WEBVTT FILE

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!!musiC@!!!musiC@!

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!!musiC@!!!musiC@!

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-Welcome to the Space Telescope
Science Institute.

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I'm Peter Stockman,
the Institute's deputy director.

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The Institute was created
by NASA in 1981

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to manage the science program
of the Hubble Space Telescope.

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Like the telescope,
the Institute is a partnership

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between NASA and
the European Space Agency.

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Many ESA scientists
and engineers

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play critical roles
in our mission

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to serve
the astronomical community.

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As part of our mission,
we're also a research center,

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attracting many scientists and
users from all over the world.

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We've created this video as
an introduction to the operation

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of the Hubble Space Telescope
and the Institute.

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We follow science programs from
their description and proposals

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to the detail commanding that
are sent up to the spacecraft,

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to the receipt, analysis
and archiving of science data,

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but first, we begin with
a user's view of the telescope

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and the unique capabilities
that it represents.

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-Okay, there are
three main advantages

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to the Hubble Space Telescope.

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By being above
the Earth's atmosphere,

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we can observe
the wavelength range

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all the way from the ultraviolet

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to the near-infrared
through the optical.

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That we cannot do
from the ground.

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We are limited to the optical
and some windows in infrared.

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The second main advantage
is that we can see,

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because of the Earth's
atmosphere not being there,

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we can see fainter objects

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because we don't have
a background

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that is normally observed

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even in the best observing sites
on the Earth,

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and the third advantage,

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the one that we really built
the HST for,

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is to take advantage of the
increased spatial resolution

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we have access to from space.

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That comes about because, again,
the atmosphere is not there.

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We don't have the disturbance
created by the atmosphere,

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and therefore we have
a much better resolution.

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We can see objects that
are closer to each other

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by a factor of about 10.

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This means that the science
we can do with the HST

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really spans the whole universe,

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from the nearest planets
to the most distant quasars.

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So, the whole of the universe
is accessible to HST,

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and that means the astronomy
we can do is accessible

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to all of the astronomers
that have ground-based projects

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or space projects
with regular telescopes,

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and basically,
HST is going to be,

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and is already, a tool
for hundreds of astronomers

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from all over the world.

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-The Hubble Space Telescope
takes literally

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thousands of exposures

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every year,
scientific exposures,

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some of them very short,
a few seconds or less,

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say, of the planets,
which are bright,

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and some exposures very long,

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lasting as much as hours,

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of the fainter objects
in the sky.

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These exposures are part of the
programs, the science programs,

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of several hundred
professional astronomers

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and physicists who have proposed
to use Hubble Space Telescope.

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In order to make the telescope
usable by this community of,

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you know, almost 1,000 people,

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a lot of technical services
have to be provided.

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It's a complicated life cycle.

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The user will be involved
with their proposal

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and their program
and their observations

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and their data-analysis stages
for upwards of four years,

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and they have to, in order to
work their way through the maze

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or through the labyrinth
of systems

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and software and complications,

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we provide intensive support
to user community.

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We try to, which starts
with the process

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of how do you put together
a proposal, you know,

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one that can be executed
on the telescope successfully

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and be scientifically
important enough

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that the peer-review panels that
look at all the proposals decide

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that this one is worthy
of the time on the telescope.

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We are oversubscribed.

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There are probably
four or five times

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as many astronomers
wanting to use the telescope

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as there is time available.

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So the first step
is getting proposals reviewed

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and selecting
the best of the good.

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-The science program selection
office has the responsibility

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for managing the process
of soliciting, reviewing

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and selecting
the science program

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for the Hubble Space Telescope.

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The selection process
starts roughly 15 months

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before an observing cycle
begins,

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when we issue an announcement
of opportunity

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to the international
astronomical community.

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Four months after
that announcement,

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we have a proposal deadline

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where we receive several
hundred proposals.

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After receiving these proposals,

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we then contact several dozen
expert reviewers

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from around the world

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to serve on six
specialized review panels.

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Each of these reviewers will
read from 20 to 50 proposals

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and judge them
on their scientific merit

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and on their need
for the unique capabilities

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of the Hubble Space Telescope.

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In parallel with this
scientific review,

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we also conduct
two major reviews in-house.

