WEBVTT FILE 1 00:00:06.356 --> 00:00:06.823 >> Karen Fox: HELLO, AND 2 00:00:06.856 --> 00:00:07.490 WELCOME! 3 00:00:07.524 --> 00:00:09.325 WE ARE TALKING ABOUT NASA'S 4 00:00:09.359 --> 00:00:10.260 NEWEST MISSION GOLD. 5 00:00:10.293 --> 00:00:12.228 GOLD WILL BE EXPLORING OUR 6 00:00:12.262 --> 00:00:13.163 INTERFACE TO SPACE. 7 00:00:13.196 --> 00:00:13.897 I'M KAREN FOX. 8 00:00:13.930 --> 00:00:18.868 I'M HERE TODAY AT NASA'S 9 00:00:18.902 --> 00:00:19.703 GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER IN 10 00:00:19.736 --> 00:00:20.704 GREEN BELT, MARYLAND. 11 00:00:20.737 --> 00:00:23.807 WE WILL TAKE YOUR COMMENTS, IN 12 00:00:23.840 --> 00:00:25.909 THE SECTION DOWN BELOW OR USE 13 00:00:25.942 --> 00:00:26.543 #ASKNASA. 14 00:00:26.576 --> 00:00:28.311 WE WILL BE ANSWERING YOUR 15 00:00:28.344 --> 00:00:29.512 QUESTIONS A LITTLE LATER IN THE 16 00:00:29.546 --> 00:00:30.146 SHOW. 17 00:00:30.180 --> 00:00:32.882 WE ARE TALKING TODAY ABOUT 18 00:00:32.916 --> 00:00:33.516 SPACE. 19 00:00:33.550 --> 00:00:34.984 I DON'T MEAN THE FARTHEST 20 00:00:35.018 --> 00:00:36.820 PICTURES OF SPACE THAT HUBBLE 21 00:00:36.853 --> 00:00:37.854 TAKES PICTURES OF. 22 00:00:37.887 --> 00:00:40.090 I'M TALKING ABOUT THE FABRIC OF 23 00:00:40.123 --> 00:00:41.991 SPACE BETWEEN THE PLANETS AND 24 00:00:42.025 --> 00:00:44.227 THAT SPACE AROUND EARTH. 25 00:00:44.260 --> 00:00:45.295 INCREASINGLY THIS IS THE DOMAIN 26 00:00:45.328 --> 00:00:46.896 OF HUMANS. 27 00:00:46.930 --> 00:00:48.198 WE HAVE SATELLITES TRAVELING 28 00:00:48.231 --> 00:00:48.832 THROUGH THEM. 29 00:00:48.865 --> 00:00:50.266 WE HAVE RADIOCOMMUNICATION 30 00:00:50.300 --> 00:00:51.468 WAVES TRAVELING THROUGH THERE 31 00:00:51.501 --> 00:00:54.104 AND IT'S A DYNAMIC PLACE, THE 32 00:00:54.137 --> 00:00:55.705 UPPER ATMOSPHERE AFFECTS IT AND 33 00:00:55.739 --> 00:00:57.407 SPACE WEATHER AFFECTS IT FROM 34 00:00:57.440 --> 00:00:59.042 ABOVE AND WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND 35 00:00:59.075 --> 00:01:00.510 IT BETTER WHICH IS WHAT GOLD 36 00:01:00.543 --> 00:01:01.811 WILL HELP US DO. 37 00:01:01.845 --> 00:01:03.546 TO TALK A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT 38 00:01:03.580 --> 00:01:08.818 THAT TODAY, WE HAVE RICHARD 39 00:01:08.852 --> 00:01:09.486 EASTES. 40 00:01:09.519 --> 00:01:11.054 RICHARD EASTES IS THE PERSON 41 00:01:11.087 --> 00:01:12.789 WHO CONCEIVED OF THE GOLD 42 00:01:12.822 --> 00:01:14.190 MISSION AND WATCHING IT ALL THE 43 00:01:14.224 --> 00:01:15.325 WAY THROUGH DEVELOPMENT. 44 00:01:15.358 --> 00:01:17.660 I WANT TO START OUT JUST 45 00:01:17.694 --> 00:01:19.496 HEARING A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE 46 00:01:19.529 --> 00:01:20.130 BEGINNINGS. 47 00:01:20.163 --> 00:01:21.297 WHAT WERE YOU INSPIRED BY? 48 00:01:21.331 --> 00:01:22.866 WHAT WAS IT THAT YOU WANTED TO 49 00:01:22.899 --> 00:01:28.271 STUDDIE WITH THIS MISSION? 50 00:01:28.304 --> 00:01:31.274 >> WE WANTED TO GET THE BIG 51 00:01:31.307 --> 00:01:31.941 PICTURE. 52 00:01:31.975 --> 00:01:33.109 WE WERE STUDYING THE EARTH'S 53 00:01:33.143 --> 00:01:34.077 ATMOSPHERE AND WE HAVE BEEN 54 00:01:34.110 --> 00:01:35.678 LOOKING AT THOSE IN DETAIL, AND 55 00:01:35.712 --> 00:01:38.248 FROM THE GROUND AND FROM LOWER 56 00:01:38.281 --> 00:01:38.948 ORBIT MISSIONS. 57 00:01:38.982 --> 00:01:40.383 WE WANTED TO BACK OFF AND LOOK 58 00:01:40.416 --> 00:01:43.219 AT IT FROM GEOSTATIONAL ORBIT 59 00:01:43.253 --> 00:01:46.289 AND GET THE WHOLE HEMISPHERE AT 60 00:01:46.322 --> 00:01:48.591 ONCE AND PUT THINGS INTO 61 00:01:48.625 --> 00:01:49.492 CONTEXT, THINGS WE CAN'T 62 00:01:49.526 --> 00:01:50.727 UNDERSTAND WHEN WE ARE LOOKING 63 00:01:50.760 --> 00:01:52.495 AT ONE LITTLE PIECE AND ALSO AT 64 00:01:52.529 --> 00:01:54.697 THE SAME TIME, WE WANTED TO GET 65 00:01:54.731 --> 00:01:55.398 PICTURES OF THE TEMPERATURE 66 00:01:55.431 --> 00:01:56.800 WHICH IS SOMETHING WE NEVER HAD 67 00:01:56.833 --> 00:01:57.467 BEFORE. 68 00:01:57.500 --> 00:01:59.602 IT'S A UNIQUE PIECE OF THIS 69 00:01:59.636 --> 00:02:00.303 MISSION. 70 00:02:00.336 --> 00:02:01.304 WE WILL GET VARIOUS PIECES OF 71 00:02:01.337 --> 00:02:02.806 INFORMATION, SOME OF WHICH HAVE 72 00:02:02.839 --> 00:02:03.540 BEEN DONE BEFORE BUT THE 73 00:02:03.573 --> 00:02:04.174 TEMPERATURE IS SOMETHING 74 00:02:04.207 --> 00:02:04.841 DIFFERENT. 75 00:02:04.874 --> 00:02:05.542 WE WILL GET PICTURES OF THE 76 00:02:05.575 --> 00:02:06.910 TEMPERATURE IN THE UPPER 77 00:02:06.943 --> 00:02:07.610 ATMOSPHERE. 78 00:02:07.644 --> 00:02:08.978 THAT'S WHAT INSPIRED US TO DO 79 00:02:09.012 --> 00:02:09.679 THIS. 80 00:02:09.712 --> 00:02:10.914 THAT'S WHERE WE HEADED WHEN WE 81 00:02:10.947 --> 00:02:12.582 STARTED TO DO THIS. 82 00:02:12.615 --> 00:02:14.284 THAT'S WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO. 83 00:02:14.317 --> 00:02:15.251 >> Karen Fox: WE WILL GET A 84 00:02:15.285 --> 00:02:16.853 MORE GLOBAL SCALE PICTURE THAN 85 00:02:16.886 --> 00:02:18.688 WE HAVE BEFORE, EXCITING STUFF. 86 00:02:18.721 --> 00:02:20.824 I WOULD LIKE TO TALK A LITTLE 87 00:02:20.857 --> 00:02:22.058 BIT TODAY ABOUT WHY THAT 88 00:02:22.091 --> 00:02:23.526 MATTERS TO US DOWN ON EARTH, 89 00:02:23.560 --> 00:02:24.861 WHY THIS REGION OF SPACE 90 00:02:24.894 --> 00:02:26.062 ACTUALLY AFFECTS US AND TO 91 00:02:26.095 --> 00:02:29.165 FOCUS ON THAT, WE ARE INCLUDING 92 00:02:29.199 --> 00:02:30.466 SARAH JONES, WHO WILL BE 93 00:02:30.500 --> 00:02:31.100 JOINING US. 94 00:02:31.134 --> 00:02:33.369 SARAH JONES IS THE MISSION 95 00:02:33.403 --> 00:02:37.974 SCIENTIST FOR GOLD HERE AT NASA 96 00:02:38.007 --> 00:02:38.641 GODDARD. 97 00:02:38.675 --> 00:02:40.543 TELL US A BIT MORE ABOUT WHY 98 00:02:40.577 --> 00:02:41.744 THIS REGION OF SPACE, THIS LOW 99 00:02:41.778 --> 00:02:47.083 LEVEL OF SPACE AFFECTS US HERE. 100 00:02:47.116 --> 00:02:48.084 >> Sarah Jones: SURE, KAREN. 101 00:02:48.117 --> 00:02:50.753 SPACE IS NOT JUST THE HOME OF 102 00:02:50.787 --> 00:02:51.955 ASTRONAUTS AND WHERE SATELLITES 103 00:02:51.988 --> 00:02:52.956 FLIGHT BUT IT'S VERY IMPORTANT 104 00:02:52.989 --> 00:02:53.656 TO US. 105 00:02:53.690 --> 00:02:54.858 HOW ABOUT WE TAKE A LOOK AT 106 00:02:54.891 --> 00:02:56.092 THIS GRAPHIC. 107 00:02:56.125 --> 00:02:57.760 SO THE REGION THAT WE ARE 108 00:02:57.794 --> 00:02:59.095 TALKING ABOUT TODAY IS THE 109 00:02:59.128 --> 00:03:00.563 REGION OF THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE 110 00:03:00.597 --> 00:03:02.665 THAT STARTS AROUND 60 MILES 111 00:03:02.699 --> 00:03:05.768 ABOVE US, AND EXTENDS UPWARD. 112 00:03:05.802 --> 00:03:08.071 AND MOST OF THE GAS UP THERE IS 113 00:03:08.104 --> 00:03:09.172 ACTUALLY ESSENTIALLY AN 114 00:03:09.205 --> 00:03:10.373 EXTENSION OF THE AIR THAT WE 115 00:03:10.406 --> 00:03:12.375 BREATHE BELOW, BUT THERE'S 116 00:03:12.408 --> 00:03:13.476 ACTUALLY A SMALL COMPONENT 117 00:03:13.509 --> 00:03:15.211 THERE THAT'S CREATED WHEN THE 118 00:03:15.245 --> 00:03:16.846 SUN'S RADIATION HITS THE GAS IN 119 00:03:16.880 --> 00:03:18.915 THE ATMOSPHERE, AND BREAKS IT 120 00:03:18.948 --> 00:03:21.184 APART INTO IONS AND ELECTRONS. 121 00:03:21.217 --> 00:03:23.186 AND THIS NEW IONIZED COMPONENT 122 00:03:23.219 --> 00:03:33.529 WE REFERRED T TO TO AS THE 123 00:03:33.563 --> 00:03:34.097 IONOSPHERE. 124 00:03:34.130 --> 00:03:35.131 IT AFFECTS THE WAY RADIO 125 00:03:35.164 --> 00:03:36.366 SIGNALS TRAVEL THROUGH THE 126 00:03:36.399 --> 00:03:37.000 ATMOSPHERE. 127 00:03:37.033 --> 00:03:39.936 FOR EXAMPLE, WE HAVE RADIO 128 00:03:39.969 --> 00:03:41.537 SIGNALS FROM OUR COMMUNICATION 129 00:03:41.571 --> 00:03:43.239 SATELLITES AND GPS SATELLITES 130 00:03:43.273 --> 00:03:44.073 PASSING DOWN TO THE GROUND TO 131 00:03:44.107 --> 00:03:45.942 OUR CELL PHONES AND GPS 132 00:03:45.975 --> 00:03:46.876 NAVIGATION SYSTEMS THAT HAVE TO 133 00:03:46.910 --> 00:03:50.246 GO THROUGH THE IONOSPHERE AND 134 00:03:50.280 --> 00:03:51.648 THAT'S A VERY DYNAMIC PLACE 135 00:03:51.681 --> 00:03:53.049 WITH A LOT OF STRUCTURING AND 136 00:03:53.082 --> 00:03:54.918 AS THE STRUCTURE DEVELOPS, IT 137 00:03:54.951 --> 00:03:56.352 CAN ACTUALLY GARBLE ALL OF 138 00:03:56.386 --> 00:03:57.453 THESE SIGNALS THAT ARE COMING 139 00:03:57.487 --> 00:03:59.122 THROUGH OUR ATMOSPHERE. 140 00:03:59.155 --> 00:04:01.824 IT'S MORE VARIABLE THAN WE HAD 141 00:04:01.858 --> 00:04:03.593 REALIZED IN THE PAST AND IT'S 142 00:04:03.626 --> 00:04:05.728 ACTUALLY AN EXCITING 143 00:04:05.762 --> 00:04:06.829 OPPORTUNITY FOR GOLD TO NOW 144 00:04:06.863 --> 00:04:08.932 TAKE A LOOK AND HELP US TO 145 00:04:08.965 --> 00:04:11.234 UNDERSTAND HOW THE IONOSPHERE 146 00:04:11.267 --> 00:04:13.603 AFFECTS OUR DAY-TO-DAY LIFE. 147 00:04:13.636 --> 00:04:14.537 >> Karen Fox: THANK YOU VERY 148 00:04:14.570 --> 00:04:15.238 MUCH. 149 00:04:15.271 --> 00:04:16.706 IF YOU ARE JUST TUNING IN, WE 150 00:04:16.739 --> 00:04:18.374 ARE HERE TODAY TALKING ABOUT 151 00:04:18.408 --> 00:04:19.709 NASA'S NEWEST MISSION GOLD. 152 00:04:19.742 --> 00:04:21.377 IT'S GOING TO BE LAUNCHING AT 153 00:04:21.411 --> 00:04:26.582 THE END OF THE JULY, FROM 154 00:04:26.616 --> 00:04:27.817 FRENCH GUIANA. 155 00:04:27.850 --> 00:04:30.720 IT'S BEEN LEAD BY CENTRAL 156 00:04:30.753 --> 00:04:31.721 FLORIDA AND THE INSTRUMENT 157 00:04:31.754 --> 00:04:32.622 ITSELF WAS BUILT AT THE 158 00:04:32.655 --> 00:04:34.190 UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, THE 159 00:04:34.223 --> 00:04:40.897 LABORATORY OF ATMOSPHERIC AND 160 00:04:40.930 --> 00:04:42.598 SPACE PHYSICS. 161 00:04:42.632 --> 00:04:44.667 YOU CAN USE #ASKNASA. 162 00:04:44.701 --> 00:04:46.202 WE HAVE OUR FIRST QUESTION 163 00:04:46.235 --> 00:04:46.869 ALREADY. 164 00:04:46.903 --> 00:04:48.604 SO I WILL ASK YOU, SARAH FOR 165 00:04:48.638 --> 00:04:49.305 THIS. 166 00:04:49.339 --> 00:04:54.510 9 QUESTION WE HAVE IN IS -- I'M 167 00:04:54.544 --> 00:04:55.178 ALMOST THERE. 168 00:04:55.211 --> 00:04:57.580 THE QUESTION IS: I THOUGHT 169 00:04:57.613 --> 00:04:58.915 SPACE WAS A VACUUM. 170 00:04:58.948 --> 00:05:01.050 TELL US HOW WE CAN ACTUALLY 171 00:05:01.084 --> 00:05:03.186 STUDY THAT. 172 00:05:03.219 --> 00:05:03.820 >> Sarah Jones: OKAY. 173 00:05:03.853 --> 00:05:05.888 WELL, SPACE IS ACTUALLY A 174 00:05:05.922 --> 00:05:06.356 VACUUM. 175 00:05:06.389 --> 00:05:06.990 THAT'S TRUE. 176 00:05:07.023 --> 00:05:08.358 BUT ACTUALLY THE VACUUM OF 177 00:05:08.391 --> 00:05:10.293 SPACE IS NOT COMPLETELY EMPTY 178 00:05:10.326 --> 00:05:10.960 IN. 179 00:05:10.994 --> 00:05:14.764 SPACE, WE HAVE PARTICLES. 180 00:05:14.797 --> 00:05:16.265 FOR EXAMPLE, THERE'S 181 00:05:16.299 --> 00:05:17.834 ELECTRONICKIC PARTICLES MOVING 182 00:05:17.867 --> 00:05:18.968 QUICKLY THROUGH SPACE AND THERE 183 00:05:19.002 --> 00:05:20.336 ARE ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC 184 00:05:20.370 --> 00:05:21.437 FIELDS WHICH KIND OF GUIDE THE 185 00:05:21.471 --> 00:05:23.272 WAY THAT THOSE PARTICLES MOVE 186 00:05:23.306 --> 00:05:23.973 THROUGH SPACE. 187 00:05:24.007 --> 00:05:27.477 AND ALSO IN OUR ANOSPHERE WE 188 00:05:27.510 --> 00:05:29.312 HAVE THE SAME PARTICLES AND 189 00:05:29.345 --> 00:05:30.613 FIELDS THAT ARE DETERMINING HOW 190 00:05:30.646 --> 00:05:32.648 THE EARTH INTERACTS WITH THE 191 00:05:32.682 --> 00:05:36.152 SPACE ENVIRONMENT AROUND US. 192 00:05:36.185 --> 00:05:36.919 >> Karen Fox: RICHARD, DO YOU 193 00:05:36.953 --> 00:05:37.620 WANT TO ADD ANYTHING TO ANSWER 194 00:05:37.653 --> 00:05:39.055 ABOUT THIS QUESTION. 195 00:05:39.088 --> 00:05:40.089 ANYTHING ABOUT GOLD THAT WE 196 00:05:40.123 --> 00:05:41.524 WANT TO KNOW ABOUT SPACE ABOUT 197 00:05:41.557 --> 00:05:42.225 THIS? 198 00:05:42.258 --> 00:05:42.925 >> WELL, SPACE CERTAINLY HAS A 199 00:05:42.959 --> 00:05:45.728 LOT OF INFLUENCE ON OUR -- ON 200 00:05:45.762 --> 00:05:47.730 WHAT SYSTEMS ARE USED 201 00:05:47.764 --> 00:05:49.966 DAY-TO-DAY AND ALSO TELLS US A 202 00:05:49.999 --> 00:05:51.334 LOT ABOUT WHAT IS HAPPENING TO 203 00:05:51.367 --> 00:05:52.869 OTHER PLANETS. 204 00:05:52.902 --> 00:05:53.603 EARTH IS THE CLOSEST PLANET AND 205 00:05:53.636 --> 00:05:54.904 WE ARE ABLE TO LOOK AT IT AND 206 00:05:54.937 --> 00:05:56.939 LEARN FROM IT, THE THINGS THAT 207 00:05:56.973 --> 00:05:58.341 WE CAN'T EASILY LEARN FROM 208 00:05:58.374 --> 00:05:59.475 OTHER PLANETS BECAUSE THEY ARE 209 00:05:59.509 --> 00:06:00.843 TOO FAR AWAY OR TOO DIFFICULT 210 00:06:00.877 --> 00:06:01.878 TO STUDY. 211 00:06:01.911 --> 00:06:03.446 >> Karen Fox: SO THE SPACE 212 00:06:03.479 --> 00:06:04.080 MATTERS. 213 00:06:04.113 --> 00:06:04.981 THE SPACE AROUND IT IS NOT 214 00:06:05.014 --> 00:06:05.681 COMPLETELY EMPTY. 215 00:06:05.715 --> 00:06:07.016 THERE'S STUFF GOING ON IN THERE 216 00:06:07.050 --> 00:06:08.217 AND IT HELPS US UNDERSTAND A 217 00:06:08.251 --> 00:06:09.485 LOT ABOUT OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 218 00:06:09.519 --> 00:06:10.520 ALL RIGHT. 