here

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and at the NASA centers.

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Our moderator today
is Dr. Eugene Shoemaker,

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who is the co-discoverer
of the comet.

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Dr. Shoemaker.

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-Thanks, Don.

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This afternoon, joining me here
on the podium or up front

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is Heidi Hammel
from the Massachusetts

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Institute of Technology,

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Melissa McGrath from the Space
Telescope Science Institute,

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and Lucy McFadden from
the University of Maryland

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and the University
of California San Diego

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and then Hal Weaver
also at

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the Space Telescope
Science Institute,

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who is going to show us
some of the latest images

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taken with the space telescope.

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-Okay.
Thanks, Gene.

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Hello, everybody.

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In July of 1992, a comet that
had previously been captured

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into an orbit around Jupiter

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passed so close
to this giant planet

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that it was literally
split apart

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into approximately 20 fragments.

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Each of these pieces became,
in effect, its own comet,

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producing one of the most
spectacular scenes in the sky.

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Here we see,
in the first picture,

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a Hubble Space Telescope
image of this comet

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officially named periodic
comet Shoemaker-Levy 9.

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Now this was taken
in January of this year

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shortly after
the Hubble Space...

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The successful Hubble Space
Telescope servicing mission.

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Now fortunately, most of
the nuclei in this comet

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have not broken up like this,

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so we still have high hopes

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that there will be
observable consequences

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when the remaining fragments
enter Jupiter's atmosphere

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this summer.

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Hubble will be continuing
to monitor the comet up

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until the last hours
before the impact,

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and then it'll shift
its focus onto Jupiter itself

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and its magnetosphere,
and at that point,

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I think I'll turn it
back over to Eugene.

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-Okay.
Thanks, Hal.

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Let's go back now for a moment
to a year ago last March

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and just talk a little bit
about the discovery,

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and the next image,
which we should see here,

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this is the telescope,

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the 18-inch Schmidt
at Palomar Observatory

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with which we were working
when we found the comet,

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and this is the gang
of three, if you will,

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that observes rather
regularly on this telescope,

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including David Levy,

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who is there closest
to the instrument,

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Carolyn Shoemaker,
in the foreground, and myself.

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The next image shows
actually a photograph,

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a positive photograph of one of
the circular pieces of film

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that we mount
in the telescope.

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We actually take about
200 of these images on average

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when we go to
the telescope each month,

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and the big bright
blob on the left

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is actually the bloom
dot image of Jupiter.

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If you look very closely,
there's a little red arrow.

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Right in that spot is where the
image of the comet was located.

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You can't see it here.

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You have to look under
a microscope to find this.

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The next image shows what it
actually looked like

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right under that red arrow.

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This is the image
that Carolyn Shoemaker

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found two nights later
after we'd taken the films,

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and she saw this
bar-like feature.

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If you look very carefully,
you can see faint little wisps

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extending off each end.

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These are the so-called wings
and also a composite tail

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extending off
to the upper right.

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An image taken an hour
and 45 minutes later shows

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how the comet has shifted now
with respect to the stars,

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and it's that motion
that enables us

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to actually detect objects
in the solar system

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that are moving relative
to the background,

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and they actually stand
out stereoscopically

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in the microscope
that Carolyn uses.

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So right away, we knew there
was a moving object there.

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It sort of looked like a comet,

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but it was the strangest
comet we had ever seen.

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Carolyn sat up and said, "This
looks like a squashed comet."

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-Yeah.

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[ Indistinct conversations ]

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[ Indistinct conversations ]

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-This is the 73,
so you've got to go

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down to, like...

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-Oh, I'm going to take the...

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-Okay.

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-All right.

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-This is where we now
have it pointed.

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[ Indistinct conversations ]

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-Yeah.

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[ Indistinct conversations ]

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-The real proof
in the pudding here is to see

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if these major lines here

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go right through the corners,
which they do.

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-Oh, wow.

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-There's no doubt
on which one that is.

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-Holy cow. Hey.

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Look at that. Look at this.
-We got two twins.

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-Look at at this.

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-One "Wow," you guys,
let's say it.

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-Ready?
One, two, three.

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-Wow.

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-All right.
Hang on just a second.

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[ Indistinct conversations ]

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-Where you going?

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Are you going from
the center of the screen?

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-Right to the center --

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-The center, is that
what you want?

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-Well, we could go
through the center,

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and that's another
decision we can...

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[ Indistinct conversations ]

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-I agree.

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-It's coming like this,
like this,

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and it sure
doesn't look like it.

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Could it have been
spread out this way

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so it's a whole bunch of them

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going in kind of
like this, like...

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-That would be a longer track.

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That's a longer track.

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[ Indistinct conversations ]

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-Jennifer, look at this.

