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        {
            "id": 5555,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5555/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2025-07-15T10:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "TRACERS through Earth's Polar Cusps",
            "description": "Visualization of the orbit of the twin TRACERS (Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites) satellites that will explore the process of magnetic reconnection in Earth's polar regions and its effects on our atmosphere.",
            "hits": 183
        },
        {
            "id": 14835,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14835/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2025-05-09T15:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "What Happened During the Biggest Geomagnetic Storm in Over 20 Years",
            "description": "On May 10, 2024, the first G5 or “severe” geomagnetic storm in over two decades hit Earth. The event did not cause any catastrophic damages, but it did produce surprising effects on Earth. The storm, which has been called the best-documented geomagnetic storm in history, spread auroras to unusually low latitudes and produced effects spanning from the ground to near-Earth space. Data captured during this historic event will be analyzed for years to come, revealing new lessons about the nature of geomagnetic storms and how best to weather them.Learn more:• What NASA Is Learning from the Biggest Geomagnetic Storm in 20 Years• How NASA Tracked the Most Intense Solar Storm in Decades || ",
            "hits": 525
        },
        {
            "id": 14744,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14744/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2025-01-03T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "GDC and DYNAMIC to Explore Earth’s Upper Atmosphere",
            "description": "Two upcoming missions, the Geospace Dynamics Constellation (GDC) and Dynamical Neutral Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (DYNAMIC) will revolutionize our understanding of Earth’s upper atmosphere. This region includes Earth’s ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere, and stretches from roughly 50 to 400 miles above Earth’s surface. Space weather disturbances can impact communications, navigation signals, and satellite orbits, and induce currents can trigger power outages on Earth — making the region a crucial area of study.GDC is a team of satellites that will study Earth’s upper atmosphere and provide the first direct global measurements of our planet’s dynamic and complex interface with the space environment. Working in tandem with the DYNAMIC spacecraft, scientists will be able paint a fuller picture of how energy transforms and travels throughout the upper atmosphere. GDC will fly at an altitude of 350-400 km.DYNAMIC is a pair of satellites that will work in tandem with GDC to study how changes in Earth’s lower atmosphere influence our planet’s upper atmosphere. Between the multiple spacecraft of GDC and DYNAMIC, simultaneous observations from different locations can give scientists a more complete picture of how atmospheric waves propagate up through this unique part of the atmosphere. DYNAMIC will fly at an altitude of 550-800 km. || ",
            "hits": 178
        },
        {
            "id": 5443,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5443/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2024-12-17T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Heliophysics Sentinels 2024",
            "description": "There have been some changes since the 2022 Heliophysics Fleet.  AIM and ICON have been decommissioned while two other instruments have been added.  AWE is an instrument mounted on the ISS, and RAD is a particle detector on the Curiosity Mars rover.  As of Winter 2024, here's a tour of the NASA Heliophysics fleet from the near-Earth satellites out to the Voyagers beyond the heliopause. || ",
            "hits": 75
        },
        {
            "id": 5435,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5435/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2024-12-12T12:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Geomagnetic and Atmospheric Response to May 2024 Solar Storm",
            "description": "This visualization shows the Earth's magnetosphere being hit by a geomagnetic storm. The MAGE model simulates real events that happened throughout May 10-11, 2024.White orbit trails: All satellites orbiting Earth during the stormOrange orbits: Proposed orbits for six GDC spacecraftOrange-to-purple lines: Magnetic field lines around EarthBlue trails: Solar wind velocity tracersGreen clouds: Electric field current intensityCredit:NASA Scientific Visualization Studio and NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms || multiField_11-25-2024b_magnetosphere_pc_anim_satellites_4k.00450_print.jpg (1024x576) [191.2 KB] || multiField_11-25-2024b_magnetosphere_pc_anim_satellites_4k.00450_searchweb.png (320x180) [102.0 KB] || multiField_11-25-2024b_magnetosphere_pc_anim_satellites_4k.00450_web.png (320x180) [102.0 KB] || multiField_11-25-2024b_magnetosphere_pc_anim_satellites_4k.00450_thm.png (80x40) [6.4 KB] || multiField_12-30-2024b_magnetosphere_pc_anim_satellites_1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [253.6 MB] || multiField_12-30-2024b_magnetosphere_pc_anim_satellites_3x3Hyperwall (5760x3240) [2880 Item(s)] || multiField_12-30-2024b_magnetosphere_pc_anim_satellites_3x3Hyperwall_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [773.4 MB] || multiField_12-30-2024b_magnetosphere_pc_anim_satellites_3x3Hyperwall_3240p30_h265.mp4 (5760x3240) [779.4 MB] || ",