219 00:06:10.553 --> 00:06:12.088 WITH, THAT LET'S FOCUS A LITTLE 220 00:06:12.121 --> 00:06:13.923 BIT MORE, SARAH. 221 00:06:13.956 --> 00:06:15.058 TELL US SPECIFICALLY WHAT GOLD 222 00:06:15.091 --> 00:06:17.326 WILL BE TRYING TO LEARN. 223 00:06:17.360 --> 00:06:18.694 >> Sarah Jones: SURE! 224 00:06:18.728 --> 00:06:19.862 THE GOLD MISSION IS STUDYING 225 00:06:19.896 --> 00:06:22.131 WHAT IS ESSENTIALLY A NEW AREA 226 00:06:22.165 --> 00:06:24.467 OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH THAT'S 227 00:06:24.500 --> 00:06:25.401 OPENED UP RECENTLY. 228 00:06:25.435 --> 00:06:26.803 IN THE PAST, PEOPLE THOUGHT 229 00:06:26.836 --> 00:06:29.205 THAT THIS REGION OF THE EARTH'S 230 00:06:29.238 --> 00:06:30.907 UPPER ATMOSPHERE WAS AFFECTED 231 00:06:30.940 --> 00:06:31.908 PRIMARILY BY WHAT'S HAPPENING 232 00:06:31.941 --> 00:06:33.276 AT THE SUN, AND WHAT'S COMING 233 00:06:33.309 --> 00:06:35.311 TO THE EARTH FROM THE SUN. 234 00:06:35.344 --> 00:06:36.979 SO, FOR EXAMPLE, WE HAVE AN 235 00:06:37.013 --> 00:06:38.281 IMAGE HERE OF THE SUN'S 236 00:06:38.314 --> 00:06:39.982 RADIATION COMING DOWN AND 237 00:06:40.016 --> 00:06:42.351 HITTING THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE. 238 00:06:42.385 --> 00:06:44.620 THE SUN'S MAGNETIC FIELD ALSO 239 00:06:44.654 --> 00:06:45.588 INTERACTS WITH THE EARTH AND 240 00:06:45.621 --> 00:06:47.790 CAUSES THINGS LIKE GEOMAGNETIC 241 00:06:47.824 --> 00:06:48.858 STORMS AND OTHER EFFECTS THAT 242 00:06:48.891 --> 00:06:50.893 WE REFER TO AS SPACE WEATHER. 243 00:06:50.927 --> 00:06:52.295 HOWEVER, IN ABOUT THE LAST TEN 244 00:06:52.328 --> 00:06:53.896 YEARS OR SO, THERE'S BEEN THIS 245 00:06:53.930 --> 00:06:55.331 GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE, THAT 246 00:06:55.364 --> 00:06:57.600 THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE IS ALSO 247 00:06:57.633 --> 00:06:59.402 AFFECTED BY WHAT'S GOING ON 248 00:06:59.435 --> 00:07:00.937 BELOW, LIKE THE TERRESTRIAL 249 00:07:00.970 --> 00:07:01.904 WEATHER WHICH IS THE WEATHER 250 00:07:01.938 --> 00:07:03.272 THAT WE EXPERIENCE EVERY DAY 251 00:07:03.306 --> 00:07:06.209 HERE ON EARTH. 252 00:07:06.242 --> 00:07:07.710 SO, FOR EXAMPLE, TSUNAMIS 253 00:07:07.743 --> 00:07:09.245 CREATE WAVES IN THE AIR AND 254 00:07:09.278 --> 00:07:11.114 THOSE WAVES MOVE UPWARDS AND 255 00:07:11.147 --> 00:07:12.949 THE WAVES COULD POTENTIALLY 256 00:07:12.982 --> 00:07:14.917 CAUSE CHANGES EVEN AT THE VERY 257 00:07:14.951 --> 00:07:16.352 BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE EARTH AND 258 00:07:16.385 --> 00:07:17.520 THE SPACE. 259 00:07:17.553 --> 00:07:22.125 AND SO GOLD IS STUDYING IN 260 00:07:22.158 --> 00:07:22.825 PARTICULAR, HOW TO TEASE OUT 261 00:07:22.859 --> 00:07:24.127 THE EFFECTS COMING FROM THE SUN 262 00:07:24.160 --> 00:07:26.062 ABOVE AND THE EARTH BELOW AND 263 00:07:26.095 --> 00:07:28.564 NASA ACTUALLY HAS TWO UPCOMING 264 00:07:28.598 --> 00:07:30.166 MISSIONS STUDYING THIS SORT OF 265 00:07:30.199 --> 00:07:30.800 SCIENCE. 266 00:07:30.833 --> 00:07:31.968 ONE IS CALLED ICON AND THE 267 00:07:32.001 --> 00:07:32.735 OTHER, OF COURSE IS GOLD THAT 268 00:07:32.768 --> 00:07:33.669 WE ARE TALKING ABOUT HERE 269 00:07:33.703 --> 00:07:36.139 TODAY. 270 00:07:36.172 --> 00:07:37.106 >> Karen Fox: SO WE LEARNED A 271 00:07:37.140 --> 00:07:40.009 LITTLE BIT HERE ABOUT WHAT GOLD 272 00:07:40.042 --> 00:07:40.977 SPECIFICALLY WILL BE STUDYING. 273 00:07:41.010 --> 00:07:41.878 THAT'S WHAT WE ARE TALKING 274 00:07:41.911 --> 00:07:43.312 ABOUT TODAY, OUR NEW MISSION 275 00:07:43.346 --> 00:07:44.780 GOLD, TO STUDY THE LOWEST 276 00:07:44.814 --> 00:07:45.481 REACHES THE SPACE. 277 00:07:45.515 --> 00:07:46.816 ANOTHER SORT OF INTERESTING 278 00:07:46.849 --> 00:07:47.817 THING ABOUT GOLD WE WILL BE 279 00:07:47.850 --> 00:07:49.118 TALKING ABOUT IT MORE AS WE GO 280 00:07:49.152 --> 00:07:50.586 ON, IS THAT THIS IS ACTUALLY 281 00:07:50.620 --> 00:07:53.289 THE FIRST TIME NASA HAS PUT AN 282 00:07:53.322 --> 00:07:54.257 INSTRUMENT LIKE THIS -- I'M 283 00:07:54.290 --> 00:07:56.159 SORRY, A MISSION LIKE THIS ON 284 00:07:56.192 --> 00:07:57.160 TO A COMMERCIAL SATELLITE. 285 00:07:57.193 --> 00:07:59.028 SO WE'LL HEAR A LITTLE BIT MORE 286 00:07:59.061 --> 00:08:00.496 ABOUT THAT AS WE GO ON. 287 00:08:00.530 --> 00:08:02.465 IN THE MEANTIME, LET'S TALK 288 00:08:02.498 --> 00:08:03.733 AGAIN TO RICHARD. 289 00:08:03.766 --> 00:08:06.769 RICHARD EASTES COMING ON TO 290 00:08:06.802 --> 00:08:07.803 DISCUSS WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO 291 00:08:07.837 --> 00:08:09.405 DO WITH THIS INFORMATION. 292 00:08:09.438 --> 00:08:10.273 SO THERE YOU ARE. 293 00:08:10.306 --> 00:08:11.974 YOU GET ALL OF THESE GREAT 294 00:08:12.008 --> 00:08:13.075 OBSERVATIONS AND WHAT HAPPENS 295 00:08:13.109 --> 00:08:13.709 NEXT? 296 00:08:13.743 --> 00:08:14.844 >> WELL, THE DATA WILL BE 297 00:08:14.877 --> 00:08:16.679 TAKING THESE PICTURES AND USING 298 00:08:16.712 --> 00:08:18.648 THEM TO HELP US UNDERSTAND 299 00:08:18.681 --> 00:08:20.183 PIECES -- BASICALLY HELP US 300 00:08:20.216 --> 00:08:21.484 PIECE OF THE PUZZLE TOGETHER. 301 00:08:21.517 --> 00:08:23.119 IT'S A BIG PIECE OF THE PUZZLE 302 00:08:23.152 --> 00:08:24.053 WE HAVEN'T HAD BEFORE. 303 00:08:24.086 --> 00:08:25.321 SO THIS GLOBAL CONTEXT AND IT 304 00:08:25.354 --> 00:08:26.689 ALSO HELPS US PUT OTHER PIECES 305 00:08:26.722 --> 00:08:27.990 OF PUZZLE THAT WE ALREADY HAVE 306 00:08:28.024 --> 00:08:29.592 AND DON'T KNOW WHERE THEY FIT, 307 00:08:29.625 --> 00:08:30.826 IT WILL HELP US UNDERSTAND 308 00:08:30.860 --> 00:08:31.861 WHERE THOSE FIT TOGETHER AND 309 00:08:31.894 --> 00:08:36.799 HOW IT ALL FIT FITS TOGETHER. 310 00:08:36.832 --> 00:08:39.035 SO WE WILL USE WHAT WE LEARN TO 311 00:08:39.068 --> 00:08:40.436 DEVELOP THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE. 312 00:08:40.469 --> 00:08:42.438 WE HAVE SOME GOOD MODELS NOW, 313 00:08:42.471 --> 00:08:44.140 BUT WE KNOW THAT THEY ARE NOT 314 00:08:44.173 --> 00:08:45.575 ADEQUATE AND THEY FAIL IN THE 315 00:08:45.608 --> 00:08:46.842 LIMITED TIME FRAME, JUST A DAY 316 00:08:46.876 --> 00:08:48.878 OR SO, AS WE CAN'T GO OUT VERY 317 00:08:48.911 --> 00:08:53.649 FAR IN PREDICT PENTAGON WHATING 318 00:08:53.683 --> 00:08:54.350 HAPPEN. 319 00:08:54.383 --> 00:08:55.651 WE PLAN TO USE THESE TO IMPROVE 320 00:08:55.685 --> 00:08:58.554 OUR MODELS AND UNDERSTANDING. 321 00:08:58.588 --> 00:08:59.255 >> Karen Fox: FANTASTIC! 322 00:08:59.288 --> 00:09:01.057 SO HERE YOU ARE, TODAY, WE ARE 323 00:09:01.090 --> 00:09:02.625 TALKING ABOUT OUR NEWEST 324 00:09:02.658 --> 00:09:03.926 MISSION GOLD, I'M STANDING HERE 325 00:09:03.960 --> 00:09:07.964 RIGHT NOW AT NASA GODDARD IN 326 00:09:07.997 --> 00:09:08.965 GREEN BELT, MARYLAND. 327 00:09:08.998 --> 00:09:10.600 WE ARE TAKING YOUR QUESTIONS. 328 00:09:10.633 --> 00:09:11.434 WE WILL ANSWER THEM THROUGHOUT 329 00:09:11.467 --> 00:09:12.134 THE SHOW. 330 00:09:12.168 --> 00:09:14.337 GO AHEAD AND PUT THEM IN YOUR 331 00:09:14.370 --> 00:09:14.904 COMMENTS. 332 00:09:14.937 --> 00:09:15.938 YOU CAN USE #ASKNASA. 333 00:09:15.972 --> 00:09:18.874 AND WE WILL BE FRA TRACKING THEM 334 00:09:18.908 --> 00:09:20.376 WE HAVE BEEN TALKING ABOUT THIS 335 00:09:20.409 --> 00:09:21.510 REGION OF SPACE AND HOW DYNAMIC 336 00:09:21.544 --> 00:09:22.845 IT IS. 337 00:09:22.878 --> 00:09:23.546 I WANT TO GIVE YOU A BIT MORE 338 00:09:23.579 --> 00:09:26.148 OF A TOUR, A SENSE OF 339 00:09:26.182 --> 00:09:26.849 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND WHAT 340 00:09:26.882 --> 00:09:27.750 IS GOING ON THERE. 341 00:09:27.783 --> 00:09:29.919 WE HAVE A SPECIAL MOVIE FOR 342 00:09:29.952 --> 00:09:30.886 EVERYBODY TO LOOK AT AND WE 343 00:09:30.920 --> 00:09:33.022 WILL ROLL THAT NEXT. 344 00:09:34.090 --> 00:09:40.596 ♪ 345 00:09:40.630 --> 00:09:41.831 >> LONGING FOR MORE SPACE AND 346 00:09:41.864 --> 00:09:44.734 OPEN SKIES AND EXOTIC TRAVEL. 347 00:09:44.767 --> 00:09:47.436 ABOUT 30 TO 600 STRAIGHT MILES 348 00:09:47.470 --> 00:09:52.275 STRAIGHT UP, AT THE IONOSPHERE, 349 00:09:52.308 --> 00:09:53.042 EARTH'S INTERFACE TO SPACE. 350 00:09:53.075 --> 00:09:55.444 BELOW OUTER SPACE, THIS LITTLE 351 00:09:55.478 --> 00:09:56.679 UNDERSTOOD DESTINATION INVITES 352 00:09:56.712 --> 00:09:58.514 YOU TO EXPLORE ITS MANY 353 00:09:58.547 --> 00:10:00.449 FEATURES. 354 00:10:00.483 --> 00:10:01.550 EXPERIENCE BOTH THE WEATHER 355 00:10:01.584 --> 00:10:03.753 FROM EARTH AND THE WEATHER FROM 356 00:10:03.786 --> 00:10:05.254 SPACE. 357 00:10:05.288 --> 00:10:07.556 MARVEL AT THE BALLET OF 358 00:10:07.590 --> 00:10:08.758 RADIOWAVES AND NAVIGATION 359 00:10:08.791 --> 00:10:10.593 SIGNALS LIKE GPS, LEAPING 360 00:10:10.626 --> 00:10:14.030 THROUGH THIS PARTICLE PARADISE. 361 00:10:14.063 --> 00:10:16.198 SIT BACK, RELAX, AND TAKE IN 362 00:10:16.232 --> 00:10:23.139 THE AURORA AND THE 363 00:10:23.172 --> 00:10:23.839 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION AS 364 00:10:23.873 --> 00:10:24.540 THEY SAIL BY. 365 00:10:24.573 --> 00:10:25.608 AND YOU WILL WANT YOUR CAMERA 366 00:10:25.641 --> 00:10:26.909 HANDY FOR ONE OF THE REGION'S 367 00:10:26.942 --> 00:10:28.711 SIGNATURE FEATURES. 368 00:10:28.744 --> 00:10:30.479 BRIGHT AND COLORFUL AIR GLOW. 369 00:10:30.513 --> 00:10:31.714 THIS DAILY SHOW IS MADE 370 00:10:31.747 --> 00:10:35.384 POSSIBLE BY THE IONOSPHERE'S 371 00:10:35.418 --> 00:10:37.119 OWN SWIRLING CHARGED PARTICLES 372 00:10:37.153 --> 00:10:38.988 BECAUSE THAT'S WHAT THE 373 00:10:39.021 --> 00:10:41.424 IONOSPHERE IS, IT'S ALL CHARGED 374 00:10:41.457 --> 00:10:42.124 PARTICLES. 375 00:10:42.158 --> 00:10:42.758 >> Karen Fox: HELLO AND WELCOME 376 00:10:42.792 --> 00:10:43.392 BACK! 377 00:10:43.426 --> 00:10:45.461 WE ARE HERE TODAY AT NASA 378 00:10:45.494 --> 00:10:47.196 GODDARD, TALKING ABOUT NASA'S 379 00:10:47.229 --> 00:10:50.066 NEWEST MISSION GOLD, WHICH WILL 380 00:10:50.099 --> 00:10:52.101 BE STUDYING THAT REGION OF 381 00:10:52.134 --> 00:10:55.204 SPACE YOU JUST HEARD ABOUT 382 00:10:55.237 --> 00:10:55.838 IONOSPHERE. 383 00:10:55.871 --> 00:11:04.113 I HAVE ALEX YOUNG WHO IS A 384 00:11:04.146 --> 00:11:04.814 HELIOPHYSICIST, HOW DOES THIS 385 00:11:04.847 --> 00:11:06.315 FIT INTO THE BIGGER PICTURE 386 00:11:06.349 --> 00:11:08.918 THAT NASA IS STUDYING ABOUT 387 00:11:08.951 --> 00:11:09.585 SPACE? 388 00:11:09.618 --> 00:11:10.252 >> C. Alex Young: LET'S TALK 389 00:11:10.286 --> 00:11:13.022 ABOUT WHAT IS HELIOPHYSICS. 390 00:11:13.055 --> 00:11:15.958 STUDYING THE IONOSPHERE IS PART 391 00:11:15.991 --> 00:11:16.926 OF HELIOPHYSICS. 392 00:11:16.959 --> 00:11:18.160 IT'S CENTERED AROUND THE SUN 393 00:11:18.194 --> 00:11:19.195 BUT IT'S MORE THAN THE STUDY OF 394 00:11:19.228 --> 00:11:19.829 THE SUN. 395 00:11:19.862 --> 00:11:21.597 SO WE HAVE A DIAGRAM HERE 396 00:11:21.630 --> 00:11:23.666 THAT'S SHOWING YOU ALL OF THE 397 00:11:23.699 --> 00:11:28.170 ENERGY, LIGHT, MATTER, AND MAG 398 00:11:28.204 --> 00:11:31.974 NMAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC FIELDS 399 00:11:32.007 --> 00:11:34.009 COMING OFF THE SUN AND SHOWING 400 00:11:34.043 --> 00:11:35.077 THEM INTERACTING WITH THE EARTH 401 00:11:35.111 --> 00:11:36.412 BUT THEY INTERACT WITH EVERY 402 00:11:36.445 --> 00:11:38.080 PART OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM, EVERY 403 00:11:38.114 --> 00:11:39.181 PLANET, EVERY OBJECT AND THIS 404 00:11:39.215 --> 00:11:42.551 ALL CREATES A GREAT SYSTEM THAT 405 00:11:42.585 --> 00:11:45.888 WE CALL THE HELIOSPHERE. 406 00:11:45.921 --> 00:11:47.990 AND SO STUDYING THE IONOSPHERE 407 00:11:48.023 --> 00:11:49.191 IS ONE OF THE PARTS OF THE 408 00:11:49.225 --> 00:11:50.993 BIGGER SYSTEM. 409 00:11:51.026 --> 00:11:51.694 UNDERSTANDINGTHIS TELLS US 410 00:11:51.727 --> 00:11:53.829 ABOUT THE FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES 411 00:11:53.863 --> 00:11:56.298 THAT ARE HAPPENING ON MANY 412 00:11:56.332 --> 00:11:58.467 DIFFERENT SCALES FROM THE 413 00:11:58.501 --> 00:11:59.702 SMALLEST SCALES TO THE 414 00:11:59.735 --> 00:12:00.970 PARTICLES IN THE FIELD, ALL THE 415 00:12:01.003 --> 00:12:02.238 WAY TO THE SIZE OF THE PLANETS 416 00:12:02.271 --> 00:12:03.539 AND THE SUN ITSELF. 417 00:12:03.572 --> 00:12:07.109 AND ALL OF THIS CREATES THIS 418 00:12:07.143 --> 00:12:08.077 DYNAMIC SPACE THAT WE ARE 419 00:12:08.110 --> 00:12:10.079 TALKING ABOUT, AND THIS IS WHAT 420 00:12:10.112 --> 00:12:12.248 MAKES THIS NONEMPTY SPACE. 