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Lookit.
-Oh, my god.

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-Isn't that incredible?

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It's right in the...
-That's amazing.

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-That's what we all said.

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And in the initial coordinate,

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you can see the plume
on the...

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and you can see it spread.

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[ Indistinct conversations ]

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[ Indistinct yelling ]

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-Just bust in there.
-All right.

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-Come on, Heidi.
Prep her shot.

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She's going in.
Prep her shot.

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Come on.
Come on, Heidi.

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Prep her shot.
Prep her shot.

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Prep her shot.
She's going in.

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Camera 3. Come on.

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She's bursting in.
She's bursting in.

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Go, Heidi.

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[ Indistinct talking ]

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-...when the smaller pieces
reaggregate into a clump

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that effectively hits
the top of the atmosphere.

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What I could say is, that we
should see these things at all

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probably indicates we're dealing
with larger objects

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than was concluded by...

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And I think we may have some

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up-to-date information.
Heidi.

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[ Laughter and applause ]

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-We actually saw
some amazing things.

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-All right.

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We just downloaded
the first two orbits,

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end of a really exciting week,
so more details to come.

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We just got this data down.

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We haven't had a chance
to do anything with it,

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and I'll be talking
with you at 10 o'clock

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about what we have actually
seen in the larger data set.

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-Good evening.

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Welcome to the Space Telescope
Science Institute in Baltimore.

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I'm Don Savage,
public affairs officer

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for NASA's Office
of Space Science.

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This evening, we're pleased
to announce the start

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of a weeklong campaign
of observations

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of the impact of periodic comet
Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter.

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The impact of the first fragment
occurred earlier

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this afternoon
at about 3:54,

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and scientists around the world

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participating in the NASA
National Science Foundation

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observing campaign,
as well as virtually

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every other telescope
and observatory

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around the world
have been watching.

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That included, of course,
the Hubble Space Telescope,

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which is where we are located
here at the Institute.

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An image of the area of Jupiter

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which the fragment hit
will be ready

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by about 10 o'clock tonight,

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and at that time,
Dr. Heidi Hammel will provide

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the image and will discuss
what she can tell

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from the early analysis
of the data.

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Now I'd like to introduce
our panel,

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the discoverers and of course
the namesake of the comet,

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from my left, Dr. Eugene
Shoemaker of Lowell Observatory.

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He's a research professor
at North Arizona University

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in Flagstaff
and Scientist Emeritus

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at the US Geological Survey.

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To his left, Dr. Carolyn
Shoemaker,

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his wife, also a staff
member of Lowell Observatory

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and research professor
at North Arizona University

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and a volunteer scientist
at the US Geological Survey,

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and on the far left, David Levy,
amateur astronomer and author,

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and he's discovered 21 comets,

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and in 1984, eight in
his own backyard

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and 13 with working with Gene
and Carolyn Shoemaker

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in Mt. Palomar.

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-One thing I would say
is that

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if we should see
these things at all,

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that it probably indicates we're
dealing with larger objects

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than was concluded
by SFOG and...

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and I think we may have
some up-to-date information

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from Heidi Hammel.

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[ Laughter ]

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[ Applause ]

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-Yes.

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-I'd like to introduce
Dr. Heidi Hammel.

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-Eugene Shoemaker said he would
be personally astonished

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if we saw nothing.

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Well, if we didn't
see something.

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Well, he's not going
to be astonished.

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We actually saw
some amazing things.

00:11:16.901.00:11:19.200
-Oh, boy.

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-We just downloaded
the first two orbits.

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In the first orbit, we were
able to see a plume

00:11:25.334.00:11:27.601
on the edge of the planet.

00:11:27.601.00:11:31.701
The second orbit, which I have
a raw laser printer output --

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This is as raw as it gets --

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We can actually see
the impact site itself,

00:11:36.934.00:11:38.701
and I'll remind you,
this is for

00:11:38.701.00:11:42.534
A, the first one,
not the brightest one,

00:11:42.534.00:11:45.501
so we're going to have
a really exciting week.

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So more details to come.

00:11:46.934.00:11:48.534
We just got this data down.

00:11:48.534.00:11:50.601
We haven't had a chance
to do anything with it,

00:11:50.601.00:11:52.367
and I'll be talking
with you at 10 o'clock

00:11:52.367.00:11:55.734
about what we have actually
seen in the larger data set.

00:11:57.634.00:12:00.334
[ Cheers and applause ]

00:12:10.334.00:12:12.434
[ Indistinct yelling ]

00:12:14.367.00:12:15.734
-What's the wavelength, Heidi?

00:12:15.734.00:12:18.968
-This is a methane
filter at 889.

00:12:18.968.00:12:20.667
Do you have pencil
or pen, something?

00:12:20.667.00:12:23.801
-Yes, here.