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One is the technical-feasibility
review to determine

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if the telescope
can actually carry out

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the proposed observations,

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and the second is
a duplication review

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to see if
the proposed observations

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actually duplicate
previously-approved programs.

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All of these evaluations
are reviewed, and reviews

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are then evaluated
at a series of review meetings

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at the Institute,
where the extra reviewers come

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and make recommendations
for an approved program.

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Those recommendations go

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to a final
telescope-allocation committee

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who then put it all together

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into a single balanced list
of approved programs

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that goes to the director
for final approval.

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After the director makes
his review and final acceptance,

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we notify
the successful proposers.

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It's at this point that the
proposers then work very closely

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with the specialists
on the instruments

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and the telescope to develop
a feasible, efficient,

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scientifically-productive
series of observations.

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-Once an astronomer
has an accepted proposal,

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that program has to be converted

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into a working proposal
with the Telescope,

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and that's where the Telescope
and Instruments Branch comes in.

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Typically, an astronomer
will use a handbook

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in order to determine
how the instrument will work.

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In addition, there will be
many calibration questions

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the astronomer will need
to know the answers to.

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What is the photometric
precision?

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What is the wavelength accuracy?

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What's the plate scale?

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Astronomers in the Telescopes
and Instruments Branch

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are responsible for writing
and maintaining handbooks

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and also for developing the
calibration of the instruments.

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As you know, Hubble has two
cameras, two spectrographs,

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a high-speed photometer
and the FGSes,

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which are used for
positional astronomy.

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The instruments have changed
their performance in orbit,

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and we've been kept very busy

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in actually understanding
how they work

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and how to calibrate them.

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Once a program
has been accepted

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and we have verified it,

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it is then handed over
to the Science Planning Branch,

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who are responsible
for the actual scheduling

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of the operation.

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-Once a proposal is handed off
to the Science Planning Branch,

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this proposal is put
through a proposal review.

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This proposal review consists
of feasibility checks,

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which configurations and modes
are being performed,

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when the observations will have
any time criticality

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to them and other activities.

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The next stage
is transformation.

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Transformation takes a proposal

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out of the proposal-entry
database and segments it

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by merging and ordering
in the proper form to the format

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that is used in the Science
Planning and Scheduling System,

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which is the Proposal Management
Database.

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Guide star responses
are generated

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from the transformation system.

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These are forwarded over to
the guide star selection system

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to perform an initial
yearlong guide star check.

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These responses
are fed back into

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the Spike scheduling system,

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which is an advanced
set of tools

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which is used to evaluate

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where a given observation
can be scheduled.

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The proposal is put into the
Spike system where it's looked

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at what are the constraints,
what lengths it has,

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what time and criteria
the merging,

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and it is used to provide
for what is the best suitability

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for observing that target
in a given week

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in the given planning cycle.

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For moving target programs,
we perform an additional step,

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which is running the MOS System,

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which is the
Moving Object Support System,

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and this provides checks
for the geometric constraints

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of the observation,

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where is the planet
going to be in the field

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for the HST to observe it,

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and also provides the exact
ephemeris that is used

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for the science Planning
and Scheduling System Branch.

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The last step
of the planning process

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is actually the delivery
of our products

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to the Science Planning
and Scheduling System,

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where this occurs
at T-minus 28 days

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prior to execution
of an observation.

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-In SPSS we schedule
the science activities

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in one-week intervals.
The main three things we do

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are calendar
and proposal preparation,

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calendar building,
and SMS generation.

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The one-week calendar content

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we get from SPD about
eight weeks before execution,

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and we have to yield
proposal data about them, too,

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because we have to do a lot
of preparation and fixing up.

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We review all the proposals
for structural problems

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that are going lead
to difficult or impossible

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scheduling constraints.

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Then we fix up all the problems
from software,

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and before the calendar
is actually built,

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we have to worry about
getting guide stars

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for any of the proposals
that need guide stars,

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which are most of them.

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The calendar construction itself
begins about 5 1/2 weeks

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before execution,

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and at that point, we schedule
everything down to the second,

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avoiding all the constraints
we have to avoid.

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The primary constraint we have,
since we're in low Earth orbit,

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is Earth occultation,

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and since we are
in low Earth orbit,

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we lose about half the orbit
every orbit up to that.

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Some of the other constraints
are sun and moon avoidance,

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SAA avoidance,
just getting the guide stars

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and instrument warm-up
and cooldown times.