421 00:12:12.281 --> 00:12:13.382 IT'S ALL OF THE STUFF COMING 422 00:12:13.416 --> 00:12:14.884 OFF THE SUN, INTERACTING WITH 423 00:12:14.917 --> 00:12:16.585 EVERYTHING IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 424 00:12:16.619 --> 00:12:19.755 AND THE REASON THAT IT'S REALLY 425 00:12:19.789 --> 00:12:21.157 IMPORTANT IS NOT ONLY IS IT 426 00:12:21.190 --> 00:12:23.559 TELLING US ABOUT FUNDAMENTAL 427 00:12:23.592 --> 00:12:24.960 SCIENCE, WHICH IS PERTINENT NOT 428 00:12:24.994 --> 00:12:26.996 JUST TO WHAT HAPPENS HERE IN 429 00:12:27.029 --> 00:12:28.697 OUR SOLAR SYSTEM BUT, IN FACT, 430 00:12:28.731 --> 00:12:34.103 OTHER SOLAR SYSTEMS, EXOPLANET 431 00:12:34.136 --> 00:12:34.870 SYSTEMS AND YOU WILL OF THIS 432 00:12:34.904 --> 00:12:36.071 ENERGY AND MATTER INTERACTS 433 00:12:36.105 --> 00:12:37.640 WITH OUR TECHNOLOGY. 434 00:12:37.673 --> 00:12:39.942 SO AS RICHARD AND SARAH HAVE 435 00:12:39.975 --> 00:12:40.976 MENTIONED, THIS INTERACTS WITH 436 00:12:41.010 --> 00:12:42.144 OUR TECHNOLOGY WHEN WE TALK 437 00:12:42.178 --> 00:12:44.847 ABOUT THE IONOSPHERE AND, IN 438 00:12:44.880 --> 00:12:51.887 FACT, EVEN FARTHER OUT IN THE 439 00:12:51.921 --> 00:12:53.756 MAGNEOSPHERE OF THE EARTH, AND 440 00:12:53.789 --> 00:12:54.423 HELIOSPHERE AND ALL OF THIS 441 00:12:54.457 --> 00:12:56.559 SPACE IS MESSING WITH 442 00:12:56.592 --> 00:12:57.493 TECHNOLOGY. 443 00:12:57.526 --> 00:12:58.160 IT'S INTERACING WITH 444 00:12:58.194 --> 00:12:59.061 SPACECRAFT, SOMETIMES 445 00:12:59.094 --> 00:13:00.129 DISRUPTING THEM. 446 00:13:00.162 --> 00:13:03.165 AND IT EVEN CREATES A REALLY 447 00:13:03.199 --> 00:13:04.233 NASTY ENVIRONMENT FOR 448 00:13:04.266 --> 00:13:04.800 ASTRONAUTS. 449 00:13:04.834 --> 00:13:05.501 SO UNDERSTANDING THAT IS 450 00:13:05.534 --> 00:13:07.603 IMPORTANT ALSO FOR SPACE TRAVEL 451 00:13:07.636 --> 00:13:09.104 NEAR THE EARTH AND THROUGH THE 452 00:13:09.138 --> 00:13:10.039 REST OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 453 00:13:10.072 --> 00:13:12.908 SO THAT'S THE BIGGER PICTURE OF 454 00:13:12.942 --> 00:13:13.609 HELIOPHYSICS. 455 00:13:13.642 --> 00:13:14.343 >> SO WITH THAT, I HAVE A GOOD 456 00:13:14.376 --> 00:13:15.544 QUESTION FOR YOU THAT WE GOT 457 00:13:15.578 --> 00:13:16.245 IN. 458 00:13:16.278 --> 00:13:17.179 WE ARE TAKING YOUR QUESTIONS. 459 00:13:17.213 --> 00:13:19.348 YOU CAN USE #ASKNASA. 460 00:13:19.381 --> 00:13:21.417 WE HAVE A PERFECT ONE THAT 461 00:13:21.450 --> 00:13:22.284 SEGUES INTO THIS. 462 00:13:22.318 --> 00:13:23.519 THE QUESTION IS JAY FROM 463 00:13:23.552 --> 00:13:25.221 FACEBOOK ASKS: HOW DO THE 464 00:13:25.254 --> 00:13:26.222 RESULTS OF THIS MISSION 465 00:13:26.255 --> 00:13:29.024 CONTRIBUTE TO SPACE WEATHER 466 00:13:29.058 --> 00:13:29.658 PREDICTION? 467 00:13:29.692 --> 00:13:30.359 >> C. Alex Young: THAT'S A 468 00:13:30.392 --> 00:13:32.328 GREAT QUESTION, BECAUSE -- AND 469 00:13:32.361 --> 00:13:36.398 EVEN SARAH AND RICHARD HINTED 470 00:13:36.432 --> 00:13:37.132 AT THIS. 471 00:13:37.166 --> 00:13:37.833 UNDERSTANDING THIS INTERACTION 472 00:13:37.867 --> 00:13:39.635 IS TELLING US ABOUT THE 473 00:13:39.668 --> 00:13:41.036 FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS, 474 00:13:41.070 --> 00:13:42.471 INTERACTIONS OF PLASMAS, WHICH 475 00:13:42.505 --> 00:13:45.140 ARE THIS IONIZED GAS, ALSO WITH 476 00:13:45.174 --> 00:13:45.841 NEUTRAL GASES. 477 00:13:45.875 --> 00:13:47.610 THAT ACTUALLY HAPPENS IN MANY 478 00:13:47.643 --> 00:13:50.212 DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS 479 00:13:50.246 --> 00:13:51.413 THROUGHOUT THE SOLAR SYSTEM, 480 00:13:51.447 --> 00:13:56.185 EVEN ON THE SUN ITSELF. 481 00:13:56.218 --> 00:13:56.819 THAT IS FUNDAMENTAL AND 482 00:13:56.852 --> 00:13:57.520 IMPORTANT. 483 00:13:57.553 --> 00:13:59.889 IT TELLS US HOW OUR TECHNOLOGY, 484 00:13:59.922 --> 00:14:00.856 HOW RADIOWAVES INTERAC WITH 485 00:14:00.890 --> 00:14:03.425 THIS EVER CHANGING ATMOSPHERE. 486 00:14:03.459 --> 00:14:05.127 SO UNDERSTANDING THIS IS REALLY 487 00:14:05.160 --> 00:14:07.296 CRITICAL FOR US AS WE CONTINUE 488 00:14:07.329 --> 00:14:08.631 TO EXPAND ALL THE TECHNOLOGY 489 00:14:08.664 --> 00:14:10.766 THAT WE USE IN OUR SOCIETY. 490 00:14:10.799 --> 00:14:12.668 AND UNDERSTANDING THIS 491 00:14:12.701 --> 00:14:14.370 ATMOSPHERE TELLS BUS OTHER 492 00:14:14.403 --> 00:14:15.971 ATMOSPHERES, OTHER PLANETS IN 493 00:14:16.005 --> 00:14:20.109 OUR SOLAR SYSTEM AND 494 00:14:20.142 --> 00:14:21.010 EXOPLANETS. 495 00:14:21.043 --> 00:14:21.677 >> Karen Fox: FANTASTIC! 496 00:14:21.710 --> 00:14:22.344 WE WILL HAVE SOME MORE 497 00:14:22.378 --> 00:14:23.112 QUESTIONS WE WILL BE TAKING 498 00:14:23.145 --> 00:14:24.179 RIGHT NOW. 499 00:14:24.213 --> 00:14:25.848 I WILL THROW THIS ONE TO 500 00:14:25.881 --> 00:14:28.884 RICHARD. 501 00:14:28.918 --> 00:14:30.252 WELCOME BACK. 502 00:14:30.286 --> 00:14:31.854 >> YEAH, YEAH. 503 00:14:31.887 --> 00:14:32.988 >> Karen Fox: THIS ONE IS FROM 504 00:14:33.022 --> 00:14:34.323 KEVIN FROM FACEBOOK. 505 00:14:34.356 --> 00:14:35.925 IS THERE ANYTHING IN PARTICULAR 506 00:14:35.958 --> 00:14:38.394 WE ARE LOOKING FOR ON THIS 507 00:14:38.427 --> 00:14:39.395 MISSION, SOMETHING SPECIFIC OR 508 00:14:39.428 --> 00:14:41.196 IS IT MORE OF JUST A GENERAL 509 00:14:41.230 --> 00:14:43.499 UNDERSTANDING OF REGION? 510 00:14:43.532 --> 00:14:44.567 >> ONE OF THE THINGS WE ARE 511 00:14:44.600 --> 00:14:46.302 LOOKING FOR IS FOR YEARS WE 512 00:14:46.335 --> 00:14:47.202 HAVE HAD INFORMATION ABOUT THE 513 00:14:47.236 --> 00:14:49.305 OXYGEN AND THE NITROGEN, THE 514 00:14:49.338 --> 00:14:50.506 COMPOSITION OF THE UPPER 515 00:14:50.539 --> 00:14:51.173 ATMOSPHERE. 516 00:14:51.206 --> 00:14:53.275 WE HAVEN'T HAD REALLY IMAGES 517 00:14:53.309 --> 00:14:54.877 OF -- WE HAVE IMAGES OF THOSE 518 00:14:54.910 --> 00:14:56.245 BUT WE HAVEN'T HAD IMAGES OF 519 00:14:56.278 --> 00:14:57.279 THE TEMPERATURES AND THE 520 00:14:57.313 --> 00:14:58.380 COMBINATION OF THOSE TWO IS 521 00:14:58.414 --> 00:15:01.016 WHAT MAKES THE -- WHICH IS 522 00:15:01.050 --> 00:15:01.984 REALLY USEFUL TO US. 523 00:15:02.017 --> 00:15:04.620 THOSE ARE REALLY KEY PIECES, OF 524 00:15:04.653 --> 00:15:06.355 OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE PUZZLE 525 00:15:06.388 --> 00:15:07.790 OF THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE. 526 00:15:07.823 --> 00:15:09.124 WE HAVE BOTH OF THOSE. 527 00:15:09.158 --> 00:15:09.959 THAT'S WHAT THE THRUST OF THIS 528 00:15:09.992 --> 00:15:11.360 IS, TO LOOK AT THE INTERACTION 529 00:15:11.393 --> 00:15:12.595 BETWEEN THOSE, SEE HOW THOSE 530 00:15:12.628 --> 00:15:13.996 CHANGE OVER TIME, AND BE ABLE 531 00:15:14.029 --> 00:15:15.364 TO WATCH THEM THROUGHOUT A 532 00:15:15.397 --> 00:15:18.667 DATE, TO SEE HOW IT EVOLVES 533 00:15:18.701 --> 00:15:20.569 BECAUSE OUR PREVIOUS MISSIONS 534 00:15:20.603 --> 00:15:21.937 HAVE EITHER BEEN VERY LIMITED 535 00:15:21.971 --> 00:15:22.771 IN THE LOCATION THEY COULD 536 00:15:22.805 --> 00:15:24.073 COVER OR THEY HAVE BEEN VERY 537 00:15:24.106 --> 00:15:25.574 LIMITED IN THE AMOUNT OF TIME 538 00:15:25.608 --> 00:15:26.575 COVERAGE THEY COULD PROVIDE. 539 00:15:26.609 --> 00:15:29.578 WE KNOW THAT THE UPPER 540 00:15:29.612 --> 00:15:31.814 ATMOSPHERE CHANGES IN ABOUT AN 541 00:15:31.847 --> 00:15:32.514 HOUR. 542 00:15:32.548 --> 00:15:33.749 LARGE CHANGES IN THE ORDER OF 543 00:15:33.782 --> 00:15:35.651 AN HOUR BUT WE HAVE ONLY BEEN 544 00:15:35.684 --> 00:15:39.455 ABLE TO REVISIT AT SEVERAL 545 00:15:39.488 --> 00:15:41.256 HOURS PREVIOUSLY VIA 546 00:15:41.290 --> 00:15:41.924 SATELLITES. 547 00:15:41.957 --> 00:15:42.825 THAT'S THE KEY PIECE OF WHAT 548 00:15:42.858 --> 00:15:44.293 THE MISSION IS DOING. 549 00:15:44.326 --> 00:15:44.960 >> Karen Fox: THANK YOU. 550 00:15:44.994 --> 00:15:45.861 WE ARE GETTING LOTS OF 551 00:15:45.894 --> 00:15:47.062 QUESTIONS IN AND WE WILL KEEP 552 00:15:47.096 --> 00:15:47.963 ANSWERING THEM THROUGHOUT THE 553 00:15:47.997 --> 00:15:48.664 SHOW. 554 00:15:48.697 --> 00:15:50.566 BUT WE WILL TAKE A BREAK NOW TO 555 00:15:50.599 --> 00:15:52.067 MOVE ON TO SOMETHING ELSE VERY 556 00:15:52.101 --> 00:15:53.068 INTERESTING ABOUT GOLD. 557 00:15:53.102 --> 00:15:54.403 I MENTIONED EARLIER THAT THIS 558 00:15:54.436 --> 00:15:55.738 IS ONE OF THE FIRST -- IT IS 559 00:15:55.771 --> 00:15:57.773 THE FIRST TIME THAT NASA HAS A 560 00:15:57.806 --> 00:15:59.174 MISSION UP ON A COMMERCIAL 561 00:15:59.208 --> 00:16:00.342 SATELLITE AND TO TALK A LITTLE 562 00:16:00.376 --> 00:16:02.344 BIT MORE ABOUT THAT, WE HAVE 563 00:16:02.378 --> 00:16:04.079 TODD GOSSETT WHO IS JOINING US 564 00:16:04.113 --> 00:16:05.981 TO -- HE'S HERE FROM SES 565 00:16:06.015 --> 00:16:08.484 GOVERNMENT SOLUTIONS. 566 00:16:08.517 --> 00:16:09.385 >> Todd Gossett: THANK YOU, 567 00:16:09.418 --> 00:16:10.085 KAREN. 568 00:16:10.119 --> 00:16:10.753 >> Karen Fox: SO WHAT THIS IS, 569 00:16:10.786 --> 00:16:12.655 WHAT GOLD IS, IT'S A HOSTED 570 00:16:12.688 --> 00:16:14.423 PAYLOAD AND TODD IS IN CHARGE 571 00:16:14.456 --> 00:16:16.525 OF HOSTED PAYLOADS. 572 00:16:16.558 --> 00:16:17.226 SO TELL US ABOUT THAT. 573 00:16:17.259 --> 00:16:20.529 HOW ARE WE CATCHING THIS RIDE? 574 00:16:20.562 --> 00:16:21.363 >> Todd Gossett: I WANTED TO 575 00:16:21.397 --> 00:16:22.698 EXPLAIN WHAT A HOSTED PAY LOAD 576 00:16:22.731 --> 00:16:23.399 IS. 577 00:16:23.432 --> 00:16:24.867 IT'S A PIECE OF SPACE HARDWARE. 578 00:16:24.900 --> 00:16:26.335 IT'S A MISSION, AS YOU WERE, 579 00:16:26.368 --> 00:16:28.137 THAT HAS A FUNCTION, A PURPOSE, 580 00:16:28.170 --> 00:16:30.205 MAYBE AN OPERATING ORGANIZATION 581 00:16:30.239 --> 00:16:31.740 THAT IS DISTINCT AND DIFFERENT 582 00:16:31.774 --> 00:16:33.976 FROM THAT 69 HOST SPACECRAFT. 583 00:16:34.009 --> 00:16:38.647 SO FOR SES-14 AND GOLD, GOLD IS 584 00:16:38.681 --> 00:16:39.748 OPERATED BY UNIVERSITY OF 585 00:16:39.782 --> 00:16:42.384 COLORADO ON BEHALF OF NASA AND 586 00:16:42.418 --> 00:16:46.388 SES-14 IS OWNED AND OPERATED BY 587 00:16:46.422 --> 00:16:47.089 SES. 588 00:16:47.122 --> 00:16:49.224 WE ARE PROVIDING C AND KU BANDS 589 00:16:49.258 --> 00:16:57.466 OVER THE AMERICAS AND 590 00:16:57.499 --> 00:17:00.836 TRANSATLANTIC, RADIO CAN 591 00:17:00.869 --> 00:17:01.537 TRANSMISSIONS. 592 00:17:01.570 --> 00:17:03.105 A COMPANY LIKE SES, WE HAVE TO 593 00:17:03.138 --> 00:17:04.640 SUSTAIN THE FLEET AND WE HAVE 594 00:17:04.673 --> 00:17:06.041 TO PROCURE AND LAUNCH THREE 595 00:17:06.075 --> 00:17:06.742 SATELLITES PER YEAR. 596 00:17:06.775 --> 00:17:10.079 EACH OF THOSE SATELLITES 597 00:17:10.112 --> 00:17:12.481 AFFORDS A RIDE SHARE 598 00:17:12.514 --> 00:17:13.449 OPPORTUNITY, A HITCHING A RIDE 599 00:17:13.482 --> 00:17:15.651 OPPORTUNITY FOR HOSTED PAYROAD 600 00:17:15.684 --> 00:17:17.753 AS WE ARE ABLE NO MOST TIME 601 00:17:17.786 --> 00:17:19.488 ABLE TO PROVIDE EXCESS SIZE 602 00:17:19.521 --> 00:17:20.189 WEIGH AND POWER THAT REAL 603 00:17:20.222 --> 00:17:21.924 ESTATE ON BOARD A SPACECRAFT TO 604 00:17:21.957 --> 00:17:24.293 A HOSTED PAYLOAD CUSTOMER AND 605 00:17:24.326 --> 00:17:26.562 FURTHER A HOSTED PAYLOAD 606 00:17:26.595 --> 00:17:27.930 CUSTOMER CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE OF 607 00:17:27.963 --> 00:17:29.765 OUR INFRASTRUCTURE, THE GROUND 608 00:17:29.798 --> 00:17:31.700 CENTERS THAT WE HAVE SET UP TO 609 00:17:31.734 --> 00:17:32.901 COMMAND AND CONTROL THE 610 00:17:32.935 --> 00:17:33.702 SATELLITE, THE COMMUNICATION 611 00:17:33.736 --> 00:17:35.104 SERVICES, THE FIBER, THE GROUND 612 00:17:35.137 --> 00:17:36.405 STATIONS THAT WE USE TO MOVE 613 00:17:36.438 --> 00:17:37.973 DATA AROUND ON BEHALF OF OUR 614 00:17:38.006 --> 00:17:38.807 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 615 00:17:38.841 --> 00:17:40.142 CUSTOMERS, ET CETERA. 616 00:17:40.175 --> 00:17:41.343 WHAT DOES ALL OF THIS MEAN? 617 00:17:41.376 --> 00:17:46.915 WELL, A HOSTED PAY PAYLOAD CUSTO 618 00:17:46.949 --> 00:17:48.050 CAN SAVE HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS 619 00:17:48.083 --> 00:17:51.120 OF DOLLARS VERSUS PROCURING A 620 00:17:51.153 --> 00:17:52.421 DEDICATED SATELLITE ON THEIR 621 00:17:52.454 --> 00:17:53.789 OWN. 622 00:17:53.822 --> 00:17:54.490 >> Karen Fox: FANTASTIC! 623 00:17:54.523 --> 00:17:55.924 TELL ME A HILL BIT MORE ABOUT 624 00:17:55.958 --> 00:17:58.727 HOW WE EVEN GET THAT INSTRUMENT 625 00:17:58.761 --> 00:18:00.729 UP INTO SPACE, COORDINATED WITH 626 00:18:00.763 --> 00:18:01.363 SES. 627 00:18:01.396 --> 00:18:02.531 I SAID BEFORE -- SORRY TO 628 00:18:02.564 --> 00:18:03.298 INTERRUPT YOU. 629 00:18:03.332 --> 00:18:05.634 I SAID BEFORE THAT 9 UNIVERSITY 630 00:18:05.667 --> 00:18:07.035 OF CENTRAL FLORIDA IS THE LEAD 631 00:18:07.069 --> 00:18:08.303 INSTITUTION AND IT WAS BUILT AT 632 00:18:08.337 --> 00:18:11.340 THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO'S 633 00:18:11.373 --> 00:18:12.841 LASP LABORATORY. 