00:12:23.801.00:12:25.234
-I don't even have
a piece of card board

00:12:25.234.00:12:27.100
to have this mounted on.
Okay.

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We just blew up a section
of the planet.

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This is the southern pole here.

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You see there's a little --
there's a bright streak.

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-Let me hold it for you.
-You see that bright streak?

00:12:35.567.00:12:37.100
And around the edge
of the streak,

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there's some other stuff.

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Stuff.
[ Laughter ]

00:12:41.801.00:12:44.667
I'll tell you more
about the stuff tonight.

00:12:44.667.00:12:46.267
-Whoo!

00:12:46.267.00:12:48.734
[ Applause ]

00:12:55.133.00:12:57.367
[ Laughter ]

00:12:57.367.00:12:59.767
[ Applause ]

00:13:05.667.00:13:08.067
[ Laughter ]

00:13:10.300.00:13:12.701
-I think we may have
some more questions here.

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[ Laughter ]

00:13:17.234.00:13:20.834
-Wow.
-Would you like to comment?

00:13:20.834.00:13:24.000
-Well, I think you can all
lay your worries to rest.

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Those reports from Spain
and Chile are right.

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[ Laughter ]

00:13:29.334.00:13:31.667
And I think that we...

00:13:31.667.00:13:34.300
I'll personally bet
another taste of champagne

00:13:34.300.00:13:36.834
with Brian Marsden
that we've got big objects.

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Those are not puny.

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Not to show the...

00:13:40.133.00:13:41.868
To see the effects that we're
seeing, you have to put

00:13:41.868.00:13:43.834
a lot of energy
into the atmosphere,

00:13:43.834.00:13:48.167
so I think we're very,
very privileged tonight

00:13:48.167.00:13:51.968
to see an event that's
not once in a lifetime.

00:13:51.968.00:13:53.400
It's once in a millennium.

00:14:02.567.00:14:05.834
-Good morning from the Goddard
Space Flight Center in Maryland.

00:14:05.834.00:14:08.901
You're looking at a very happy
group of people after a week,

00:14:08.901.00:14:10.868
a long week of exciting science,

00:14:10.868.00:14:14.400
and this is the Hubble Space
Telescope science team.

00:14:14.400.00:14:16.367
Congratulations to all of you.

00:14:17.934.00:14:20.801
[ Applause ]

00:14:25.300.00:14:28.100
And all of you,
welcome to the last edition

00:14:28.100.00:14:31.033
of our Daily Comet Update
for July 23.

00:14:31.033.00:14:33.267
I'm Don Savage,
the public affairs officer

00:14:33.267.00:14:35.167
for the Office of Space Science,

00:14:35.167.00:14:38.267
and we're here at Goddard Space
Flight Center today in Maryland,

00:14:38.267.00:14:39.868
and I'd like to go ahead

00:14:39.868.00:14:42.267
and introduce
our panelists for today.

00:14:44.534.00:14:45.767
This morning --

00:14:45.767.00:14:47.067
Before I introduce
the panelists, pardon me --

00:14:47.067.00:14:48.801
This morning, we'll have a look
at the impact

00:14:48.801.00:14:50.234
of the last comet fragment

00:14:50.234.00:14:52.400
to hit the planet,
which is Fragment W,

00:14:52.400.00:14:54.133
and we'll bring you
some early results

00:14:54.133.00:14:57.067
on how the planet has changed
due to the impacts,

00:14:57.067.00:14:59.434
and now let me
introduce our panelists.

00:14:59.434.00:15:03.634
From left, Dr. Heidi Hammel
from MIT,

00:15:03.634.00:15:05.234
a member of the
Wide Field Planetary

00:15:05.234.00:15:08.667
Camera 2 team observing the
dynamics of the comet's impacts

00:15:08.667.00:15:09.968
on Jupiter.

00:15:09.968.00:15:12.400
To her left,
Dr. Melissa McGrath,

00:15:12.400.00:15:14.567
a member of the Faint
Object Spectrograph

00:15:14.567.00:15:17.100
and High Resolution
Spectrograph teams,

00:15:17.100.00:15:19.167
and she's been observing
the results of the comet

00:15:19.167.00:15:21.734
impacts on Jupiter's atmosphere.

00:15:21.734.00:15:25.267
To her left, Dr. Eugene
Shoemaker joining us again.

00:15:25.267.00:15:27.100
Of course a long-time
comet watcher

00:15:27.100.00:15:28.767
and co-discoverer of the comet,

00:15:28.767.00:15:30.734
and he's an astronomer
at Lowell Observatory

00:15:30.734.00:15:32.767
in Flagstaff
and Scientist Emeritus

00:15:32.767.00:15:35.701
at the U.S. Geological Survey,

00:15:35.701.00:15:38.667
and to his left, his wife,
Dr. Carolyn Shoemaker,

00:15:38.667.00:15:40.667
also a long-time
comet watcher

00:15:40.667.00:15:42.834
and co-discoverer of comet
Shoemaker-Levy 9

00:15:42.834.00:15:45.434
and astronomer at Lowell.