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-Once the calendar is built,

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the science mission
specification is then generated.

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The SMS is a detailed text file
that contains all the commanding

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to control spacecraft altitude

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and the management of
the science instruments.

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After the SMS has been generated
and reviewed by SPSS,

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it is then sent
to Science Commanding

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for a detailed review of the
commanding contained in the SMS.

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Once they have reviewed it
and passed it,

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SPSS then sends
the SMS down to pass

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at Goddard Space Flight Center
for further processing.

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So at any one time,
SPSS has in the pipeline

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five to six weeks
worth of calendars or SMSes,

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starting with the calendar
that is currently being prepared

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to be built to the SMSes

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currently executing
onboard the spacecraft.

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-There are several different
computer software packages

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which are used to transfer
an astronomer's request

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into the binary code
that the telescope

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and its science
instruments understand.

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The Science Commanding Group
is just one of

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the software groups
here at the Institute.

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We are responsible
for providing the programs

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which describe the detailed
steps needed to carry out

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the requested
science observations.

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We also provide the programs

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which contain
the actual commands

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that are sent to the spacecraft.

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For example, let's say
an astronomer asks to take

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a photograph of a galaxy
with the Faint Object Camera.

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Our programs, which first
configure the filter rails,

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then set the photographic size,

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then open the shutter
to begin collecting photons,

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then start up
the science tape recorder

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to get ready
to receive the data,

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then shut the shutter
to end the exposure,

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dump the data
to the science tape recorder

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and then turn
the tape recorder off.

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Each step is detailed
and timed precisely.

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There are over 1,000 programs

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used to direct standard
science observations.

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Many of the programs were
derived from those used to test

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the instruments while
they still were on the ground.

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Our programs are actually run

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by the Science Planning
and Scheduling Group.

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Their programs direct usage
of the appropriate program

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for each scheduled activity.

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Our programs
then produce a detailed

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second-by-second description

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of the steps needed
to carry out each activity.

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This detailed description
is then delivered

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to the Goddard
Space Flight Center

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for further processing.

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-The Hubble Space Telescope
project at Goddard

00:12:12.167.00:12:15.033
has the overall responsibility
of mission operations

00:12:15.033.00:12:17.634
for the Hubble Telescope.

00:12:17.634.00:12:22.000
Here, we worry about the health
and safety of the spacecraft.

00:12:22.000.00:12:23.901
We fly the spacecraft.

00:12:23.901.00:12:27.667
We do all the scheduling
for the support activities

00:12:27.667.00:12:30.200
to complete the science mission.

00:12:30.200.00:12:34.801
The Science Institute sends
to Goddard a time-ordered,

00:12:34.801.00:12:37.567
seven-day list
of science activities.

00:12:37.567.00:12:40.701
From this seven-day list,
we go through that

00:12:40.701.00:12:43.067
to determine what
support services are needed,

00:12:43.067.00:12:48.200
such as communications,
tape recorder management,

00:12:48.200.00:12:50.467
how we manage
the high-gain antenna system,

00:12:50.467.00:12:53.100
how we manage the power system
and momentum

00:12:53.100.00:12:55.434
to run the science mission.

00:12:55.434.00:12:59.200
We send the commands to have
the science data sent down,

00:12:59.200.00:13:01.901
again, through TDRSS to Goddard,

00:13:01.901.00:13:04.868
where it is collected
in the data collection facility,

00:13:04.868.00:13:08.133
and then it is shipped
to the Science Institute,

00:13:08.133.00:13:10.400
and they, within 24 hours,

00:13:10.400.00:13:13.534
usually a lot less
shorter than that.

00:13:13.534.00:13:15.634
-At the observation
support system here

00:13:15.634.00:13:18.267
at the Space Telescope
Science Institute,

00:13:18.267.00:13:20.400
we quality check
the science data

00:13:20.400.00:13:23.734
to ensure there's nothing
wrong with the observation,

00:13:23.734.00:13:25.901
there's nothing wrong
with the science instrument,

00:13:25.901.00:13:28.767
and that there's nothing
wrong with the spacecraft.

00:13:28.767.00:13:31.033
For the images, we would
normally display them

00:13:31.033.00:13:32.901
on an imaging device.