634 00:18:12.875 --> 00:18:14.343 FROM THERE, IT HAS NO GET ALL 635 00:18:14.376 --> 00:18:16.378 THE WAY UP INTO SPACE AND MAYBE 636 00:18:16.411 --> 00:18:17.946 YOU CAN WATCH US THROUGH THAT 637 00:18:17.980 --> 00:18:18.647 PROCESS. 638 00:18:18.680 --> 00:18:21.483 I JUST REALIZED I HAVE ONE 639 00:18:21.517 --> 00:18:22.384 OTHER IMPORTANT THING TO SAY. 640 00:18:22.417 --> 00:18:24.086 I WANT TO SAY THANK YOU TO OUR 641 00:18:24.119 --> 00:18:24.920 LIVESTREAM WATCHERS. 642 00:18:24.953 --> 00:18:26.822 WE HAVE JUST GOTTEN OUR STREAM 643 00:18:26.855 --> 00:18:28.490 UP ON FACEBOOK AND I REALLY 644 00:18:28.524 --> 00:18:29.691 APPRECIATE YOU GUYS STICKING 645 00:18:29.725 --> 00:18:30.893 WITH US AND WELCOME AND STICK 646 00:18:30.926 --> 00:18:31.560 WITH US! 647 00:18:31.593 --> 00:18:32.895 WE HAVE INTERESTING STUFF TO 648 00:18:32.928 --> 00:18:33.595 TALK ABOUT TODAY. 649 00:18:33.629 --> 00:18:35.130 AND NOW BACK TO YOU, TODD. 650 00:18:35.164 --> 00:18:37.933 >> Todd Gossett: SO WE LEFT OFF 651 00:18:37.966 --> 00:18:39.535 THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, 652 00:18:39.568 --> 00:18:41.170 LASP BUILT THE GOLD PAYLOAD. 653 00:18:41.203 --> 00:18:42.905 THEY FINISHED IT UP AROUND THE 654 00:18:42.938 --> 00:18:48.343 END OF 2016 AND THEY SHIPPED IT 655 00:18:48.377 --> 00:18:54.583 TO TOULOUSE, FACILITY, IN 656 00:18:54.616 --> 00:18:55.284 FRANCE. 657 00:18:55.317 --> 00:18:56.652 THEY INTEGRATED THE GOAL HOSTED 658 00:18:56.685 --> 00:18:58.754 PAYLOAD ON TO SES-14 IN APRIL 659 00:18:58.787 --> 00:18:59.488 OF LAST YEAR. 660 00:18:59.521 --> 00:19:00.756 I THINK I HAVE A GRAPHIC HERE. 661 00:19:00.789 --> 00:19:03.225 THIS IS AN ARTIST'S DEPICTION 662 00:19:03.258 --> 00:19:04.993 BUT THIS SHOWS GOAL, THE 663 00:19:05.027 --> 00:19:06.995 INSTRUMENT ON TOP OF THE NADR 664 00:19:07.029 --> 00:19:10.699 DECK SURROUNDED BY SES-14'S 665 00:19:10.732 --> 00:19:11.533 MISSION, WHICH IS 666 00:19:11.567 --> 00:19:12.100 COMMUNICATIONS. 667 00:19:12.134 --> 00:19:13.869 THAT'S HOW IT GOT THERE. 668 00:19:13.902 --> 00:19:15.003 AND THROUGHOUT THE SPRING AND 669 00:19:15.037 --> 00:19:17.206 SUMMER AND INTO THE FALL, THE 670 00:19:17.239 --> 00:19:18.073 SATELLITE UNDERWENT WHAT WE 671 00:19:18.106 --> 00:19:19.908 CALL ASSEMBLY INTEGRATION AND 672 00:19:19.942 --> 00:19:23.612 TEST IN TOULOUSE, THAT FINISHES 673 00:19:23.645 --> 00:19:24.313 CONSTRUCTION OF THE SATELLITE 674 00:19:24.346 --> 00:19:25.581 AND TESTS IT OUT TO MAKE SURE 675 00:19:25.614 --> 00:19:28.283 IT MEETS OUR REQUIREMENTS. 676 00:19:28.317 --> 00:19:29.585 NOT ONLY DO WE MAKE SURE WE 677 00:19:29.618 --> 00:19:30.886 MEET OUR REQUIREMENTS BUT 678 00:19:30.919 --> 00:19:33.689 THERE'S COMPATIBILITY 679 00:19:33.722 --> 00:19:36.692 TESTING -- WE MADE SURE THAT 680 00:19:36.725 --> 00:19:38.493 SES-14 WOULD DO NO HARM AND 681 00:19:38.527 --> 00:19:41.897 GOLD WOULD DO NO HARM TO THE 682 00:19:41.930 --> 00:19:42.698 SES-14 MISSION. 683 00:19:42.731 --> 00:19:44.733 AND WE FINISHED THAT UP FORT 684 00:19:44.766 --> 00:19:45.467 WORTH FALL, AND THAT WAS BACKED 685 00:19:45.500 --> 00:19:50.806 UP AND TRANSPORTED TO KOUROU, 686 00:19:50.839 --> 00:19:52.541 FRENCH GUIANA. 687 00:19:52.574 --> 00:19:54.776 I THINK WE HAVE A GRAPHIC TO 688 00:19:54.810 --> 00:19:56.545 SHOW WHERE THAT IS. 689 00:19:56.578 --> 00:20:00.382 THIS IS THE GUIANA SPACE 690 00:20:00.415 --> 00:20:01.083 CENTER. 691 00:20:01.116 --> 00:20:02.484 AND THIS IS WHERE THE EUROPEAN 692 00:20:02.517 --> 00:20:03.719 COMPANY LAUNCHES 9 693 00:20:03.752 --> 00:20:04.419 INFRASTRUCTURE FROM. 694 00:20:04.453 --> 00:20:05.954 AND THIS IS TO THE NORTHWEST OF 695 00:20:05.988 --> 00:20:06.655 KOUROU. 696 00:20:06.688 --> 00:20:08.557 THE SATELLITE WAS PACKED UP AND 697 00:20:08.590 --> 00:20:09.691 TRANSPORTED ON THE 22nd OF 698 00:20:09.725 --> 00:20:11.393 DECEMBER AND ARRIVED IN KOUROU, 699 00:20:11.426 --> 00:20:14.363 AS YOU CAN SEE IT'S BEING 700 00:20:14.396 --> 00:20:17.499 UNLOADED FROM THE ENTONOV 701 00:20:17.532 --> 00:20:19.167 AIRCRAFT AND IT'S PROCESSED IN 702 00:20:19.201 --> 00:20:21.370 KOUROU FOR A JANUAR 703 00:20:21.403 --> 00:20:23.272 JANUARY 25th LAUNCH ON AN 704 00:20:23.305 --> 00:20:25.874 ARAINE 5 ROCKET. 705 00:20:25.908 --> 00:20:26.541 >> Karen Fox: FANTASTIC! 706 00:20:26.575 --> 00:20:28.076 AND THEN WHAT HAPPENS NEXT? 707 00:20:28.110 --> 00:20:31.113 IT GOES INTO SPACE. 708 00:20:31.146 --> 00:20:31.813 >> Todd Gossett: EXACTLY. 709 00:20:31.847 --> 00:20:32.881 JANUARY 25th, THE LAUNCH AIRS 710 00:20:32.915 --> 00:20:38.053 AND THE ARAINE 5 WILL GIVE THE 711 00:20:38.086 --> 00:20:41.256 SES-14 AND GOLD TO THE TRANSFER 712 00:20:41.290 --> 00:20:41.957 ORBIT. 713 00:20:41.990 --> 00:20:43.225 IT WILL BE RAISED OPPORTUNITY 714 00:20:43.258 --> 00:20:44.426 GEOSTATIONARY SPOT. 715 00:20:44.459 --> 00:20:47.829 THE FINAL GEOSTATIONARY SPOT IS 716 00:20:47.863 --> 00:20:48.830 47.5 DEGREES WEST OVER BRAZIL, 717 00:20:48.864 --> 00:20:50.365 IN WHICH IT WILL DO THAT 718 00:20:50.399 --> 00:20:50.966 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 719 00:20:50.999 --> 00:20:53.068 MISSION THAT I MENTIONED 720 00:20:53.101 --> 00:20:54.169 EARLIER, BUT EVEN -- OF MORE 721 00:20:54.202 --> 00:20:56.872 INTEREST TO US TODAY IS THAT'S 722 00:20:56.905 --> 00:20:58.874 WHEN WE TURN GOLD ON AND PUT IT 723 00:20:58.907 --> 00:21:00.375 THROUGH THE COMMISSIONING 724 00:21:00.409 --> 00:21:01.476 PROCESS SO IT WILL START ITS 725 00:21:01.510 --> 00:21:03.178 MISSION FOR THE NEXT COUPLE OF 726 00:21:03.211 --> 00:21:03.879 YEARS. 727 00:21:03.912 --> 00:21:05.380 >> Karen Fox: LET'S TALK ABOUT 728 00:21:05.414 --> 00:21:06.615 THAT A LITTLE BIT MORE. 729 00:21:06.648 --> 00:21:08.717 ONE THING THAT'S SO FASCINATING 730 00:21:08.750 --> 00:21:11.486 ABOUT A LAB N LAB MISSION, YOU N 731 00:21:11.520 --> 00:21:13.288 AN ORBIT THAT WORKS FOR THE 732 00:21:13.322 --> 00:21:13.989 TELECOM SATELLITE AND THE 733 00:21:14.022 --> 00:21:15.691 MISSION ITSELF, THE MISSION TO 734 00:21:15.724 --> 00:21:17.326 DO ITS SCIENCE, RIGHT? 735 00:21:17.359 --> 00:21:19.828 SO TELL ME WHAT GOLD CAN DO. 736 00:21:19.861 --> 00:21:21.296 WHY DOES THIS ORBIT WORK FOR 737 00:21:21.330 --> 00:21:21.997 GOLD? 738 00:21:22.030 --> 00:21:23.932 WHY DOES IT WANT TO BE THERE? 739 00:21:23.966 --> 00:21:24.900 >> WELL, THE GREAT THING ABOUT 740 00:21:24.933 --> 00:21:27.803 THIS ORBIT, THE GEOSTATIONARY 741 00:21:27.836 --> 00:21:31.139 ORBIT, STAYS ABOVE ONE 742 00:21:31.173 --> 00:21:33.141 LOCATIONAL EARTH. 743 00:21:33.175 --> 00:21:35.744 WE REVIEW THEM -- WE PLAN TO DO 744 00:21:35.777 --> 00:21:38.213 THIS HALF HOUR CADENCE AS WE 745 00:21:38.246 --> 00:21:39.381 MENTIONED EARLIER, I THINK 746 00:21:39.414 --> 00:21:40.048 THAT. 747 00:21:40.082 --> 00:21:41.049 LETS US FOLLOW THE EVOLUTION 748 00:21:41.083 --> 00:21:42.184 THROUGHOUT THE TIME OF THE -- 749 00:21:42.217 --> 00:21:44.453 OF THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE. 750 00:21:44.486 --> 00:21:45.887 PREVIOUS MISSIONS FROM LOW 751 00:21:45.921 --> 00:21:47.389 EARTH ORBIT WE HAVE DIFFICULTY 752 00:21:47.422 --> 00:21:49.257 OR AS I SAY, WE CAN'T TELL 753 00:21:49.291 --> 00:21:50.525 BETWEEN CHANGES IN TIME AND 754 00:21:50.559 --> 00:21:51.626 CHANGES IN LOCATIONS. 755 00:21:51.660 --> 00:21:53.261 SO WE ARE REVISITING DIFFERENT 756 00:21:53.295 --> 00:21:54.396 LOCATIONS THROUGHOUT THE DAY, 757 00:21:54.429 --> 00:21:55.530 AND AT DIFFERENT TIMES. 758 00:21:55.564 --> 00:21:57.299 WE DON'T KNOW WHICH IS REALLY 759 00:21:57.332 --> 00:21:58.734 THE SOURCE OF THE CHANGE AND WE 760 00:21:58.767 --> 00:22:00.435 KNOW THAT BOTH OF THOSE THINGS 761 00:22:00.469 --> 00:22:02.838 INFLUENCE WHAT WE ARE 762 00:22:02.871 --> 00:22:03.538 OBSERVING. 763 00:22:03.572 --> 00:22:04.740 SO THAT'S THE GREAT THING ABOUT 764 00:22:04.773 --> 00:22:08.243 GOLD AND ALSO SPARTA LETS US 765 00:22:08.276 --> 00:22:10.946 VIEW A HEMISPHERE, GETS US A 766 00:22:10.979 --> 00:22:11.913 LARGE-SCALE VIEW FROM 9 767 00:22:11.947 --> 00:22:13.582 INSTRUMENT. 768 00:22:13.615 --> 00:22:14.149 THE 769 00:22:14.182 --> 00:22:14.816 INSTRUMENT. 770 00:22:14.850 --> 00:22:15.450 >> Karen Fox: WE HAVE A GOOD 771 00:22:15.484 --> 00:22:16.351 QUESTION THAT HAS COME IN. 772 00:22:16.385 --> 00:22:18.220 THIS IS FROM KIMBERLY 773 00:22:18.253 --> 00:22:18.920 UNDERWOOD. 774 00:22:18.954 --> 00:22:20.389 AND HOW DOES THE LAUNCHING ON A 775 00:22:20.422 --> 00:22:21.256 COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COME ABOUT 776 00:22:21.289 --> 00:22:21.890 FOR GOLD? 777 00:22:21.923 --> 00:22:22.758 HOW DID THAT EVEN HAPPEN? 778 00:22:22.791 --> 00:22:24.559 I KNOW YOU GUYS IN THE -- YOU 779 00:22:24.593 --> 00:22:27.195 HAVE BEEN TALKING TO SES FOR A 780 00:22:27.229 --> 00:22:27.829 WHILE. 781 00:22:27.863 --> 00:22:31.600 CAN YOU TELL US ABOUT THE 782 00:22:31.633 --> 00:22:32.801 INITIAL SPARK THERE? 783 00:22:32.834 --> 00:22:34.302 >> THE INITIAL CONVERSATION WAS 784 00:22:34.336 --> 00:22:36.605 I WAS LOOKING FOR A RIDE, 785 00:22:36.638 --> 00:22:38.306 ACTUALLY, AND I CALLED UP A FEW 786 00:22:38.340 --> 00:22:40.475 SATELLITE COMPANIES LOOKING TO 787 00:22:40.509 --> 00:22:42.044 SEE WHO IS WILLING -- WHO HAS 788 00:22:42.077 --> 00:22:43.211 SATELLITES AND WHO IS FLYING 789 00:22:43.245 --> 00:22:46.314 THEM AND I REALIZED THE 790 00:22:46.348 --> 00:22:47.115 COMMUNICATION COMPANIES WERE 791 00:22:47.149 --> 00:22:48.950 FLYING LOTS OF SATELLITES AND 792 00:22:48.984 --> 00:22:49.818 THAT'S THE PLACE TO GO. 793 00:22:49.851 --> 00:22:52.154 WE STARTED TALKING TO SOME OF 794 00:22:52.187 --> 00:22:54.122 THE SATELLITE COMMUNICATION 795 00:22:54.156 --> 00:22:56.658 COMPANIES, AND SES WAS ONE OF 796 00:22:56.691 --> 00:22:58.326 THEM, AND IT EVOLVED FROM 797 00:22:58.360 --> 00:22:58.994 THERE. 798 00:22:59.027 --> 00:22:59.428 IT'S BEEN A GREAT EXPERIENCE 799 00:22:59.461 --> 00:23:00.562 FOR ALL OF US. 800 00:23:00.595 --> 00:23:01.296 >> Karen Fox: THAT'S GREAT. 801 00:23:01.329 --> 00:23:02.597 WE ARE CONTINUING TO TAKE OUR 802 00:23:02.631 --> 00:23:03.265 QUESTIONS. 803 00:23:03.298 --> 00:23:04.800 WE ARE HERE AT NASA GODDARD 804 00:23:04.833 --> 00:23:06.001 TALKING ABOUT GOLD, THE NEWEST 805 00:23:06.034 --> 00:23:10.872 MISSION, LAUNCHING IN JANUARY 806 00:23:10.906 --> 00:23:15.610 FROM FRENCH GUIANA. 807 00:23:15.644 --> 00:23:16.812 WE ARE CONTINUING TO TALK ABOUT 808 00:23:16.845 --> 00:23:18.180 WHAT GOLD CAN DO. 809 00:23:18.213 --> 00:23:19.681 YOU JUST GAVE US THIS 810 00:23:19.714 --> 00:23:20.615 INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT IT CAN 811 00:23:20.649 --> 00:23:21.750 DO FROM ITS ORBIT. 812 00:23:21.783 --> 00:23:23.885 CAN YOU TELL US ABOUT THE 813 00:23:23.919 --> 00:23:24.419 INSTRUMENT. 814 00:23:24.453 --> 00:23:25.454 WHAT IS IT SCANNING? 815 00:23:25.487 --> 00:23:26.922 WHAT IS IT SEEING SOME WHAT'S 816 00:23:26.955 --> 00:23:28.090 GOING ON THERE? 817 00:23:28.123 --> 00:23:30.659 >> WHAT IT'S DOING, IT SCANS -- 818 00:23:30.692 --> 00:23:36.698 IT'S LIKE A SPECTOGRAPH AND IT 819 00:23:36.731 --> 00:23:38.467 LINES OUT AND BY USING THE 820 00:23:38.500 --> 00:23:39.668 DIFFERENCES AND HOW THE COLORS 821 00:23:39.701 --> 00:23:41.870 CHANGE OVER TIME AND HOW 822 00:23:41.903 --> 00:23:43.738 THAT -- WHAT THEY LOOK LIKE AS 823 00:23:43.772 --> 00:23:46.441 FAR AS THE COLORS, WE CAN TELL 824 00:23:46.475 --> 00:23:48.977 WHAT THE COMPOSITION OF THE 825 00:23:49.010 --> 00:23:49.945 UPPER ATMOSPHERE IS AND WHAT 826 00:23:49.978 --> 00:23:51.146 THE CHANGES AND WEB TELL WHAT 827 00:23:51.179 --> 00:23:53.215 THE CHANGES -- AND WE CAN TELL 828 00:23:53.248 --> 00:23:54.483 WHAT THE CHANGES OF THE 829 00:23:54.516 --> 00:23:55.150 ATMOSPHERE ARE DOING. 830 00:23:55.183 --> 00:23:58.220 WE CAN SEE THE NIGHTTIME AIR 831 00:23:58.253 --> 00:23:58.987 GLOW AND WE'LL SEE THE 832 00:23:59.020 --> 00:24:00.322 STRUCTURE IN THE DAYTIME TOO. 833 00:24:00.355 --> 00:24:02.591 IT SCANS ACROSS THE EARTH IN 834 00:24:02.624 --> 00:24:07.062 HALF AN HOUR CADENCE AND BY 835 00:24:07.095 --> 00:24:08.363 COMBINING THOSE INDIVIDUAL 836 00:24:08.396 --> 00:24:09.731 PICTURES AS WE GO ACROSS, WE 837 00:24:09.764 --> 00:24:11.633 GET A PICTURE OF THE WHOLE 838 00:24:11.666 --> 00:24:13.702 EARTH AT THAT CADENCE. 839 00:24:13.735 --> 00:24:14.970 WE CAN GIVE US PICTURES OF THE 840 00:24:15.003 --> 00:24:15.971 TEMPERATURE AND THE COMPOSITION 841 00:24:16.004 --> 00:24:17.172 AND OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THE 842 00:24:17.205 --> 00:24:19.441 UPPER ATMOSPHERE. 843 00:24:19.474 --> 00:24:20.242 >> Karen Fox: SO THIS IS ONE. 844 00:24:20.275 --> 00:24:22.544 THINGS THAT I FIND PARTICULARLY 845 00:24:22.577 --> 00:24:23.178 INTERESTING. 846 00:24:23.211 --> 00:24:24.446 YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT THE 847 00:24:24.479 --> 00:24:26.248 30-MINUTE SCANS OF THE ENTIRE 848 00:24:26.281 --> 00:24:27.949 DISK, BUT IT CAN BE FLEXIBLE 849 00:24:27.983 --> 00:24:28.750 TOO, RIGHT? 