            "hits": 297
        },
        {
            "id": 5214,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5214/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2024-02-08T08:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Geomagnetic Storm Causes Satellite Loss for Fulldome",
            "description": "In February 2022, a Coronal Mass Ejection led to 38 commercial satellites being lost. Solar plasma from a geomagnetic storm heated the atmosphere, causing denser gases to expand into the satellites’ orbit, which increased atmospheric drag on the satellites and caused them to de-orbit. Johns Hopkins APL-led Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) is building a Multiscale Atmosphere-Geospace Environment (MAGE) supercomputer model to predict space weather. The physics-based MAGE simulation reproduced the storm-time atmospheric density enhancement much better than empirical or standalone ionosphere-thermosphere models, emphasizing the need for fully-coupled whole-of-geospace models for predicting space weather events.This is 4k fulldome imagery intended for projection in a planetarium or other hemispherical dome theater. || ",
            "hits": 96
        },
        {
            "id": 5193,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5193/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2023-12-11T09:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Geomagnetic Storm Causes Satellite Loss",
            "description": "In February 2022, a Coronal Mass Ejection led to 38 commercial satellites being lost. Solar plasma from a geomagnetic storm heated the atmosphere, causing denser gases to expand into the satellites’ orbit, which increased atmospheric drag on the satellites and caused them to de-orbit. Johns Hopkins APL-led Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) is building a Multiscale Atmosphere-Geospace Environment (MAGE) supercomputer model to predict space weather. The physics-based MAGE simulation reproduced the storm-time atmospheric density enhancement much better than empirical or standalone ionosphere-thermosphere models, emphasizing the need for fully-coupled whole-of-geospace models for predicting space weather events. || ",
            "hits": 484
        },
        {
            "id": 4898,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4898/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2022-11-23T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Heliophysics Sentinels 2022",
            "description": "There has been one significant change since the 2020 Heliophysics Fleet.  SET has been decommissioned.  As of Fall 2022, here's a tour of the NASA Heliophysics fleet from the near-Earth satellites out to the Voyagers beyond the heliopause.Excepting the Voyager missions, the satellite orbits are color coded for their observing program:Magenta: TIM (Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere) observationsYellow: solar observations and imageryCyan: Geospace and magnetosphereViolet: Heliospheric observations || ",
            "hits": 42
        },
        {
            "id": 13969,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13969/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2021-10-21T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Geospace Dynamics Constellation",
            "description": "\"Moonstone,\" by Rainman [PRS]; Atmosphere; Universal Production Music || 13969_GDC_Mission_FINAL.mov (1920x1080) [4.9 GB] || GDC_MissionVideo_Still.png (1920x1080) [3.7 MB] || GDC_Mission_SITLL.jpg (1920x1080) [441.3 KB] || 13969_GDC_Mission_FINAL_lowres.mp4 (1280x720) [62.3 MB] || TWITTER_720_13969_GDC_Mission_FINAL_twitter_720.mp4 (1280x720) [42.8 MB] || 13969_GDC_Mission_FINAL.webm (960x540) [94.7 MB] || YOUTUBE_1080_13969_GDC_Mission_FINAL_youtube_1080.mp4 (1920x1080) [339.8 MB] || 13969_GDC_Mission_FINAL.en_US.srt [4.8 KB] || 13969_GDC_Mission_FINAL.en_US.vtt [4.6 KB] || YOUTUBE_4K_13969_GDC_Mission_FINAL_youtube_4k.mp4 (3840x2160) [1.4 GB] || ",
            "hits": 42
        },
        {
            "id": 4887,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4887/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2021-03-01T10:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Heliophysics Sentinels 2020 (Forecast Version)",
            "description": "In addition to the NASA missions used in research for space weather (see 2020 Heliophysics Fleet) there are additional missions operated by NOAA used for space weather forecasting.  As of spring 2020, here's a tour of the NASA and NOAA Heliophysics fleets from the near-Earth satellites out to the inner solar system.The satellite orbits are color coded for their observing program:Magenta: TIM (Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere) observationsYellow: solar observations and imageryCyan: Geospace and magnetosphereViolet: Heliospheric observations || ",
            "hits": 36
        },
        {
            "id": 4822,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4822/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2020-09-15T10:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Heliophysics Sentinels 2020",