00:13:32.901.00:13:35.200
For most of them,
that would be sufficient,

00:13:35.200.00:13:37.901
a visual inspection
is sufficient to see

00:13:37.901.00:13:39.334
that there's nothing wrong,

00:13:39.334.00:13:42.200
either with the instrument
or the spacecraft.

00:13:42.200.00:13:44.601
For data from
the high-speed photometer

00:13:44.601.00:13:46.467
or one of the spectrographs,

00:13:46.467.00:13:48.834
we would also display
those data,

00:13:48.834.00:13:50.334
but we would, in addition,

00:13:50.334.00:13:54.167
normally run some kind of a
statistical command on the data

00:13:54.167.00:13:56.501
so that we could look
at the trend of the data,

00:13:56.501.00:13:59.834
look at the RMS scatter
of the data

00:13:59.834.00:14:04.100
and maybe look at the jitter
to see if something is wrong

00:14:04.100.00:14:06.300
either with the spacecraft
or the instrument

00:14:06.300.00:14:09.367
while those data
were being obtained.

00:14:09.367.00:14:14.667
From here, you'd go back
to the PODPS system to see there

00:14:14.667.00:14:19.501
the data that's actually being
sent from here to the observers.

00:14:19.501.00:14:22.868
-Well, in addition to going to
the observation support system,

00:14:22.868.00:14:25.334
the data from the five
instruments on Hubble

00:14:25.334.00:14:28.501
are split off at the Goddard
Space Flight Center

00:14:28.501.00:14:30.868
to the Data Capture Facility
there.

00:14:30.868.00:14:34.901
This facility corrects
for errors in transmission,

00:14:34.901.00:14:38.167
bit flips from zero
to one or one to zero.

00:14:38.167.00:14:39.367
Then, twice a day,

00:14:39.367.00:14:41.601
my post observation
data processing branch

00:14:41.601.00:14:44.000
receives batches of data
from them.

00:14:44.000.00:14:45.968
Our system here
at the Institute performs

00:14:45.968.00:14:49.000
several stages of data
processing automatically

00:14:49.000.00:14:52.400
so long as no errors
are detected by the software.

00:14:52.400.00:14:56.067
If errors occur, our operators
use specific procedures

00:14:56.067.00:14:57.601
to fix the problem

00:14:57.601.00:15:01.400
and send the observation back
through the automatic pipeline.

00:15:01.400.00:15:05.567
The pipeline processing converts
the raw bits of the telemetry

00:15:05.567.00:15:07.567
into a format
which can be analyzed

00:15:07.567.00:15:10.701
by the proposer
or archive researcher

00:15:10.701.00:15:14.300
and calibrates the data
to remove instrumental effects.

00:15:14.300.00:15:17.734
Processing also generates
a plot or a glossy print

00:15:17.734.00:15:19.767
for the proposer

00:15:19.767.00:15:23.400
and sends the data automatically
to the archive system.

00:15:23.400.00:15:25.767
-DMF is responsible
for the archive

00:15:25.767.00:15:28.501
and retrieval of all HST data.

00:15:28.501.00:15:31.734
It is also responsible for
the access to and maintenance

00:15:31.734.00:15:35.200
of the space telescope catalog,
or StarCAT,

00:15:35.200.00:15:37.601
and the distribution of all data

00:15:37.601.00:15:41.033
to the European Coordinating
Facility in Germany

00:15:41.033.00:15:44.000
and the principal investigators
of each proposal.

00:15:44.000.00:15:46.300
All HST data
is currently archived

00:15:46.300.00:15:49.067
to two optical disks
simultaneously.

00:15:49.067.00:15:52.634
One copy is sent to ECF
in Munich, Germany,

00:15:52.634.00:15:54.334
and the other copy
is retained here

00:15:54.334.00:15:57.000
as the permanent HST archive,

00:15:57.000.00:16:01.968
and each optical disk contains
about 2 gigabytes of data,

00:16:01.968.00:16:05.267
and approximately
200 pairs of optical disks

00:16:05.267.00:16:07.734
have been generated
since launch.

00:16:07.734.00:16:10.133
A third copy of all HST data

00:16:10.133.00:16:15.367
is also generated to
8 millimeter tape as a backup.