850 00:24:28.783 --> 00:24:30.118 IT CAN ZOOM IN. 851 00:24:30.152 --> 00:24:31.453 IT CAN DO FASTER SCANS. 852 00:24:31.486 --> 00:24:33.054 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT'S SO 853 00:24:33.088 --> 00:24:34.956 USEFUL ABOUT THAT, IS WE CAN 854 00:24:34.990 --> 00:24:36.091 COORDINATE WITH OTHER MISSIONS 855 00:24:36.124 --> 00:24:37.659 AND OTHER THINGS THAT ARE 856 00:24:37.692 --> 00:24:39.728 LOOKING AT THE IONOSPHERE AND 857 00:24:39.761 --> 00:24:40.862 SARAH JONES RECENTLY MENTIONED 858 00:24:40.896 --> 00:24:42.597 AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS SHOW, 859 00:24:42.631 --> 00:24:43.632 WE HAVE ANOTHER MISSION COMING 860 00:24:43.665 --> 00:24:45.433 UP THIS YEAR, LATER IN 2018, 861 00:24:45.467 --> 00:24:48.837 IT'S CALLED THE IONOSPHERE 862 00:24:48.870 --> 00:24:50.038 CONNECTION EXPLORER, ICON. 863 00:24:50.071 --> 00:24:51.606 TELL US MORE ABOUT THAT. 864 00:24:51.640 --> 00:24:58.046 HOW DO THEY PLAY TOGETHER? 865 00:24:58.079 --> 00:24:58.747 >> Sarah Jones: SURE. 866 00:24:58.780 --> 00:25:02.684 THE ICON MISSION GOES LATER ON 867 00:25:02.717 --> 00:25:03.852 THIS YEAR. 868 00:25:03.885 --> 00:25:05.654 S IS SIMILAR TO WHAT GOLD IS 869 00:25:05.687 --> 00:25:07.389 STUDYING BUT A DIFFERENT 870 00:25:07.422 --> 00:25:08.456 VANTAGE POINT. 871 00:25:08.490 --> 00:25:09.958 LOW EARTH ORBIT IS WHAT THE I. 872 00:25:09.991 --> 00:25:11.259 S.S. FLIES IN AND THIS IS RIGHT 873 00:25:11.293 --> 00:25:12.594 WITHIN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE 874 00:25:12.627 --> 00:25:15.063 THAT WE HAVE BEEN TALKING B.SO 875 00:25:15.096 --> 00:25:16.464 ICON WILL BE FLYING THROUGH 876 00:25:16.498 --> 00:25:18.400 THAT VERY REGION, DIRECTLY 877 00:25:18.433 --> 00:25:19.668 MEASURING THE PARTICLES THERE 878 00:25:19.701 --> 00:25:20.635 AND HOW THEY MOVE. 879 00:25:20.669 --> 00:25:22.304 THAT MEANS THAT ICON WILL BE 880 00:25:22.337 --> 00:25:25.507 GETTING A VERY LOCALIZED VIEW, 881 00:25:25.540 --> 00:25:27.075 WITH FINE SCALES IN CONTRAST 882 00:25:27.108 --> 00:25:30.545 WITH GOLD, WHICH IS HOVERING 883 00:25:30.579 --> 00:25:32.280 22,000 MILES ABOVE SEEING THE 884 00:25:32.314 --> 00:25:33.415 WHOLE GLOBAL SCALE AND WATCHING 885 00:25:33.448 --> 00:25:35.016 EVERYTHING PLAY OUT BELOW. 886 00:25:35.050 --> 00:25:37.986 SO THESE TWO MISSIONS ARE VERY, 887 00:25:38.019 --> 00:25:39.521 VERY COMPLIMENTARY, AND THEY 888 00:25:39.554 --> 00:25:41.923 WILL GIVE SCIENTISTS A MORE 889 00:25:41.957 --> 00:25:43.024 COMPREHENSIVE PICTURE OF WHAT'S 890 00:25:43.058 --> 00:25:44.926 GOING ON HERE FROM THE GLOBAL 891 00:25:44.960 --> 00:25:46.328 SCALES ALL THE WAY DOWN TO 892 00:25:46.361 --> 00:25:47.128 METER SCALES. 893 00:25:47.162 --> 00:25:48.830 NOW, KAREN MENTIONED THAT ICON 894 00:25:48.863 --> 00:25:50.832 IS AN EXPLORER MISSION AND 895 00:25:50.865 --> 00:25:52.667 THAT'S ACTUALLY PART OF THE 896 00:25:52.701 --> 00:25:53.969 EXPLORER LINE THE MISSIONS. 897 00:25:54.002 --> 00:25:56.004 YOU WANT TO TALK ABOUT THAT, 898 00:25:56.037 --> 00:25:56.571 ALEX? 899 00:25:56.605 --> 00:25:57.272 >> C. Alex Young: SURE. 900 00:25:57.305 --> 00:25:58.807 THAT'S A REALLY COOL LINE THAT 901 00:25:58.840 --> 00:26:01.309 NASA HAS, THE EXPLORE PROGRAM 902 00:26:01.343 --> 00:26:02.911 AND IT IS BOTH MISSIONS THAT 903 00:26:02.944 --> 00:26:04.613 HAVE THEIR OWN DEDICATED 904 00:26:04.646 --> 00:26:05.981 SPACECRAFT, OR WHAT'S CALLED A 905 00:26:06.014 --> 00:26:07.415 MISSION OF OPPORTUNITY LIKE 906 00:26:07.449 --> 00:26:08.550 GOLD, WHERE IN THIS CASE WE 907 00:26:08.583 --> 00:26:09.618 HAVE ACTUALLY FOR THE FIRST 908 00:26:09.651 --> 00:26:12.387 TIME HAVE IT ON A PRIVATE SPACE 909 00:26:12.420 --> 00:26:12.954 CRAFT. 910 00:26:12.988 --> 00:26:14.623 AND THE COOL THING ABOUT 911 00:26:14.656 --> 00:26:16.424 EXPLORER MISSIONS IS THEY ARE 912 00:26:16.458 --> 00:26:18.960 DESIGNED TO BE VERY NIMBLE, 913 00:26:18.994 --> 00:26:21.596 VERY QUICK TO COME AROUND, 914 00:26:21.630 --> 00:26:24.065 RELATIVELY LOW COST, BUT 915 00:26:24.099 --> 00:26:26.001 SPECIFICALLY THEY ARE DESIGNED 916 00:26:26.034 --> 00:26:28.603 TO ANSWER VERY SPECIFIC 917 00:26:28.637 --> 00:26:30.205 QUESTIONS, VERY FOCUSED 918 00:26:30.238 --> 00:26:31.806 SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS. 919 00:26:31.840 --> 00:26:33.408 AND SO THEY ARE A VERY 920 00:26:33.441 --> 00:26:34.709 IMPORTANT PARENT OF THE LINE OF 921 00:26:34.743 --> 00:26:37.379 MISSIONS THAT NASA HAS IN 922 00:26:37.412 --> 00:26:41.182 HELIOPHYSICS AND ALSO IN 923 00:26:41.216 --> 00:26:42.083 ASTROPHYSICS AND ALL OF THESE 924 00:26:42.117 --> 00:26:43.285 DIFFERENT MISSIONS ARE 925 00:26:43.318 --> 00:26:44.686 ADDRESSING DIFFERENT PARTS OF 926 00:26:44.719 --> 00:26:46.588 KIND OF THE BIGGER PIECE AS WE 927 00:26:46.621 --> 00:26:48.590 TALKED ABOUT BEFORE, OF THE 928 00:26:48.623 --> 00:26:49.591 PUZZLE OF ALL THE DIFFERENT 929 00:26:49.624 --> 00:26:51.059 THINGS THAT ARE HAPPENING IN 930 00:26:51.092 --> 00:26:55.597 THE HELIOPHYSICS SYSTEM. 931 00:26:55.630 --> 00:26:56.531 >> Karen Fox: THANK YOU GUYS, 932 00:26:56.564 --> 00:26:57.232 SO MUCH. 933 00:26:57.265 --> 00:26:58.566 I'M REALLY ENJOYING THIS TODAY. 934 00:26:58.600 --> 00:26:59.834 WE ARE TAKING YOUR QUESTIONS. 935 00:26:59.868 --> 00:27:01.836 WE ARE GETTING SO MANY 936 00:27:01.870 --> 00:27:03.838 QUESTIONS ABOUT 9 COLLABORATION 937 00:27:03.872 --> 00:27:04.606 WITH THE COMMERCIAL SATELLITE 938 00:27:04.639 --> 00:27:05.740 AND I PROMISE YOU, WE WILL GET 939 00:27:05.774 --> 00:27:06.608 TO THOSE. 940 00:27:06.641 --> 00:27:08.043 THERE'S SOME GOOD ONES COMING 941 00:27:08.076 --> 00:27:08.743 IN. 942 00:27:08.777 --> 00:27:09.711 IN THE MEANTIME, YOU CAN KEEP 943 00:27:09.744 --> 00:27:14.082 ASKING QUESTIONS BY USING THE 944 00:27:14.115 --> 00:27:14.749 #ASKNASA. 945 00:27:14.783 --> 00:27:15.850 I HAVE A COUPLE OF QUESTIONS 946 00:27:15.884 --> 00:27:17.619 NOW -- I HAVE A NICE EASTY ONE 947 00:27:17.652 --> 00:27:22.023 FOR YOU, RICHARD. 948 00:27:22.057 --> 00:27:22.691 >> OKAY. 949 00:27:22.724 --> 00:27:23.391 >> Karen Fox: WHAT DOES THE 950 00:27:23.425 --> 00:27:25.160 LIMB AND DISK PART OF THE TITLE 951 00:27:25.193 --> 00:27:25.860 MEAN? 952 00:27:25.894 --> 00:27:31.466 >> THE LIMIT IS -- THE DIS DISK 953 00:27:31.499 --> 00:27:34.803 LOOKING AT THE EARTH, AND THE 954 00:27:34.836 --> 00:27:37.572 LIMB IS THE EARTH. 955 00:27:37.605 --> 00:27:40.375 THAT'S THE DIFFERENCE, THE LIMB 956 00:27:40.408 --> 00:27:42.110 IS -- ALL WE'RE SEEING THERE, 957 00:27:42.143 --> 00:27:45.380 WE SEE UP IN THE ATMOSPHERE. 958 00:27:45.413 --> 00:27:47.282 WE CAN LOOK AT ALTITUDE 959 00:27:47.315 --> 00:27:48.616 PROFILES AND THE MISSIONS, BUT 960 00:27:48.650 --> 00:27:50.952 THE DISK IS WHERE WE GET THE 961 00:27:50.985 --> 00:27:53.254 PICTURES OF WHAT'S HAPPENING ON 962 00:27:53.288 --> 00:27:53.822 EARTH. 963 00:27:53.855 --> 00:27:54.489 >> Karen Fox: ALL RIGHT. 964 00:27:54.522 --> 00:27:55.357 ALSO GETTING A QUESTION FROM 965 00:27:55.390 --> 00:27:57.759 JANE ON INSTAGRAM, WHO ASKS: 966 00:27:57.792 --> 00:28:00.462 WILL GOLD BE ABLE TO DETECT THE 967 00:28:00.495 --> 00:28:04.065 EFFECTS OF SOLAR FLARES? 968 00:28:04.099 --> 00:28:06.067 >> OH, YES! 969 00:28:06.101 --> 00:28:07.001 DEFINITELY. 970 00:28:07.035 --> 00:28:08.069 YES. 971 00:28:08.103 --> 00:28:12.040 9 AIR GLO THE AIR GLOW THAT WE A 972 00:28:12.073 --> 00:28:15.443 LOOKING AT AND THE NIGHT TIME 973 00:28:15.477 --> 00:28:18.046 AIR GLOW OR THE DAYTIME AIR 974 00:28:18.079 --> 00:28:18.747 GLOW RESPOND TO WHAT'S 975 00:28:18.780 --> 00:28:19.447 HAPPENING IN THE SUN. 976 00:28:19.481 --> 00:28:21.983 SO THE SOLAR FLARES WILL 977 00:28:22.016 --> 00:28:22.650 INFLUENCE THOUGH. 978 00:28:22.684 --> 00:28:25.620 THE DAYTIME, WE WILL SEE THE 979 00:28:25.653 --> 00:28:26.321 CHANGES. 980 00:28:26.354 --> 00:28:26.721 >> C. Alex Young: CAN I ADD TO 981 00:28:26.755 --> 00:28:27.255 THAT? 982 00:28:27.288 --> 00:28:27.922 THAT'S REALLY COOL. 983 00:28:27.956 --> 00:28:28.890 THAT'S REALLY EXCITING. 984 00:28:28.923 --> 00:28:31.326 WE HAVE A LOT OF REALLY NICE 985 00:28:31.359 --> 00:28:32.127 DISCOVERIES RECENTLY. 986 00:28:32.160 --> 00:28:35.964 YOU KNOW, WE SEE OSCILLATIONS 987 00:28:35.997 --> 00:28:36.664 IN SOLAR FLARES. 988 00:28:36.698 --> 00:28:38.133 WE SEE THAT IN X-RAY LIGHT THAT 989 00:28:38.166 --> 00:28:39.134 COMES FROM THE SUN AND RECENTLY 990 00:28:39.167 --> 00:28:40.835 FOR THE FIRST TIME, WE STARTED 991 00:28:40.869 --> 00:28:43.004 TO SEE THOSE CORRESPONDING 992 00:28:43.037 --> 00:28:43.938 OSCILLATIONS DIRECTLY CONNECTED 993 00:28:43.972 --> 00:28:45.540 IN THE IONOSPHERE. 994 00:28:45.573 --> 00:28:47.675 SO HAVING MORE OBSERVATIONS OF 995 00:28:47.709 --> 00:28:49.778 THE IONOSPHERE IS REALLY, 996 00:28:49.811 --> 00:28:52.013 REALLY COOL FOR SEEING THIS 997 00:28:52.046 --> 00:28:53.014 SUN/EARTH CONNECTION IN A NEW 998 00:28:53.047 --> 00:28:55.283 WAY. 999 00:28:55.316 --> 00:28:56.050 >> Karen Fox: THAT'S EXCITING. 1000 00:28:56.084 --> 00:28:57.619 ONE MORE NOW, THOUGH YOU CAN 1001 00:28:57.652 --> 00:29:07.429 KEEP ASKING QUESTIONS BY SAYING 1002 00:29:07.462 --> 00:29:08.930 #ASKNASA IN YOUR HASHTAG. 1003 00:29:08.963 --> 00:29:10.432 AND WE ARE TALKING ABOUT GOLD, 1004 00:29:10.465 --> 00:29:11.633 THE NASA MISSION THAT WILL BE 1005 00:29:11.666 --> 00:29:13.234 LAUNCHING THE END OF JANUARY TO 1006 00:29:13.268 --> 00:29:14.836 STUDYING THE INTERFACE TO 1007 00:29:14.869 --> 00:29:17.739 SPACE, THE BOUNDARY TO SPACE. 1008 00:29:17.772 --> 00:29:19.941 WE HAVE THIS OVERLAP WITH THE 1009 00:29:19.974 --> 00:29:20.675 UPPER ATMOSPHERE. 1010 00:29:20.708 --> 00:29:22.377 WE TALK ABOUT HOW IT WILL TAKE 1011 00:29:22.410 --> 00:29:23.845 INTO CONSIDERATION, TERRESTRIAL 1012 00:29:23.878 --> 00:29:24.512 WEATHER. 1013 00:29:24.546 --> 00:29:25.647 SO WE HAVE ONE LAST QUESTION 1014 00:29:25.680 --> 00:29:27.449 FOR THIS ROUND AND THAT'S ALEX 1015 00:29:27.482 --> 00:29:29.350 FROM TWITTER, WHO WOULD LIKE TO 1016 00:29:29.384 --> 00:29:30.652 KNOW, WILL GOLD IMPROVE THE 1017 00:29:30.685 --> 00:29:34.989 WEATHER FORECASTING ON EARTH? 1018 00:29:35.023 --> 00:29:36.291 >> AS FAR AS WE KNOW, IT WILL 1019 00:29:36.324 --> 00:29:38.660 NOT IMPROVE WEATHER FORECASTING 1020 00:29:38.693 --> 00:29:39.360 ON EARTH. 1021 00:29:39.394 --> 00:29:40.361 BUT THE WEATHER FORECASTING ON 1022 00:29:40.395 --> 00:29:41.429 EARTH WILL BE ABLE TO -- WE CAN 1023 00:29:41.463 --> 00:29:43.298 USE THAT TO IMPROVE THE WEATHER 1024 00:29:43.331 --> 00:29:44.132 FORECASTING IN SPACE. 1025 00:29:44.165 --> 00:29:46.334 THAT'S THE WAY IT WILL WORK. 1026 00:29:46.367 --> 00:29:47.001 >> Karen Fox: ALL RIGHT. 1027 00:29:47.035 --> 00:29:48.336 FANTASTIC! 1028 00:29:48.369 --> 00:29:51.139 I'M GOING TO ASK SOME QUESTIONS 1029 00:29:51.172 --> 00:29:51.439 NOW. 1030 00:29:51.473 --> 00:29:52.140 MY TURN. 1031 00:29:52.173 --> 00:29:55.443 ALL RIGHT, WHAT I WANT TO KNOW 1032 00:29:55.477 --> 00:29:57.979 IS: RICHARD, WHAT IS THE THING 1033 00:29:58.012 --> 00:29:59.347 YOU ARE MOST EXCITED ABOUT, 1034 00:29:59.380 --> 00:30:04.652 EAS?YOU HAVE BEEN WITH THIS MISS 1035 00:30:04.686 --> 00:30:06.654 FOR A LONG TIME, WHAT ARE YOU 1036 00:30:06.688 --> 00:30:08.456 MOST EXCITED ABOUT? 1037 00:30:08.490 --> 00:30:09.090 >> GETTING DATA. 1038 00:30:09.123 --> 00:30:10.458 AFTER WORKING ON THIS FOR 1039 00:30:10.492 --> 00:30:11.893 SEVERAL YEARS, IT'S EXCITING TO 1040 00:30:11.926 --> 00:30:12.594 GET DATA. 1041 00:30:12.627 --> 00:30:13.995 I THINK IT'S ALSO INTERESTING 1042 00:30:14.028 --> 00:30:16.531 TO GET -- IT'S FUNDAMENTAL AS 1043 00:30:16.564 --> 00:30:18.967 A -- AS FUNDAMENTAL AS A PIECE 1044 00:30:19.000 --> 00:30:19.801 OF INFORMATION THAT 1045 00:30:19.834 --> 00:30:23.938 TEMPERATURES. WE NEVER HAD 1046 00:30:23.972 --> 00:30:24.672 PICTURES -- IT'S JUST AS 1047 00:30:24.706 --> 00:30:25.306 IMPORTANT. 1048 00:30:25.340 --> 00:30:25.940 JUST BECAUSE YOU KNOW THE 1049 00:30:25.974 --> 00:30:26.574 TEMPERATURE IN CALIFORNIA, 1050 00:30:26.608 --> 00:30:28.409 DOESN'T MEAN YOU KNOW THE 1051 00:30:28.443 --> 00:30:29.210 TEMPERATURE IN D.C. 1052 00:30:29.244 --> 00:30:31.312 IT'S JUST IMPORTANT IN THE 1053 00:30:31.346 --> 00:30:32.480 UPPER ATMOSPHERE TO UNDERSTAND 1054 00:30:32.514 --> 00:30:35.583 WHAT THOSE TEMPERATURE 1055 00:30:35.617 --> 00:30:36.618 DIFFERENCES ARE AND WE'LL 1056 00:30:36.651 --> 00:30:37.318 FINALLY HAVE THAT. 1057 00:30:37.352 --> 00:30:39.754 I'M LOOKING IN ORDER TO THAT. 1058 00:30:39.787 --> 00:30:40.522 >> Karen Fox: FAN FASTIC. 1059 00:30:40.555 --> 00:30:43.024 EVERYONE WILL HAVE THEIR TURN 1060 00:30:43.057 --> 00:30:43.725 HERE. 1061 00:30:43.758 --> 00:30:44.392 SARAH WHAT IS THE THING THAT'S 1062 00:30:44.425 --> 00:30:44.826 MOST EXCITING FOR YOU ABOUT 1063 00:30:44.859 --> 00:30:46.561 THIS MISSION? 