            "description": "There have been few changes since the 2018 Heliophysics Fleet.  Van Allen Probes and SORCE have been decommissioned, while Solar Orbiter, ICON and SET have been added.  As of spring 2020, here's a tour of the NASA Heliophysics fleet from the near-Earth satellites out to the Voyagers beyond the heliopause.Excepting the Voyager missions, the satellite orbits are color coded for their observing program:Magenta: TIM (Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere) observationsYellow: solar observations and imageryCyan: Geospace and magnetosphereViolet: Heliospheric observations || ",
            "hits": 36
        },
        {
            "id": 13687,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13687/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2020-08-14T10:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "NASA Spacecraft Uncover Mystery Behind Auroral Beads",
            "description": "A special type of aurora, draped east-west across the night sky like a glowing pearl necklace, is helping scientists better understand the science of auroras and their powerful drivers out in space. Known as auroral beads, these lights often show up just before large auroral displays, which are caused by electrical storms in space called substorms. Until now, scientists weren’t sure if auroral beads are somehow connected to other auroral displays as a phenomenon in space that precedes substorms, or if they are caused by disturbances closer to Earth’s atmosphere.But powerful new computer models, combined with observations from NASA’s Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms – THEMIS – mission, have provided the first direct evidence of the events in space that lead to the appearance of these beads, and demonstrated the important role they play in our local space environment. || ",
            "hits": 80
        },
        {
            "id": 13503,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13503/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2019-12-10T13:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "How NASA Studies The Space Near Earth",
            "description": "NASA studies the space around our home planet, a region we call geospace. It might appear empty, but geospace is bustling with electrically charged particles and magnetic fields — all of which can impact the technology and satellites we have flying through it. NASA uses specialized tools to study changing conditions in geospace, known as space weather. Each examines geospace in its own way. Together, they help us visualize, and better understand, the invisible processes shaping the space that is closest to home. || ",
            "hits": 66
        },
        {
            "id": 13249,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13249/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2019-07-03T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Eclipse 2019",
            "description": "Composite photo of the 2019 total solar eclipse, taken from Chile. Credit: Williams College/NSF Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences Division/Jay Pasachoff/David Sliski/Alan Sliski/Christian Lockwood/John Inoue/Erin Meadors/Aris Voulgaris/Kevin Reardon || Pasachoff-Sliski_2019_eclipse_composite_1.jpg (6893x4191) [342.5 KB] || Pasachoff-Sliski_2019_eclipse_composite_1_searchweb.png (320x180) [32.6 KB] || Pasachoff-Sliski_2019_eclipse_composite_1_thm.png (80x40) [3.5 KB] || ",
            "hits": 57
        },
        {
            "id": 13221,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13221/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2019-06-10T10:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "NASA Tech on SpaceX Falcon Heavy Launch - Media Telecon Resources",
            "description": "NASA is sending four technology missions that will help improve future spacecraft design and performance into space on the next SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket launch. Experts will discuss these technologies, and how they complement NASA’s Moon to Mars exploration plans, during a media teleconference Monday, June 10 at 1 p.m. EDT.Audio of the teleconference will be streamed live online at: https://www.nasa.gov/liveParticipants in the briefing will be:Jim Reuter, acting associate administrator of NASA’s Space Technology Mission Directorate, will discuss how technology drives exploration to the Moon and beyond.Jill Seubert, deputy principal investigator for the Deep Space Atomic Clock at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, will discuss how to advance exploration in deep space with a miniaturized, ultra-precise, mercury-ion atomic clock that is orders of magnitude more stable than today’s best navigation clocks.Don Cornwell, director of the Advanced Communications and Navigation Division of NASA’s Space Communications and Navigation program, will discuss how a more stable, space-based atomic clock could benefit future missions to the Moon and Mars.Christopher McLean, principal investigator for NASA’s Green Propellant Infusion Mission (GPIM) at Ball Aerospace, will discuss the demonstration of a green alternative to conventional chemical propulsion systems for next-generation launch vehicles and spacecraft. Joe Cassady, executive director for space at Aerojet Rocketdyne, will discuss the five thrusters and propulsion system aboard GPIM.Nicola Fox, director of the