00:16:15.367.00:16:21.367
All HST science data
that is with big FOS, FOC, HRS,

00:16:21.367.00:16:26.200
is put on a shared
magnetic disk in DMF,

00:16:26.200.00:16:29.567
and from there 9-track
or 8 millimeter tape

00:16:29.567.00:16:36.367
in FITS format is generated
for distribution to the PI.

00:16:36.367.00:16:38.567
After the PI receives its data,

00:16:38.567.00:16:43.467
he's assisted in his research
by Research Support Branch.

00:16:43.467.00:16:46.400
-RSP has a staff of 15 science
data analysts

00:16:46.400.00:16:49.367
that help you to understand

00:16:49.367.00:16:50.634
and analyze

00:16:50.634.00:16:53.367
their Hubble Space Telescope
data.

00:16:53.367.00:16:57.200
Before coming to the Institute,
the SDAs collect

00:16:57.200.00:17:00.434
all the necessary information
and upon consultation

00:17:00.434.00:17:03.067
with the instrument scientists,

00:17:03.067.00:17:05.234
they draw a plan
for the GO to follow

00:17:05.234.00:17:08.734
to reduce and analyze
their observations.

00:17:08.734.00:17:11.467
Once the GO is here, we work
very closely with them,

00:17:11.467.00:17:14.534
teaching them all
the necessary software

00:17:14.534.00:17:17.868
and pointing to the appropriate
calibration files, for example,

00:17:17.868.00:17:21.067
the documentation that they need
to read to understand

00:17:21.067.00:17:22.667
what has happened to the data

00:17:22.667.00:17:26.000
and what is the best way
to proceed.

00:17:26.000.00:17:30.400
The SDAs are the prime contact
of the GOs

00:17:30.400.00:17:33.801
when they come here
to work with the data.

00:17:33.801.00:17:37.200
We also support GOs remotely
for those that don't choose

00:17:37.200.00:17:39.801
to come to the Institute
to work with the data.

00:17:39.801.00:17:42.167
We do that mainly
be e-mail or phone,

00:17:42.167.00:17:43.767
and the services
that we provide to them

00:17:43.767.00:17:46.834
are exactly the same
as if they were here,

00:17:46.834.00:17:50.000
mainly providing them
to the pointers

00:17:50.000.00:17:55.434
of where the reference files are
and sending these files to them,

00:17:55.434.00:17:58.000
sending them
additional documentation

00:17:58.000.00:18:00.868
and guiding them
through the whole steps

00:18:00.868.00:18:03.200
to recalibrate the data,

00:18:03.200.00:18:05.901
for example,
if that is necessary.

00:18:05.901.00:18:10.634
The science data analysts
also support staff research,

00:18:10.634.00:18:15.100
and they're experts in many of
the most common software tools

00:18:15.100.00:18:20.868
for astronomical analysis
like APES, IDL, Vista,

00:18:20.868.00:18:24.067
and in particular
IRAF and STSDAS.

00:18:24.067.00:18:27.567
For the GOs that come here,
once the work is finished

00:18:27.567.00:18:29.968
and they have analyzed
and extracted

00:18:29.968.00:18:33.167
all the science that they want,
they can use the facilities

00:18:33.167.00:18:35.334
of the Education
and Public Affairs office

00:18:35.334.00:18:38.033
to disseminate the data.

00:18:38.033.00:18:43.133
-Academic Affairs Division
is sort of

00:18:43.133.00:18:46.701
the scientific conscience
of the Institute.

00:18:46.701.00:18:53.667
We are in charge of helping
the astronomical community

00:18:53.667.00:18:59.767
and the Institute itself to put
the HST results in context

00:18:59.767.00:19:02.901
and get the best out of it.

00:19:02.901.00:19:09.567
The way it is done
is by discussing the results

00:19:09.567.00:19:15.801
in workshops and colloquial,
and we have the main workshop

00:19:15.801.00:19:18.300
which is, in fact,
more probably called a symposium

00:19:18.300.00:19:22.167
because it's a really big event
with a large audience

00:19:22.167.00:19:24.434
and broad subjects,

00:19:24.434.00:19:27.200
which attracts people
from everywhere in the world.