1064 00:30:46.594 --> 00:30:47.195 >> Sarah Jones: OKAY. 1065 00:30:47.228 --> 00:30:48.730 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT I'M 1066 00:30:48.763 --> 00:30:49.697 EXCITED ABOUT IS THIS 1067 00:30:49.731 --> 00:30:50.498 OPPORTUNITY THAT WE TALKED 1068 00:30:50.532 --> 00:30:54.102 ABOUT FOR THE G GOLD AND ICON 1069 00:30:54.135 --> 00:30:55.303 MISSIONS TO WORK TOGETHER AND 1070 00:30:55.336 --> 00:30:56.604 TO BE ABLE TO FOR THE FIRST 1071 00:30:56.638 --> 00:30:58.406 TIME GET A GLOBAL SCALE VIEW 1072 00:30:58.439 --> 00:31:00.041 AND A FINE SCALE LOCAL VIEW AT 1073 00:31:00.074 --> 00:31:04.512 THE SAME TIME AND LIKE RICHARD 1074 00:31:04.546 --> 00:31:07.615 SAID, GETTING IT MUCH FASTER, 1075 00:31:07.649 --> 00:31:09.250 GETTING A PICTURE OF GLOBAL 1076 00:31:09.284 --> 00:31:10.318 SCALE, AND THAT WILL ALLOW US 1077 00:31:10.351 --> 00:31:12.153 TO LOOK AT THE DAY-TO-DAY 1078 00:31:12.186 --> 00:31:14.322 EFFECTS AND LONGER TERM EFFECTS 1079 00:31:14.355 --> 00:31:16.391 THAT WE LOOKED AT IN THE PAST. 1080 00:31:16.424 --> 00:31:17.225 >> Karen Fox: THAT BRINGS US TO 1081 00:31:17.258 --> 00:31:19.060 ALEX YOUNG, WHAT ARE YOU MOST 1082 00:31:19.093 --> 00:31:19.994 LOOKING FORWARD TO? 1083 00:31:20.028 --> 00:31:21.229 WHAT ARE YOU MOST EXCITED ABOUT 1084 00:31:21.262 --> 00:31:22.997 WITH THIS MISSION? 1085 00:31:23.031 --> 00:31:23.731 >> C. Alex Young: WELL, I'M 1086 00:31:23.765 --> 00:31:25.199 EXCITED -- IT'S KIND OF AN 1087 00:31:25.233 --> 00:31:27.001 EXTENSION OF WHAT SARAH SAID. 1088 00:31:27.035 --> 00:31:28.670 THE COOL THING ABOUT THE COMBO 1089 00:31:28.703 --> 00:31:30.138 BETWEEN ICON AND GOLD, THE FACT 1090 00:31:30.171 --> 00:31:32.473 THAT WE ARE GETTING THIS GLOBAL 1091 00:31:32.507 --> 00:31:35.376 VIEW THAT'S ACTUALLY REMOTE 1092 00:31:35.410 --> 00:31:36.911 SENSING PANE THEN WE HAVE THE 1093 00:31:36.945 --> 00:31:38.279 IN SITU VIEW, WE ARE SENDING 1094 00:31:38.313 --> 00:31:39.213 SOMETHING THROUGH IT. 1095 00:31:39.247 --> 00:31:42.584 THAT'S ICON FLYING THROUGH IT. 1096 00:31:42.617 --> 00:31:44.185 THAT'S ONE OF THE MOST 1097 00:31:44.218 --> 00:31:45.587 IMPORTANT WAYS THAT WE HAVE TO 1098 00:31:45.620 --> 00:31:46.688 DO HELIOPHYSICS. 1099 00:31:46.721 --> 00:31:47.789 WE HAVE ALL OF THESE DIFFERENT 1100 00:31:47.822 --> 00:31:49.757 PLACES IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM, IN 1101 00:31:49.791 --> 00:31:52.794 THE HELIOSPHERE AND WE HAVE 1102 00:31:52.827 --> 00:31:53.995 SOME SPACECRAFT THAT ARE 1103 00:31:54.028 --> 00:31:55.396 LOOKING AT A DISTANCE AND THE 1104 00:31:55.430 --> 00:31:56.798 REMOTE SENSING VIEW AND 1105 00:31:56.831 --> 00:31:57.899 SOMEWHERE WE ARE ACTUALLY 1106 00:31:57.932 --> 00:31:59.233 FLYING SPACECRAFT THROUGH IT, 1107 00:31:59.267 --> 00:32:02.236 TO BASICALLY SCOOP UP PARTICLES 1108 00:32:02.270 --> 00:32:07.008 AND THAT IS PART OF THE BIGGER 1109 00:32:07.041 --> 00:32:07.742 HELIOPHYSICS SUITE. 1110 00:32:07.775 --> 00:32:10.778 THESE TWO MISSIONS GOAL AND 1111 00:32:10.812 --> 00:32:14.082 ICON ARE PART OF THIS BIGGER 1112 00:32:14.115 --> 00:32:14.782 PICTURE. 1113 00:32:14.816 --> 00:32:16.184 WE HAVE A GRAPHIC SHOWING ALL 1114 00:32:16.217 --> 00:32:18.152 THE DIFFERENT MISSIONS OF WHAT 1115 00:32:18.186 --> 00:32:22.256 WE CALL THE HELIOPHYSICS FEED 1116 00:32:22.290 --> 00:32:23.257 OR THE OBSERVE FORY. 1117 00:32:23.291 --> 00:32:24.492 ALL OF THESE MISSIONS ARE PART 1118 00:32:24.525 --> 00:32:26.761 OF ONE GIANT OBSERVATORY. 1119 00:32:26.794 --> 00:32:28.663 AND THEY ARE SHOWING US THE 1120 00:32:28.696 --> 00:32:31.399 SUN, BOTH INSIDE AND OUT, ALL 1121 00:32:31.432 --> 00:32:33.267 OF THE STUFF THAT'S CREATING 1122 00:32:33.301 --> 00:32:34.302 THAT SPACE AND THEN THEY ARE 1123 00:32:34.335 --> 00:32:35.770 SHOWING ALL OF THESE DIFFERENT 1124 00:32:35.803 --> 00:32:36.437 ENVIRONMENTS. 1125 00:32:36.471 --> 00:32:38.039 THE IONOSPHERE, AS WE TALKED 1126 00:32:38.072 --> 00:32:44.579 ABOUT, MOVING FARTHER OUT, THE 1127 00:32:44.612 --> 00:32:45.313 MAGNETO SPHERE OF THE EARTH AND 1128 00:32:45.346 --> 00:32:47.548 OTHER PLANETS WHICH CAN BE 1129 00:32:47.582 --> 00:32:49.917 VASTLY DIFFERENT AND HOW THESE 1130 00:32:49.951 --> 00:32:51.185 THINGS INTERACT, AS WELL AS THE 1131 00:32:51.219 --> 00:32:52.253 BROADEST REGIONS OF OUR LOCAL 1132 00:32:52.286 --> 00:32:54.555 SPACE TO THE VERY EDGE, WITH 1133 00:32:54.589 --> 00:32:56.858 EVEN SPACECRAFT LIKE VOYAGER 1134 00:32:56.891 --> 00:32:58.159 WHICH HAVE NOW FLOWN OUT, 1135 00:32:58.192 --> 00:32:59.761 OUTSIDE OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM AND 1136 00:32:59.794 --> 00:33:02.563 ARE STARTING TO TOUCH 1137 00:33:02.597 --> 00:33:04.065 INTERSTELLAR MATTER, 1138 00:33:04.098 --> 00:33:05.066 INTERSTELLAR MEDIA. 1139 00:33:05.099 --> 00:33:09.103 SO THAT TO ME, SEEING THESE -- 1140 00:33:09.137 --> 00:33:09.804 SEEING ALL OF THESE DIFFERENT 1141 00:33:09.837 --> 00:33:12.206 VIEW POINTS COME TOGETHER TO 1142 00:33:12.240 --> 00:33:13.875 GIVE US THAT GLOBAL SCALE VIEW 1143 00:33:13.908 --> 00:33:17.278 IS REALLY WHAT'S SO EXCITING. 1144 00:33:17.311 --> 00:33:17.979 >> Karen Fox: FANTASTIC! 1145 00:33:18.012 --> 00:33:19.814 AND LAST BUT NOT LEAST, WE HAVE 1146 00:33:19.847 --> 00:33:21.115 TODD GOSSETT, FROM SES 1147 00:33:21.149 --> 00:33:22.216 GOVERNMENT SOLUTIONS TO TELL US 1148 00:33:22.250 --> 00:33:25.119 WHAT HE FINDS MOST INTERESTING 1149 00:33:25.153 --> 00:33:26.821 ABOUT 9 UPCOMING -- NOT 1150 00:33:26.854 --> 00:33:28.523 INTERESTING, MOST EXCITING 1151 00:33:28.556 --> 00:33:31.826 ABOUT THE UPCOMING GOLD LAUNCH 1152 00:33:31.859 --> 00:33:35.263 IN JANUARY FROM FRENCH GUIANA. 1153 00:33:35.296 --> 00:33:36.197 >> Todd Gossett: WHAT I'M MOST 1154 00:33:36.230 --> 00:33:39.133 EXCITED ABOUT AND SES IS MOST 1155 00:33:39.167 --> 00:33:41.402 EXCITED ABOUT GETTING THE 1156 00:33:41.436 --> 00:33:44.739 SES-14 PAY LOAD AND THE 1157 00:33:44.772 --> 00:33:46.574 PARTNERSHIP WITH NASA, HARDWARE 1158 00:33:46.607 --> 00:33:47.208 AND SOFTWARE. 1159 00:33:47.241 --> 00:33:48.309 WE HAVE BEEN WORKING WITH 1160 00:33:48.342 --> 00:33:51.579 RICHARD AND THE GOAL GOLD TEAM F 1161 00:33:51.612 --> 00:33:53.114 GOOD PART OF THE DECADE. 1162 00:33:53.147 --> 00:33:54.582 DOZENS OF PEOPLE COMPANY-WIDE 1163 00:33:54.615 --> 00:33:55.950 AND WE GET TO REALIZE THE 1164 00:33:55.983 --> 00:33:59.454 FRUITS OF THAT LABOR AND 1165 00:33:59.487 --> 00:34:00.722 DEMONSTRATE THIS COMMERCIAL 1166 00:34:00.755 --> 00:34:01.923 PARTNERSHIP WITH THE U.S. 1167 00:34:01.956 --> 00:34:02.857 GOVERNMENT. 1168 00:34:02.890 --> 00:34:03.558 >> Karen Fox: FANTASTIC! 1169 00:34:03.591 --> 00:34:04.292 IT WILL BE AN EXCITING MISSION. 1170 00:34:04.325 --> 00:34:05.593 WE HAVE A BUNCH MORE QUESTIONS 1171 00:34:05.626 --> 00:34:07.462 AND WE WILL START GOING THROUGH 1172 00:34:07.495 --> 00:34:08.129 THEM. 1173 00:34:08.162 --> 00:34:09.130 I WILL KEEP YOU GUYS UP HERE 1174 00:34:09.163 --> 00:34:11.466 AND WE WILL ASK EACH OF YOU THE 1175 00:34:11.499 --> 00:34:13.234 APPROPRIATE QUESTIONS. 1176 00:34:13.267 --> 00:34:13.901 AGAIN, YOU WILL STILL LEAVE 1177 00:34:13.935 --> 00:34:15.837 THEM FOR US. 1178 00:34:15.870 --> 00:34:17.705 USE #ASKNASA OR DOWN BELOW. 1179 00:34:17.739 --> 00:34:19.674 WE ARE TALKING ABOUT THIS 1180 00:34:19.707 --> 00:34:20.374 INTERESTING REGION OF SPACE IF 1181 00:34:20.408 --> 00:34:21.309 YOU HAVE QUESTIONS ABOUT THE 1182 00:34:21.342 --> 00:34:23.044 SCIENCE THERE, WHAT'S GOING ON 1183 00:34:23.077 --> 00:34:24.112 OR QUESTIONS ABOUT THE MISSION, 1184 00:34:24.145 --> 00:34:26.380 WE ARE INTERESTED IN HEARING 1185 00:34:26.414 --> 00:34:27.014 THEM. 1186 00:34:27.048 --> 00:34:27.782 FAY WHOLE BUNCH, WE HAVE A 1187 00:34:27.815 --> 00:34:29.250 NUMBER FROM SOME OF OUR PRESS 1188 00:34:29.283 --> 00:34:30.284 WHO ARE WATCHING AS WELL. 1189 00:34:30.318 --> 00:34:33.321 WE WILL GO THROUGH THIS. 1190 00:34:33.354 --> 00:34:43.197 WE HAVE SPACE NI FLIGHT INSIDER. 1191 00:34:43.231 --> 00:34:47.969 WHAT DOES NASA HOPE TO GAIN? 1192 00:34:48.002 --> 00:34:48.736 >> Sarah Jones: WE ARE EXCITED 1193 00:34:48.770 --> 00:34:49.704 ABOUT THE SUCCESS OF THE GOLD 1194 00:34:49.737 --> 00:34:50.605 MISSION AND HOW IT'S BEEN 1195 00:34:50.638 --> 00:34:51.305 WORKING OUT. 1196 00:34:51.339 --> 00:34:52.740 I THINK RICHARD AND TODD TALKED 1197 00:34:52.774 --> 00:34:53.808 ABOUT WHAT WE ARE GAINING IN 1198 00:34:53.841 --> 00:34:54.609 THAT CASE. 1199 00:34:54.642 --> 00:34:56.611 NOW, NOT EVERY MISSION CAN A 1200 00:34:56.644 --> 00:34:57.612 HOSTED PAYLOAD. 1201 00:34:57.645 --> 00:35:01.783 SOME MISSIONS NEED A SPECIAL 1202 00:35:01.816 --> 00:35:02.850 CUSTOMILED BUS. 1203 00:35:02.884 --> 00:35:03.518 OTHERS DONE. 1204 00:35:03.551 --> 00:35:11.993 SOME COULD FLY AS CUSTOMIZED 1205 00:35:12.026 --> 00:35:12.627 PAYLOADS. 1206 00:35:12.660 --> 00:35:13.294 IT'S SOMETHING THAT WE ARE 1207 00:35:13.327 --> 00:35:14.695 EXCITED ABOUT AND HOPE TO DO 1208 00:35:14.729 --> 00:35:15.263 MORE. 1209 00:35:15.296 --> 00:35:16.831 >> Karen Fox: FANTASTIC! 1210 00:35:16.864 --> 00:35:19.433 ALL RIGHT. 1211 00:35:19.467 --> 00:35:21.936 WE ALSO HAVE -- I WILL GIVE 1212 00:35:21.969 --> 00:35:24.672 THIS ONE TO YOU, RICHARD. 1213 00:35:24.705 --> 00:35:26.274 THIS IS GENE FROM TWITTER. 1214 00:35:26.307 --> 00:35:29.210 WHY COULDN'T GOLD HAVE BEEN 1215 00:35:29.243 --> 00:35:29.911 MOUNTED ON THE INTERNATIONAL 1216 00:35:29.944 --> 00:35:30.578 SPACE STATION INSTEAD OF GOING 1217 00:35:30.611 --> 00:35:31.779 ON A COMMERCIAL SATELLITE? 1218 00:35:31.813 --> 00:35:34.248 >> GOOD QUESTION. 1219 00:35:34.282 --> 00:35:34.982 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 1220 00:35:35.016 --> 00:35:35.550 IS IN LOW EARTH ORBIT. 1221 00:35:35.583 --> 00:35:38.786 IT GOES AROUND AND HAS A 1222 00:35:38.820 --> 00:35:39.453 90-MINUTE ORBIT. 1223 00:35:39.487 --> 00:35:41.155 IT DOESN'T ALLOW US TO STAY 1224 00:35:41.189 --> 00:35:42.456 OVER ONE LOCATION AND KEEP 1225 00:35:42.490 --> 00:35:43.157 LOOKING. 1226 00:35:43.191 --> 00:35:43.858 AND ALSO IT'S SO CLOSE TO THE 1227 00:35:43.891 --> 00:35:46.194 EARTH THAT WE DON'T GET AS BIG 1228 00:35:46.227 --> 00:35:50.398 A VIEW, AS WIDE A VIEW AS WE DO 1229 00:35:50.431 --> 00:35:55.670 FROM GEOSTATIONAL ORBIT. 1230 00:35:55.703 --> 00:35:56.771 >> Karen Fox: REMIND US HOW 1231 00:35:56.804 --> 00:36:00.208 HIGH GOLD IS IN ITS ORBIT. 1232 00:36:00.241 --> 00:36:01.742 >> I THINK IT'S 22,000 MILES. 1233 00:36:01.776 --> 00:36:03.544 IT'S QUITE A WAYS OUT THERE. 1234 00:36:03.578 --> 00:36:04.679 IT GIVES US THE PERSPECTIVE 1235 00:36:04.712 --> 00:36:05.680 THAT WE ARE LOOKING FOR. 1236 00:36:05.713 --> 00:36:09.383 YOU SEE ALMOST HALF THE EARTH. 1237 00:36:09.417 --> 00:36:10.618 ESSENTIALLY YOU CAN SEE HALF 1238 00:36:10.651 --> 00:36:12.987 THE EARTH FROM THERE. 1239 00:36:13.020 --> 00:36:13.654 >> Karen Fox: FANTASTIC! 1240 00:36:13.688 --> 00:36:14.288 FINDING SOME MORE BECAUSE 1241 00:36:14.322 --> 00:36:15.623 THERE'S A LOT! 1242 00:36:15.656 --> 00:36:16.958 THIS ONE I WILL HAND OFF TO 1243 00:36:16.991 --> 00:36:18.092 TODD. 1244 00:36:18.125 --> 00:36:21.529 WHAT IS THE ACTUAL LAUNCH 1245 00:36:21.562 --> 00:36:22.230 VEHICLE? 1246 00:36:22.263 --> 00:36:23.097 >> Todd Gossett: IT'S AN ARAINE 1247 00:36:23.130 --> 00:36:23.764 5. 1248 00:36:23.798 --> 00:36:31.138 IT'S A VEHICLE PROVIDED BY A 1249 00:36:31.172 --> 00:36:34.242 EUROPEAN COMPANY. 1250 00:36:34.275 --> 00:36:34.942 ARAINESPACE. 1251 00:36:34.976 --> 00:36:40.147 AND THEIR LAUNCH IS THE FRENCH 1252 00:36:40.181 --> 00:36:42.183 GUYANA LOCATION IN KOUROU. 1253 00:36:42.216 --> 00:36:42.917 >> Karen Fox: AND I WILL ASK 1254 00:36:42.950 --> 00:36:43.584 YOU ONE MORE QUESTION. 1255 00:36:43.618 --> 00:36:46.687 WHAT IS THE BENEFIT FOR SES? 1256 00:36:46.721 --> 00:36:47.421 >> Todd Gossett: THE BENEFIT 1257 00:36:47.455 --> 00:36:50.825 FOR SES, MY PART OF SES, SES 1258 00:36:50.858 --> 00:36:52.126 GOVERNMENT SOLUTIONS WE 1259 00:36:52.159 --> 00:36:53.628 STRICTLY DO BUSINESS WITH THE 1260 00:36:53.661 --> 00:36:54.662 U.S. GOVERNMENT. 1261 00:36:54.695 --> 00:36:55.463 THIS IS ANOTHER LINE OF 1262 00:36:55.496 --> 00:36:56.430 BUSINESS THAT WE HAVE BEEN 1263 00:36:56.464 --> 00:36:58.266 DEVELOPING FOR SEVERAL YEARS. 1264 00:36:58.299 --> 00:37:00.935 IT'S OBVIOUSLY A SOURCE OF 1265 00:37:00.968 --> 00:37:03.704 REVENUE FOR THE COMPANY BUT IT 1266 00:37:03.738 --> 00:37:05.640 ALSO EXTENDS OUR PARTNERSHIP 1267 00:37:05.673 --> 00:37:08.643 WITH THE U.S. GOVERNMENT BEYOND 1268 00:37:08.676 --> 00:37:12.346 JUST COMMUNICATION SERVICES AND 1269 00:37:12.380 --> 00:37:13.381 GETS US INTO NEW AND 1270 00:37:13.414 --> 00:37:14.415 INTERESTING AREAS THAT COULD BE 1271 00:37:14.448 --> 00:37:15.483 A POTENTIAL BENEFIT TO THE 1272 00:37:15.516 --> 00:37:16.751 UNITED STATES AND ITS PARTNERS 1273 00:37:16.784 --> 00:37:23.057 AROUND THE WORLD. 