00:15:45.434.00:15:50.701
To her left, David Levy,
co-discoverer of the comet

00:15:50.701.00:15:54.701
and astronomer and writer
of popular books

00:15:54.701.00:15:59.133
on astronomy and speaker
on the subject of astronomy,

00:15:59.133.00:16:01.601
and to his left,
Dr. Lucy McFadden

00:16:01.601.00:16:02.868
from the University of Maryland

00:16:02.868.00:16:04.801
and the University
of California,

00:16:04.801.00:16:07.968
a coordinator of the worldwide
comet observing campaign

00:16:07.968.00:16:11.100
and a visiting professor
at the University of Maryland.

00:16:11.100.00:16:14.367
-Heidi, what was the highlight
of the week for you?

00:16:14.367.00:16:16.267
-Well, the first highlight,
I think,

00:16:16.267.00:16:17.968
was just the fantastic imaging

00:16:17.968.00:16:20.400
that the Hubble Space
Telescope returned to us.

00:16:20.400.00:16:23.667
I think that all of us
were astounded by the quality,

00:16:23.667.00:16:26.100
and what we saw
in those images,

00:16:26.100.00:16:33.234
plumes, ripples, incredible
circulation in the atmosphere

00:16:33.234.00:16:35.634
that is just starting
to become apparent.

00:16:35.634.00:16:37.767
All those things
were just amazing.

00:16:37.767.00:16:40.534
The auroral arcs
as the fragments

00:16:40.534.00:16:42.667
interacted with
the magnetic field.

00:16:42.667.00:16:45.300
Sulfur -- I mean,
it's just incredible.

00:16:45.300.00:16:47.100
Seeing the comet pieces now.

00:16:47.100.00:16:49.334
Seeing their spectral signature.

00:16:49.334.00:16:51.300
Those were all just absolutely
amazing highlights

00:16:51.300.00:16:52.467
for all of us.

00:16:52.467.00:16:53.834
I think, though,
that the highlight

00:16:53.834.00:16:55.701
we'll all take back with us

00:16:55.701.00:16:59.267
is seeing the actual
impacts occurring,

00:16:59.267.00:17:02.234
seeing those very first
images of the A impact

00:17:02.234.00:17:05.334
that none of us
expected to see.

00:17:05.334.00:17:08.701
I think that was the biggest
highlight for all of us,

00:17:08.701.00:17:09.968
the most exciting thing,

00:17:09.968.00:17:13.434
and we actually have footage
to show you of that

00:17:13.434.00:17:16.167
in case you want
to see it again.

00:17:16.167.00:17:18.400
There's something...
Why don't you go back?

00:17:18.400.00:17:20.400
-This is the first orbit, right?
-Yeah.

00:17:20.400.00:17:22.601
This is the latitude that we're
looking for something,

00:17:22.601.00:17:23.767
right there.

00:17:23.767.00:17:25.334
Contours, you can tell
pretty well

00:17:25.334.00:17:27.467
that there wasn't
too much there.

00:17:27.467.00:17:30.767
-Are you sure it's in there?
-This is the 4-second

00:17:30.767.00:17:33.067
-Look! Look!

00:17:33.067.00:17:34.200
-[ Gasps ]
-Look.

00:17:34.200.00:17:35.334
-Oh, wow.
-Yeah, that's it.

00:17:35.334.00:17:37.067
-Oh, my god.
-That's it.

00:17:37.067.00:17:38.868
-Look at that.

00:17:38.868.00:17:40.367
Look at...

00:17:40.367.00:17:42.501
[ Indistinct conversations,
applause ]

00:17:46.033.00:17:49.100
-Okay.

00:17:49.100.00:17:50.267
-Look at it.

00:17:50.267.00:17:51.834
Look at 9:53.

00:17:51.834.00:17:54.667
-Wow.

00:17:54.667.00:17:57.100
-Look at that.
-Whoa!

00:17:57.100.00:17:59.467
[ Indistinct conversations ]

00:18:05.133.00:18:07.033
-Unbelievable.

00:18:07.033.00:18:08.667
Wow.

00:18:09.801.00:18:11.601
-Yay!

00:18:11.601.00:18:14.000
[ Applause ]

00:18:16.300.00:18:17.767
[ Laughter ]

00:18:17.767.00:18:20.234
-All right. [ Laughs ]

00:18:20.234.00:18:21.801
Okay.
That's great.