00:19:27.200.00:19:31.901
In addition to workshops,
we have colloquia and visitors,

00:19:31.901.00:19:35.067
so we are attracting people
coming here to tell us

00:19:35.067.00:19:37.634
what they're doing
in other places,

00:19:37.634.00:19:41.434
what they're planning
to do with observations

00:19:41.434.00:19:44.767
both with HST
and other instruments

00:19:44.767.00:19:49.334
and to tell us about
problems in astronomy,

00:19:49.334.00:19:54.567
which can trigger more
observing with space telescope,

00:19:54.567.00:19:57.400
more development of astronomy.

00:19:57.400.00:20:01.567
Last, but not least, is
the Hubble Fellowship Program,

00:20:01.567.00:20:05.667
which is a program which was
started a couple of years ago

00:20:05.667.00:20:12.400
aiming at attracting the best
young PhDs into space astronomy

00:20:12.400.00:20:15.501
and in particular
to HST astronomy.

00:20:15.501.00:20:21.167
So, essentially, we are relaying
the science from Space Telescope

00:20:21.167.00:20:23.901
to the astronomical community.

00:20:23.901.00:20:28.434
Part to what we're doing,
the EPA,

00:20:28.434.00:20:30.801
the Education
and Public Affairs division,

00:20:30.801.00:20:34.667
is doing to the general public.

00:20:34.667.00:20:36.701
-The staff at the Space
Telescope Science Institute

00:20:36.701.00:20:39.234
feels a special
responsibility and obligation

00:20:39.234.00:20:41.834
to share the early
Hubble science results

00:20:41.834.00:20:43.267
with the general public.

00:20:43.267.00:20:45.000
We want to especially
capture the joy

00:20:45.000.00:20:46.834
and the excitement
of doing science,

00:20:46.834.00:20:48.400
let kids of
the next generation know

00:20:48.400.00:20:50.434
that it's fun to be a scientist.

00:20:50.434.00:20:53.267
In many ways, science can be
sterile if it's not incorporated

00:20:53.267.00:20:56.234
and integrated into the general
culture of our society.

00:20:56.234.00:20:58.534
In Education and Public Affairs
here at the Institute,

00:20:58.534.00:21:00.234
we work with
visiting astronomers

00:21:00.234.00:21:01.634
in a variety of ways.

00:21:01.634.00:21:02.968
For example,
in the public domain,

00:21:02.968.00:21:06.133
we try to work with them
closely to issue press releases.

00:21:06.133.00:21:07.868
In the Astronomy
Visualization Laboratory,

00:21:07.868.00:21:10.934
we try to capture the essence
of their findings on videotape

00:21:10.934.00:21:12.767
that can be used in schools,

00:21:12.767.00:21:14.367
and in the educational
domain itself,

00:21:14.367.00:21:15.801
we work with
visiting astronomers

00:21:15.801.00:21:17.834
to try to package
together products

00:21:17.834.00:21:20.901
and hands-on activities
that teachers can use.

00:21:20.901.00:21:22.467
In many ways,
we're not just sitting here,

00:21:22.467.00:21:24.267
waiting for the public
to approach us

00:21:24.267.00:21:26.767
or the taxpayer
to ask us questions.

00:21:26.767.00:21:28.901
Rather, we're aggressively
reaching out

00:21:28.901.00:21:30.634
and trying to teach and educate

00:21:30.634.00:21:32.501
and thereby disseminating
the essence

00:21:32.501.00:21:35.067
and early findings
of the science mission

00:21:35.067.00:21:38.634
into the very fabric
of our society.

00:21:38.634.00:21:40.934
-You've seen the broad range
of activities it takes

00:21:40.934.00:21:42.601
to run
the Hubble Space Telescope

00:21:42.601.00:21:45.400
24 hours a day. 7 days a week.

00:21:45.400.00:21:47.067
from the solicitation
of proposals

00:21:47.067.00:21:49.734
to the dissemination
of results to the public

00:21:49.734.00:21:51.501
and the astronomical community.

00:21:51.501.00:21:53.767
I hope you've gained
a better understanding

00:21:53.767.00:21:57.234
of the diverse talents and ideas
it takes to run the HST.

00:21:57.234.00:22:05.534
!!musiC@!!!musiC@!

00:22:05.534.00:22:13.767
!!musiC@!!!musiC@!

00:22:13.767.00:22:22.000
!!musiC@!!!musiC@!

00:22:22.000.00:22:30.234
!!musiC@!!!musiC@!

00:22:30.234.00:22:38.467
!!musiC@!!!musiC@!