1274 00:37:23.090 --> 00:37:24.125 >> Karen Fox: THANK YOU. 1275 00:37:24.158 --> 00:37:25.359 AIRLINES BENEFIT FROM THE GOLD 1276 00:37:25.393 --> 00:37:26.827 AND ICON MISSIONS? 1277 00:37:26.861 --> 00:37:27.995 WE WILL START WITH YOU ON THAT 1278 00:37:28.029 --> 00:37:30.631 ONE, SARAH, UNLESS YOU WANT TO 1279 00:37:30.665 --> 00:37:33.167 TOSS IT TO SOMEONE ELSE. 1280 00:37:33.200 --> 00:37:34.702 >> Sarah Jones: I WAS GOING TO 1281 00:37:34.735 --> 00:37:37.772 TOSS IT TO ALEX. 1282 00:37:37.805 --> 00:37:38.472 >> C. Alex Young: I HAD A 1283 00:37:38.506 --> 00:37:40.107 FEELING YOU WOULD DO THAT. 1284 00:37:40.141 --> 00:37:40.775 ABSOLUTELY. 1285 00:37:40.808 --> 00:37:42.510 AS WAS SHOWN IN SOME OF THE 1286 00:37:42.543 --> 00:37:44.912 DIAGRAMS AND ANIMATIONS THAT 1287 00:37:44.946 --> 00:37:47.048 SARAH SHOWED AND WHAT SARAH AND 1288 00:37:47.081 --> 00:37:48.215 RICHARD TALKED ABOUT. 1289 00:37:48.249 --> 00:37:49.917 THE IONOSPHERE HAS A HUGE 1290 00:37:49.951 --> 00:37:51.619 INFLUENCE ON RADIO 1291 00:37:51.652 --> 00:37:52.386 COMMUNICATIONS BOTH SIGNALS 1292 00:37:52.420 --> 00:37:53.854 GOING THROUGH THE IONOSPHERE 1293 00:37:53.888 --> 00:37:56.557 AND SIGNALS THAT WE USE THE 1294 00:37:56.590 --> 00:37:58.292 IONOSPHERE TO BEND, TO TRAVEL 1295 00:37:58.326 --> 00:37:59.126 AROUND THE EARTH. 1296 00:37:59.160 --> 00:38:00.828 SHORT WAVE RADIO, THAT'S HOW WE 1297 00:38:00.861 --> 00:38:01.662 CAN COMMUNICATE AROUND THE 1298 00:38:01.696 --> 00:38:04.966 EARTH, USING THE IONOSPHERE IS 1299 00:38:04.999 --> 00:38:05.599 LIKE A LENS. 1300 00:38:05.633 --> 00:38:07.335 AND SO WHEN THE IONOSPHERE 1301 00:38:07.368 --> 00:38:09.770 CHANGES AND GETS DISRUPTED, IT 1302 00:38:09.804 --> 00:38:11.639 CHANGES THE WAY THE SIGNALS 1303 00:38:11.672 --> 00:38:12.340 PROPAGATE THROUGH AND AROUND 1304 00:38:12.373 --> 00:38:15.309 IT, AND THAT DIRECTLY AFFECTS 1305 00:38:15.343 --> 00:38:15.876 AIRLINES. 1306 00:38:15.910 --> 00:38:18.612 IN FACT, IT ALSO AFFECTS 1307 00:38:18.646 --> 00:38:21.082 CERTAIN WAVE BANDS THAT ARE 1308 00:38:21.115 --> 00:38:25.419 USED BY NAVIGATION FOR SHIPS. 1309 00:38:25.453 --> 00:38:30.391 SO IT IS A HUGE IMPORTANCE FOR 1310 00:38:30.424 --> 00:38:32.827 AVIATION INDUSTRY, FOR THE 1311 00:38:32.860 --> 00:38:33.561 MARITIME INDUSTRY, AND EVEN FOR 1312 00:38:33.594 --> 00:38:34.628 THE MILITARY, BECAUSE THEY WANT 1313 00:38:34.662 --> 00:38:36.230 TO BE CERTAIN THAT THEIR 1314 00:38:36.263 --> 00:38:37.598 SIGNALS ARE GOING TO GET 1315 00:38:37.631 --> 00:38:38.532 THROUGH, THAT THEY ARE ALWAYS 1316 00:38:38.566 --> 00:38:40.101 IN COMMUNICATION, AND SO 1317 00:38:40.134 --> 00:38:43.104 UNDERSTANDING THE IONOSPHERE, 1318 00:38:43.137 --> 00:38:45.006 BEING ABLE TO ENRICH AND 1319 00:38:45.039 --> 00:38:46.307 IMPROVE OUR MODELS WHICH ARE 1320 00:38:46.340 --> 00:38:47.375 TELLING US WHAT'S HAPPENING 1321 00:38:47.408 --> 00:38:49.577 OVER A LONGER TIME SCALE IS 1322 00:38:49.610 --> 00:38:50.478 REALLY CRITICAL. 1323 00:38:50.511 --> 00:38:53.481 SO ICON AND GOLD ARE CRUCIAL 1324 00:38:53.514 --> 00:38:56.083 COMPONENTS TO REALLY FLESHING 1325 00:38:56.117 --> 00:38:57.985 THAT OUT AND BETTER 1326 00:38:58.019 --> 00:38:58.953 UNDERSTANDING HOW THIS IS GOING 1327 00:38:58.986 --> 00:39:00.654 TO BE IMPACTED. 1328 00:39:00.688 --> 00:39:01.422 >> Karen Fox: THIS IS PART OF 1329 00:39:01.455 --> 00:39:02.289 WHAT WE HAVE BEEN TALKING 1330 00:39:02.323 --> 00:39:03.190 ABOUT, RIGHT? 1331 00:39:03.224 --> 00:39:04.392 >> YES, AND I WILL ADD THAT 1332 00:39:04.425 --> 00:39:07.328 F.A.A. IS GOING TO ASSIST WITH 1333 00:39:07.361 --> 00:39:11.699 THE GPS TO BASICALLY -- I 1334 00:39:11.732 --> 00:39:13.701 GUESS, MANAGE PLANES IN FLIGHT. 1335 00:39:13.734 --> 00:39:14.935 AND AS THEY TRANSITION TO THAT, 1336 00:39:14.969 --> 00:39:17.304 IF THERE'S TIMES WHEN THEY 1337 00:39:17.338 --> 00:39:18.906 CAN'T BE SURE THEY CAN RELY ON 1338 00:39:18.939 --> 00:39:20.374 THE GPS SIGNALS THAT THEY WILL 1339 00:39:20.408 --> 00:39:24.645 HAVE NO GO BACK TO, SAY, 1340 00:39:24.678 --> 00:39:25.679 SOME -- SOMEONE WILL BE LEFT 1341 00:39:25.713 --> 00:39:26.714 SITTING ON THE GROUND. 1342 00:39:26.747 --> 00:39:27.782 SOMETIMES THAT'S NECESSARY BUT 1343 00:39:27.815 --> 00:39:28.916 SOMETIMES IF WE DON'T KNOW 1344 00:39:28.949 --> 00:39:30.084 ENOUGH, THAT'S UNNECESSARY AND 1345 00:39:30.117 --> 00:39:33.587 PEOPLE WILL BE DELAYED 1346 00:39:33.621 --> 00:39:34.255 UNNECESSARILY. 1347 00:39:34.288 --> 00:39:35.990 IT WILL EVENTUALLY FEED INTO 1348 00:39:36.023 --> 00:39:39.593 THAT WITH NOAA AND F.A.A. 1349 00:39:39.627 --> 00:39:40.261 >> Karen Fox: ALL RIGHT. 1350 00:39:40.294 --> 00:39:42.129 WE ARE STILL GOING. 1351 00:39:42.163 --> 00:39:42.696 #ASKNASA. 1352 00:39:42.730 --> 00:39:44.298 WE ARE STILL GOING HERE. 1353 00:39:44.331 --> 00:39:47.101 THE NEXT ONE IS COLE FROM 1354 00:39:47.134 --> 00:39:47.802 FACEBOOK. 1355 00:39:47.835 --> 00:39:49.937 HE WANTS TO KNOW, HOW WILL GOLD 1356 00:39:49.970 --> 00:39:51.138 MEASUREMENTS BE AFFECTED BY THE 1357 00:39:51.172 --> 00:39:51.839 SOLAR CYCLE? 1358 00:39:51.872 --> 00:39:53.474 COULD THE DATA BE INTERESTING 1359 00:39:53.507 --> 00:39:55.209 DURING QUIET PERIOD OF SOLAR 1360 00:39:55.242 --> 00:39:59.680 MINIMUM? 1361 00:39:59.713 --> 00:40:00.714 >> Sarah Jones: WELL, 1362 00:40:00.748 --> 00:40:01.982 ABSOLUTELY, THE DATA WILL BE 1363 00:40:02.016 --> 00:40:02.817 INTERESTING ALWAYS. 1364 00:40:02.850 --> 00:40:03.984 [ LAUGHTER ] 1365 00:40:04.018 --> 00:40:07.021 BUT, YEAH, ACTUALLY, THERE'S 1366 00:40:07.054 --> 00:40:08.622 CERTAIN SCIENTIFIC PHENOMENON 1367 00:40:08.656 --> 00:40:10.391 THAT ARE MORE PRESENT DURING 1368 00:40:10.424 --> 00:40:11.725 SOLAR MINIMUM, I THINK, ISN'T 1369 00:40:11.759 --> 00:40:14.195 THAT RIGHT, RICHARD? 1370 00:40:14.228 --> 00:40:14.895 >> CORRECT. 1371 00:40:14.929 --> 00:40:15.429 >> Sarah Jones: AND WE WILL BE 1372 00:40:15.463 --> 00:40:15.996 ABLE TO SEE THAT. 1373 00:40:16.030 --> 00:40:17.565 SO LOOKING AT THE UPPER 1374 00:40:17.598 --> 00:40:19.066 ATMOSPHERE, BOTH DURING THESE 1375 00:40:19.100 --> 00:40:21.168 DYNAMIC ACTIVE TIMES AND ALSO 1376 00:40:21.202 --> 00:40:22.970 SEEING THE QUIET TIMES SO WE 1377 00:40:23.003 --> 00:40:24.271 CAN GET A BASELINE 1378 00:40:24.305 --> 00:40:25.306 UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THE 1379 00:40:25.339 --> 00:40:26.574 ATMOSPHERE IS BEHAVING IS 1380 00:40:26.607 --> 00:40:32.246 ACTUALLY REALLY IMPORTANT. 1381 00:40:32.279 --> 00:40:33.180 >> C. Alex Young: AND I CAN ADD 1382 00:40:33.214 --> 00:40:33.881 TO THAT. 1383 00:40:33.914 --> 00:40:34.982 IT'S IN THE CASE THAT IN SOME 1384 00:40:35.015 --> 00:40:38.719 WAYS WE ARE EXPECTING THIS TO 1385 00:40:38.752 --> 00:40:42.523 BE A RATHER LOW SOLAR MINIMUM. 1386 00:40:42.556 --> 00:40:43.757 AND THIS IS ACTUALLY AN 1387 00:40:43.791 --> 00:40:47.428 OPPORTUNITY TO STUDY, YOU KNOW, 1388 00:40:47.461 --> 00:40:48.896 A STATE OF THE SUN AND WHAT IS 1389 00:40:48.929 --> 00:40:50.764 COMING OFF THE SUN IN A WAY 1390 00:40:50.798 --> 00:40:51.665 THAT WE COULDN'T BEFORE. 1391 00:40:51.699 --> 00:40:54.568 WE HAVE CERTAINLY LEARNED OVER 1392 00:40:54.602 --> 00:41:00.374 THE 3569 PAST, 10, 20 YEARS, TH 1393 00:41:00.407 --> 00:41:02.343 IT'S NOT JUST THE GIANT SUPER 1394 00:41:02.376 --> 00:41:03.277 EXPLOSIONS THAT HAPPENED BUT 1395 00:41:03.310 --> 00:41:05.079 THE SUBTLE FLOWS AND 1396 00:41:05.112 --> 00:41:05.913 FLUCTUATIONS THAT ARE HAPPENING 1397 00:41:05.946 --> 00:41:06.614 ON THE SUN. 1398 00:41:06.647 --> 00:41:07.982 AND SO WE REALLY NEED TO 1399 00:41:08.015 --> 00:41:08.883 UNDERSTAND THEM DURING THE 1400 00:41:08.916 --> 00:41:11.418 TIMES OF SOLAR MINIMUM, NOT 1401 00:41:11.452 --> 00:41:12.786 JUST SOLAR MAXIMUM. 1402 00:41:12.820 --> 00:41:15.456 >> AND I WILL ADD, THE SOLAR 1403 00:41:15.489 --> 00:41:17.725 MINIMUM, SOME OF THAT STUFF, 1404 00:41:17.758 --> 00:41:19.126 THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE WILL BE 1405 00:41:19.160 --> 00:41:21.328 MORE OF AN IMPACT, BE EASIER TO 1406 00:41:21.362 --> 00:41:22.029 SEE. 1407 00:41:22.062 --> 00:41:22.997 SO IT'S A BENEFIT TO US WHERE 1408 00:41:23.030 --> 00:41:26.233 THE SIGNALS ARE OVERALL MAY BE 1409 00:41:26.267 --> 00:41:27.535 LESS, ACTUALLY SOME OF THOSE 1410 00:41:27.568 --> 00:41:30.271 SIGNALS WILL BE GREATER. 1411 00:41:30.304 --> 00:41:30.971 SO -- 1412 00:41:31.005 --> 00:41:31.338 >> C. Alex Young: IT'S PRETTY 1413 00:41:31.372 --> 00:41:31.939 EXCITING. 1414 00:41:31.972 --> 00:41:32.640 >> YEAH. 1415 00:41:32.673 --> 00:41:35.342 >> C. Alex Young: AND JUST FROM 1416 00:41:35.376 --> 00:41:39.847 STUDYING SPACE WEATHER IN 1417 00:41:39.880 --> 00:41:40.481 GENERAL. 1418 00:41:40.514 --> 00:41:42.049 THE SOLAR MINIMUM WILL BE 1419 00:41:42.082 --> 00:41:43.384 BORING FOR YOU, BECAUSE THERE'S 1420 00:41:43.417 --> 00:41:46.320 NOT THE SOLAR FLARE. 1421 00:41:46.353 --> 00:41:47.021 THAT'S NOT THE CASE. 1422 00:41:47.054 --> 00:41:48.355 IT'S TIME TO STUDY THE THINGS 1423 00:41:48.389 --> 00:41:50.024 WE COULDN'T BEFORE. 1424 00:41:50.057 --> 00:41:51.325 ALL TIMES OF THE CYCLE ARE 1425 00:41:51.358 --> 00:41:51.759 IMPORTANT. 1426 00:41:51.792 --> 00:41:52.459 THEY ALL MATTER. 1427 00:41:52.493 --> 00:41:53.594 THEY ALL HAVE DIFFERENT EFFECTS 1428 00:41:53.627 --> 00:41:54.762 AND WE REALLY HAVE TO 1429 00:41:54.795 --> 00:41:56.197 UNDERSTAND THEM ALL TO REALLY 1430 00:41:56.230 --> 00:42:02.469 SEE THE BIG PICTURE. 1431 00:42:02.503 --> 00:42:04.772 >> Karen Fox: NEXT ONE IS FROM 1432 00:42:04.805 --> 00:42:05.439 ME. 1433 00:42:05.472 --> 00:42:06.640 THEY WANT TO KNOW HOW WE CAN 1434 00:42:06.674 --> 00:42:07.474 WATCH THE LAUNCH. 1435 00:42:07.508 --> 00:42:09.210 THE ANSWER IS RIGHT HERE ON 1436 00:42:09.243 --> 00:42:09.843 NASA TV. 1437 00:42:09.877 --> 00:42:11.845 WE WILL WORK WITH SES AND 1438 00:42:11.879 --> 00:42:13.447 ARAINE TO MAKE SURE WE GET SOME 1439 00:42:13.480 --> 00:42:14.181 OF THAT FEED. 1440 00:42:14.215 --> 00:42:16.050 YOU WILL BE ABLE TO WATCH IT 1441 00:42:16.083 --> 00:42:17.017 AND WE WILL HAVE INFORMATION 1442 00:42:17.051 --> 00:42:18.352 LEADING UP TO THE LAUNCH AS 1443 00:42:18.385 --> 00:42:19.486 WELL, TALKING ABOUT GOLD A 1444 00:42:19.520 --> 00:42:20.354 LITTLE BIT MORE. 1445 00:42:20.387 --> 00:42:23.591 SO PLEASE JOIN US FOR ALL OF 1446 00:42:23.624 --> 00:42:24.225 THAT. 1447 00:42:24.258 --> 00:42:25.492 KEEP ASKING YOUR QUESTIONS 1448 00:42:25.526 --> 00:42:29.396 BELOW IN THE COMMENTS OR 1449 00:42:29.430 --> 00:42:29.964 #ASKNASA. 1450 00:42:29.997 --> 00:42:32.399 A QUESTION FOR RICHARD. 1451 00:42:32.433 --> 00:42:33.634 MASON FROM FACEBOOK ASKS, HOW 1452 00:42:33.667 --> 00:42:37.071 LONG WILL IT TAKE AFTER LAUNCH 1453 00:42:37.104 --> 00:42:42.409 TO GET DATA AND WILL IT BE PUCK 1454 00:42:42.443 --> 00:42:43.711 PUBLICLY AVAILABLE? 1455 00:42:43.744 --> 00:42:44.912 >> IT WILL BE PUBLICLY 1456 00:42:44.945 --> 00:42:45.613 AVAILABLE. 1457 00:42:45.646 --> 00:42:46.747 IT TAKES SOME TIME TO GET INTO 1458 00:42:46.780 --> 00:42:48.749 AORBIT. 1459 00:42:48.782 --> 00:42:53.921 WE HAVE TO PUT IT INTO A 1460 00:42:53.954 --> 00:42:55.789 GEOTRANSFER STATION ORBIT, 1461 00:42:55.823 --> 00:42:56.724 INITIALLY AND THEN THE 1462 00:42:56.757 --> 00:42:57.691 SATELLITE HAS TO BE CHECKED 1463 00:42:57.725 --> 00:42:58.392 OUT. 1464 00:42:58.425 --> 00:42:59.994 SO AS WE UNDERSTAND IT NOW, THE 1465 00:43:00.027 --> 00:43:02.062 SCHEDULE NOW, OCTOBER -- THE 1466 00:43:02.096 --> 00:43:03.464 END OF SEPTEMBER, BEGINNING 1467 00:43:03.497 --> 00:43:05.599 OCTOBER BEFORE THE DATA STARTS 1468 00:43:05.633 --> 00:43:08.302 FLOWING FROM THE GOLD 1469 00:43:08.335 --> 00:43:09.803 INSTRUMENT AND IT. 1470 00:43:09.837 --> 00:43:10.704 TAKE 9 SCIENCE TEAM ABOUT A 1471 00:43:10.738 --> 00:43:12.172 MONTH TO CHECK OUT THE DATA TO 1472 00:43:12.206 --> 00:43:14.642 MAKE SURE THAT THEY ARE 1473 00:43:14.675 --> 00:43:15.843 UNDERSTANDING -- THAT THE DATA 1474 00:43:15.876 --> 00:43:20.581 IS ALL GOOD AND WE HAVE 1475 00:43:20.614 --> 00:43:21.882 INTERPRETED THINGS CORRECTLY. 1476 00:43:21.915 --> 00:43:23.717 THAT'S ABOUT THE TIME IT WILL 1477 00:43:23.751 --> 00:43:24.652 BE AVAILABLE. 1478 00:43:24.685 --> 00:43:25.986 IT WILL BE AVAILABLE THROUGH A 1479 00:43:26.020 --> 00:43:28.389 WEBSITE AT UCF AND ALSO BE 1480 00:43:28.422 --> 00:43:32.393 AVAILABLE ON THE SPDF, A NASA 1481 00:43:32.426 --> 00:43:35.396 SITE THAT HAS IT ALSO. 1482 00:43:35.429 --> 00:43:35.996 >> Karen Fox: GREAT. 1483 00:43:36.030 --> 00:43:37.598 LOOKING FORWARD TO THAT. 1484 00:43:37.631 --> 00:43:39.066 WE ARE RUNNING OUT OF 1485 00:43:39.099 --> 00:43:39.733 QUESTIONS. 1486 00:43:39.767 --> 00:43:40.601 SO IF YOU WANT YOUR QUESTION 1487 00:43:40.634 --> 00:43:43.370 ASKED, PUT IT IN THERE. 1488 00:43:43.404 --> 00:43:44.872 #ASKNASA OR PUT IT IN THE 1489 00:43:44.905 --> 00:43:45.572 COMMENTS BELOW. 1490 00:43:45.606 --> 00:43:50.277 WE ARE STILL TALKIN TALKING ABOU 1491 00:43:50.311 --> 00:43:51.745 NASA'S NEWEST GOLD MISSION. 1492 00:43:51.779 --> 00:43:52.980 WE WILL BE LOOKING AT THE 1493 00:43:53.013 --> 00:43:54.181 INTERFACE TO SPACE, THE 1494 00:43:54.214 --> 00:43:55.983 BOUNDARY BETWEEN OUR UPPER 1495 00:43:56.016 --> 00:43:58.085 ATMOSPHERE AND SPACE, AN AREA 1496 00:43:58.118 --> 00:43:59.787 THAT WE CARE ABOUT AT NASA 1497 00:43:59.820 --> 00:44:01.221 BECAUSE WE HAVE A LOT OF STUFF 1498 00:44:01.255 --> 00:44:05.993 GOING IN AND THERE ARE RADIO 1499 00:44:06.026 --> 00:44:06.627 SIGNALS. 1500 00:44:06.660 --> 00:44:10.064 >> Todd Gossett: I HAVE A 1501 00:44:10.097 --> 00:44:10.764 QUESTION. 1502 00:44:10.798 --> 00:44:13.167 I HAVE A QUESTION AND MAYBE FOR 1503 00:44:13.200 --> 00:44:15.269 THESE TWO, PROBABLY IT WAS 1504 00:44:15.302 --> 00:44:18.172 BROUGHT UP IN TERMS OF WHEN 1505 00:44:18.205 --> 00:44:20.341 GOLD AND ICON WOULD BE 1506 00:44:20.374 --> 00:44:21.108 LAUNCHED, IF THEY WOULD BE 1507 00:44:21.141 --> 00:44:23.344 AROUND FOR THE ECLIPSE. 1508 00:44:23.377 --> 00:44:25.679 THE BIG TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE 1509 00:44:25.713 --> 00:44:26.680 THAT WE JUST HAD. 1510 00:44:26.714 --> 00:44:27.881 BUT SINCE THAT'S NOT THE CASE 1511 00:44:27.915 --> 00:44:29.683 AND WE DO KNOW THAT ECLIPSES 1512 00:44:29.717 --> 00:44:31.952 HAVE AN IMPACT ON THE 1513 00:44:31.985 --> 00:44:32.686 IONOSPHERE, WHICH MAYBE WE WILL 1514 00:44:32.720 --> 00:44:34.555 TALK ABOUT, SO MY QUESTION TO 1515 00:44:34.588 --> 00:44:38.392 THE TWO OF YOU, HAVE YOU BEEN 1516 00:44:38.425 --> 00:44:43.397 SORT OF APPROACHED BY ANY OTHER 1517 00:44:43.430 --> 00:44:44.231 ECLIPSE PHYSICISTS ABOUT FUTURE 1518 00:44:44.264 --> 00:44:45.532 ECLIPSES AND MAYBE WOULD THEY 1519 00:44:45.566 --> 00:44:48.936 GET DATA DURING ANOTHER TOTAL 1520 00:44:48.969 --> 00:44:50.137 SOLAR ECLIPSE THAT YOU MIGHT BE 1521 00:44:50.170 --> 00:44:51.038 ABLE TO USE? 1522 00:44:51.071 --> 00:44:54.141 >> I'M GLAD YOU ASKED THAT! 1523 00:44:54.174 --> 00:44:55.609 I REALLY AM. 1524 00:44:55.642 --> 00:44:56.944 WE ALREADY LOOKED TO SEE WHEN 1525 00:44:56.977 --> 00:44:58.212 THERE WILL BE OTHER ECLIPSES 1526 00:44:58.245 --> 00:45:00.047 AND IT'S GOING TO BE ONE OR TWO 1527 00:45:00.080 --> 00:45:01.515 DURING THE PRIME MISSION OVER 1528 00:45:01.548 --> 00:45:02.149 SOUTH AMERICA. 1529 00:45:02.182 --> 00:45:04.051 SO NOT ONLY DO WE GET AN 1530 00:45:04.084 --> 00:45:05.252 ECLIPSE, I HAVE AN EXCUSE TO GO 1531 00:45:05.285 --> 00:45:09.356 TO SOUTH AMERICA. 1532 00:45:09.390 --> 00:45:12.860 SO 2019 AND 2020 ECLIPSES. 1533 00:45:12.893 --> 00:45:15.028 >> C. Alex Young: FANTASTIC! 1534 00:45:15.062 --> 00:45:16.029 >> IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN 1535 00:45:16.063 --> 00:45:17.898 THIS DATA WE WILL BE GLAD TO 1536 00:45:17.931 --> 00:45:18.565 TALK TO YOU BECAUSE WE WILL 1537 00:45:18.599 --> 00:45:20.033 NEED TO DO SOME PLANNING FOR 1538 00:45:20.067 --> 00:45:21.101 THE OBSERVATIONS TO MAKE SURE 1539 00:45:21.135 --> 00:45:22.536 THAT WE LOOK AT THE THINGS THAT 1540 00:45:22.569 --> 00:45:26.340 ARE MOST PRODUCTIVE TO LOOK AT. 1541 00:45:26.373 --> 00:45:27.007 >> C. Alex Young: RIGHT. 1542 00:45:27.040 --> 00:45:27.708 RIGHT. 1543 00:45:27.741 --> 00:45:30.844 >> AS KAREN MENTIONED, IT CAN ME 1544 00:45:30.878 --> 00:45:32.079 FOCUS ON A SPECIFIC AREA. 1545 00:45:32.112 --> 00:45:33.213 DURING THE ECLIPSE, WE WILL 1546 00:45:33.247 --> 00:45:36.216 HAVE ONE OF TWO CHANNELS, MAYBE 1547 00:45:36.250 --> 00:45:37.718 BOTH, CONCENTRATE ON THE OTHER 1548 00:45:37.751 --> 00:45:42.623 WHERE THE ECLIPSE IS HAPPENING. 1549 00:45:42.656 --> 00:45:43.424 >> C. Alex Young: THAT'S REALLY 1550 00:45:43.457 --> 00:45:44.124 INTERESTING. 1551 00:45:44.158 --> 00:45:46.326 WE SAW EVIDENCE OF THESE WAVES 1552 00:45:46.360 --> 00:45:47.728 PROPAGATING INTO SOUTH AMERICA 1553 00:45:47.761 --> 00:45:49.863 FROM NORTH AMERICA. 1554 00:45:49.897 --> 00:45:52.366 SO YOU POSSIBLY WOULD HAVE SEEN 1555 00:45:52.399 --> 00:45:53.233 IT. 1556 00:45:53.267 --> 00:45:53.934 YES. 1557 00:45:53.967 --> 00:45:54.301 >> C. Alex Young: SOME EFFECT 1558 00:45:54.334 --> 00:45:54.835 FROM IT. 1559 00:45:54.868 --> 00:45:56.870 THAT'S REALLY COOL. 1560 00:45:56.904 --> 00:45:58.972 >> Karen Fox: THAT IS EXCITING. 1561 00:45:59.006 --> 00:46:00.407 A LOT TO LOOK FORWARD TO WITH 1562 00:46:00.441 --> 00:46:01.108 THIS MISSION. 1563 00:46:01.141 --> 00:46:03.310 I'M NOW GETTING BACK TO VIOLET 1564 00:46:03.343 --> 00:46:05.145 BECAUSE I WOULD DO VIOLET. 1565 00:46:05.179 --> 00:46:05.846 VIOLET FROM TWITTER. 1566 00:46:05.879 --> 00:46:07.214 IF YOU ARE LOOKING FOR A BIRD'S 1567 00:46:07.247 --> 00:46:09.917 EYE VIEW, HOW DO YOU TELL THE 1568 00:46:09.950 --> 00:46:10.918 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE UPPER 1569 00:46:10.951 --> 00:46:12.920 PART OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE 1570 00:46:12.953 --> 00:46:17.257 LOWER PART OF THE ATMOSPHERE? 1571 00:46:17.291 --> 00:46:18.225 >> Sarah Jones: THAT'S A 1572 00:46:18.258 --> 00:46:18.926 FANTASTIC QUESTION. 1573 00:46:18.959 --> 00:46:20.127 WHEN I LOOK AT THE ATMOSPHERE, 1574 00:46:20.160 --> 00:46:22.796 IT LOOKS CLEAR AND BLUE BUT WE 1575 00:46:22.830 --> 00:46:27.134 ARE LOOKING DOWN FROM ABOVE. 1576 00:46:27.167 --> 00:46:28.602 CERTAIN PARTS OF THE ATMOSPHERE 1577 00:46:28.635 --> 00:46:30.204 ARE COMPOSED OF DIFFERENT 1578 00:46:30.237 --> 00:46:32.873 GASES, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, 1579 00:46:32.906 --> 00:46:34.341 NITROGEN AND WHEN THEY GET SIT 1580 00:46:34.374 --> 00:46:37.277 BY THE SUN'S RADIATION, THEY 1581 00:46:37.311 --> 00:46:37.911 GLOW IN DIFFERENT COLORS. 1582 00:46:37.945 --> 00:46:39.580 SO CERTAIN COLORS WILL BE 1583 00:46:39.613 --> 00:46:40.781 DOMINANT AT CERTAIN ALTITUDES 1584 00:46:40.814 --> 00:46:42.583 AND THAT'S HOW YOU CAN TELL 1585 00:46:42.616 --> 00:46:43.750 ESSENTIALLY WHAT ALTITUDE YOU 1586 00:46:43.784 --> 00:46:45.285 ARE LOOKING AT WITH A CAMERA 1587 00:46:45.319 --> 00:46:46.186 THAT'S LOOKING DOWN. 1588 00:46:46.220 --> 00:46:48.956 NOW GOLD IS ACTUALLY LOOKING AT 1589 00:46:48.989 --> 00:46:50.724 FAR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT WHICH IS 1590 00:46:50.757 --> 00:46:52.192 LIGHT THAT OUR EYES CAN'T SEE. 1591 00:46:52.226 --> 00:46:53.594 IT'S THE SAME SITUATION THERE. 1592 00:46:53.627 --> 00:46:57.631 THERE'S CERTAIN ALTITUDES THAT 1593 00:46:57.664 --> 00:46:59.099 PREFERENTIALLY EMIT THAT FAR 1594 00:46:59.132 --> 00:46:59.900 ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT. 1595 00:46:59.933 --> 00:47:02.836 >> AND ALSO, I WILL ADD THAT 1596 00:47:02.870 --> 00:47:05.506 THE FAR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT IS 1597 00:47:05.539 --> 00:47:07.875 ABSORBED IN OUR LOWER 1598 00:47:07.908 --> 00:47:10.110 ATMOSPHERE. 1599 00:47:10.143 --> 00:47:11.745 SO WE KNOW ALL THE LIGHT WE GET 1600 00:47:11.778 --> 00:47:13.113 IS ABOVE 60 MILES. 1601 00:47:13.146 --> 00:47:15.482 SORT OF BY EXCLUDING THAT STUFF 1602 00:47:15.516 --> 00:47:19.953 DOWN LOW, YOU KNOW, NOT BEING 1603 00:47:19.987 --> 00:47:21.755 ABLE TO SEE IT, WE KNOW WE ARE 1604 00:47:21.788 --> 00:47:24.024 SEEING THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE. 1605 00:47:24.057 --> 00:47:24.858 >> Karen Fox: A QUESTION WITH 1606 00:47:24.892 --> 00:47:26.560 MARK WITH HISTORICAL AIR SPACE 1607 00:47:26.593 --> 00:47:27.127 NEWS. 1608 00:47:27.160 --> 00:47:33.166 HOW WILL GOLD'S IMAGING 1609 00:47:33.200 --> 00:47:34.468 SPECTOGRAPH VIEW THE ATMOSPHERE 1610 00:47:34.501 --> 00:47:40.774 DIFFERENT THAN PREVIOUS 1611 00:47:40.807 --> 00:47:41.441 INSTRUMENTS. 1612 00:47:41.475 --> 00:47:42.075 >> IT WILL VIEW SOME OF THE 1613 00:47:42.109 --> 00:47:43.377 SAME PROCESSES AND WE ARE 1614 00:47:43.410 --> 00:47:44.678 LOOKING -- AT NIGHT THERE'S 1615 00:47:44.711 --> 00:47:46.179 ATOMIC OXYGEN THAT'S FORMED 1616 00:47:46.213 --> 00:47:51.752 DURING THE DAYTIME, AND THEN IT 1617 00:47:51.785 --> 00:47:52.419 REFORMS. 1618 00:47:52.452 --> 00:47:53.120 WE CAN SIT AND WATCH IT FOR 1619 00:47:53.153 --> 00:47:55.355 HOURS TO SEE HOW THE ATMOSPHERE 1620 00:47:55.389 --> 00:47:57.224 EVOLVES AND WE'LL BE ABLE TO 1621 00:47:57.257 --> 00:48:00.060 WATCH THE STRUCTURES MOVE IN 1622 00:48:00.093 --> 00:48:02.095 THE IONOSPHERE AND SEE THE 1623 00:48:02.129 --> 00:48:04.097 STRUCTURES CHING. 1624 00:48:04.131 --> 00:48:04.965 STRUCTURES CHANGE. 1625 00:48:04.998 --> 00:48:05.966 THAT'S THE DIFFERENCE ABOUT 1626 00:48:05.999 --> 00:48:07.734 GOLD AND THE VIEW POINT OF IT 1627 00:48:07.768 --> 00:48:08.702 AND HOW WE CAN FOLLOW THE 1628 00:48:08.735 --> 00:48:09.836 CHANGES AND WHAT HAPPENED IN 1629 00:48:09.870 --> 00:48:11.505 THE DAYTIME, IN THE DAYTIME, TO 1630 00:48:11.538 --> 00:48:12.873 OVER TO WHAT HAPPENED AT NIGHT 1631 00:48:12.906 --> 00:48:14.775 AND SEE HOW THAT IMPACTS 1632 00:48:14.808 --> 00:48:15.342 THINGS. 1633 00:48:15.375 --> 00:48:18.512 HOW IT CHANGES THINGS. 1634 00:48:18.545 --> 00:48:22.049 >> Karen Fox: WE HAVE ONE MORE 1635 00:48:22.082 --> 00:48:22.716 QUESTION. 1636 00:48:22.749 --> 00:48:26.687 THIS IS FROM JEFF FAUST WITH 1637 00:48:26.720 --> 00:48:28.055 SPACE NEWS AND SPECIFICALLY FOR 1638 00:48:28.088 --> 00:48:28.755 TODD GOSSETT. 1639 00:48:28.789 --> 00:48:31.425 THE QUESTION IS: WHAT LESSONS 1640 00:48:31.458 --> 00:48:33.226 LEARNED FOR SES? 1641 00:48:33.260 --> 00:48:35.162 WILL THEY APPLY TO FUTURE 1642 00:48:35.195 --> 00:48:36.363 HOSTED PAYLOADS WHETHER IT'S 1643 00:48:36.396 --> 00:48:38.131 FOR NASA OR OTHER U.S. 1644 00:48:38.165 --> 00:48:39.633 GOVERNMENT CUSTOMERS? 1645 00:48:39.666 --> 00:48:40.667 >> Todd Gossett: ANY TIME WE DO 1646 00:48:40.701 --> 00:48:41.368 THIS. 1647 00:48:41.401 --> 00:48:46.573 THIS IS THE THIRD IS THE SES-GS 1648 00:48:46.607 --> 00:48:48.909 AND EVERY TIME WE DO THAT, WE 1649 00:48:48.942 --> 00:48:50.644 LEARN SOMETHING HOW TO APPLY IT 1650 00:48:50.677 --> 00:48:51.345 FORWARD. 1651 00:48:51.378 --> 00:48:52.112 WHETHER HOW IT'S TO COORDINATE 1652 00:48:52.145 --> 00:48:53.347 SCHEDULES AND BUNDLE 1653 00:48:53.380 --> 00:48:57.184 REQUIREMENTS EARLY ON IN THE 1654 00:48:57.217 --> 00:48:57.918 SELLING/PROCUREMENT PROCESS AND 1655 00:48:57.951 --> 00:48:59.653 HOW TO SYNCHRONIZE CONTRACTS. 1656 00:48:59.686 --> 00:49:01.021 AND IT'S A WHOLE HOST OF 1657 00:49:01.054 --> 00:49:01.722 THINGS. 1658 00:49:01.755 --> 00:49:03.090 HOW BETTER TO BE A GOOD STEWARD 1659 00:49:03.123 --> 00:49:06.593 OF THE TAXPAYERS MONEY AND HOW 1660 00:49:06.627 --> 00:49:07.527 TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE 1661 00:49:07.561 --> 00:49:08.228 CUSTOMER. 1662 00:49:08.261 --> 00:49:09.796 WE LEARN SOMETHING EVERY TIME. 1663 00:49:09.830 --> 00:49:10.530 >> Karen Fox: THIS HAS BEEN 1664 00:49:10.564 --> 00:49:11.098 GREAT. 1665 00:49:11.131 --> 00:49:13.233 I HAD A REALLY GOOD TIME 1666 00:49:13.266 --> 00:49:14.267 TALKING TO YOU GUYS. 1667 00:49:14.301 --> 00:49:17.638 IT'S BEEN WONDERFUL TO GET THE 1668 00:49:17.671 --> 00:49:19.139 QUESTIONS FROM YOU, OUR 1669 00:49:19.172 --> 00:49:19.806 WATCHERS. 1670 00:49:19.840 --> 00:49:20.340 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR BEING 1671 00:49:20.374 --> 00:49:20.907 HERE. 1672 00:49:20.941 --> 00:49:22.142 KEEP WATCHING FOR MORE 1673 00:49:22.175 --> 00:49:22.976 INFORMATION ABOUT GOLD WHICH AS 1674 00:49:23.010 --> 00:49:24.878 WE SAID IS LAUNCHING AT THE END 1675 00:49:24.911 --> 00:49:27.648 OF JANUARY FROM FRENCH GUIANA. 1676 00:49:27.681 --> 00:49:29.616 THERE WILL BE MORE INFORMATION 1677 00:49:29.650 --> 00:49:31.985 ON NASA TV AND AT NASA.GOV. 1678 00:49:32.019 --> 00:49:33.286 THANK YOU SO MUCH! 1679 00:49:33.320 --> 00:49:34.888 BYE! 1680 00:49:44.931 --> 00:49:54.975 ♪ 1681 00:49:54.975 --> 00:50:14.995 ♪ 1682 00:50:14.995 --> 00:50:35.015 ♪ 1683 00:50:35.015 --> 00:50:55.035 ♪ 1684 00:50:55.035 --> 00:51:15.055 ♪ 1685 00:51:15.055 --> 00:51:35.075 ♪ 1686 00:51:35.075 --> 00:51:55.095 ♪ 1687 00:51:55.095 --> 00:52:15.115 ♪ 1688 00:52:15.115 --> 00:52:35.135 ♪ 1689 00:52:35.135 --> 00:52:55.155 ♪ 1690 00:52:55.155 --> 00:53:15.175 ♪ 1691 00:53:15.175 --> 00:53:35.195 ♪ 1692 00:53:35.195 --> 00:53:55.215 ♪ 1693 00:53:55.215 --> 00:54:15.235 ♪ 1694 00:54:15.235 --> 00:54:35.255 ♪ 1695 00:54:35.255 --> 00:54:55.275 ♪ 1696 00:54:55.275 --> 00:55:15.295 ♪ 1697 00:55:15.295 --> 00:55:35.315 ♪ 1698 00:55:35.315 --> 00:55:55.335 ♪ 1699 00:55:55.335 --> 00:56:15.355 ♪ 1700 00:56:15.355 --> 00:56:35.375 ♪ 1701 00:56:35.375 --> 00:56:55.395 ♪ 1702 00:56:55.395 --> 00:57:15.415 ♪ 1703 00:57:15.415 --> 00:57:35.435 ♪ 1704 00:57:35.435 --> 00:57:55.455 ♪ 1705 00:57:55.455 --> 00:58:15.475 ♪ 1706 00:58:15.475 --> 00:58:35.495 ♪ 1707 00:58:35.495 --> 00:58:55.515 ♪ 1708 00:58:55.515 --> 00:59:00.486 ♪