Heliophysics Division of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, will discuss Space Environment Testbeds and the importance of protecting satellites from space radiation.Richard Doe, payload program manager for the Enhanced Tandem Beacon Experiment at SRI International, will discuss how a pair of NASA CubeSats will work with six satellites of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) COSMIC-2 mission to study disruptions of signals that pass through Earth’s upper atmosphere.To participate in the teleconference, media must contact Clare Skelly at 202-358-4273 or clare.a.skelly@nasa.gov by 10 a.m. June 10. Media questions may be submitted on Twitter during the teleconference using the hashtag #askNASA.NASA’s four missions will share a ride on the Falcon Heavy with about 20 satellites from government and research institutions that make up the Department of Defense’s Space Test Program-2 (STP-2) mission. SpaceX and the U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center, which manages STP-2, are targeting 11:30 p.m. Saturday, June 22, for launch from historic Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.Charged with returning astronauts to the Moon within five years, NASA’s Artemis lunar exploration plans are based on a two-phase approach: the first is focused on speed – landing astronauts on the Moon by 2024 – while the second will establish a sustained human presence on and around the Moon by 2028. We will use what we learn on the Moon to prepare to send astronauts to Mars. The technology missions on this launch will advance a variety of future exploration missions.For more information about NASA’s Moon to Mars exploration plans, visit:https://www.nasa.gov/moontomarsFor more information about the NASA technologies aboard this launch, visit:https://www.nasa.gov/spacexLearn more about NASA’s Deep Space Atomic Clock: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/tdm/clock/index.htmlLearn more about NASA’s Green Propellant Infusion Mission: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/tdm/green/index.htmlSPACE TEST PROGRAM-2 || ",
            "hits": 64
        },
        {
            "id": 4360,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4360/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2018-12-10T11:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Heliophysics Sentinels 2018",
            "description": "This movie presents the trajectories of the heliophysics fleet from close to Earth to out beyond the heliopause. || Sentinels2018.Sentinels2Voyager.GSE.AU.clockSlate_EarthTarget.UHD3840.00000_print.jpg (1024x576) [74.5 KB] || Sentinels2018.Sentinels2Voyager.GSE.AU.clockSlate_EarthTarget.UHD3840.00000_searchweb.png (180x320) [65.6 KB] || Sentinels2018.Sentinels2Voyager.GSE.AU.clockSlate_EarthTarget.UHD3840.00000_thm.png (80x40) [5.1 KB] || Sentinels2018.Sentinels2Voyager_1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [40.3 MB] || Sentinels2018.Sentinels2Voyager_1080p30.webm (1920x1080) [6.3 MB] || 1920x1080_16x9_30p (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || 3840x2160_16x9_30p (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || Sentinels2018.Sentinels2Voyager_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [125.7 MB] || Sentinels2018.Sentinels2Voyager_1080p30.mp4.hwshow || ",
            "hits": 45
        },
        {
            "id": 4589,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4589/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2017-10-25T10:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Heliophysics Sentinels 2017",
            "description": "This visualization starts from near Earth and the Earth orbiting satellite fleet out to the Moon, then past the Sun-Earth Lagrange point 1 to out beyond the heliopause.  This is the long-play version. || Sentinels2017.Sentinels2Voyager.GSE.AU.clockSlate_EarthTarget.UHD3840.00000_print.jpg (1024x576) [136.1 KB] || Sentinels2017.Sentinels2Voyager.GSE.AU.clockSlate_EarthTarget.UHD3840.00000_searchweb.png (180x320) [84.6 KB] || Sentinels2017.Sentinels2Voyager.GSE.AU.clockSlate_EarthTarget.UHD3840.00000_thm.png (80x40) [6.0 KB] || Sentinels2017.Sentinels2Voyager.HD1080i_p30.webm (1920x1080) [12.4 MB] || SlowPlay (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || Sentinels2017.Sentinels2Voyager.HD1080i_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [111.6 MB] || SlowPlay (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || Sentinels2017.Sentinels2Voyager_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [336.2 MB] || Sentinels2017.Sentinels2Voyager.HD1080i_p30.mp4.hwshow [209 bytes] || ",
            "hits": 26
        },
        {
            "id": 4527,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4527/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2016-12-14T14:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "ICON and GOLD: Instrument Scanning Coverage",
            "description": "Visualization of ICON and GOLD orbiting Earth with image scanning.  This version presents several geospace models, including the singly-ionized oxygen density, the low-latitude geomagnetic field, and the high-altitude winds (100km and 350km altitudes). || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.001140_print.jpg (1024x576) [130.5 KB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.001140_searchweb.png (320x180) [85.0 KB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.001140_thm.png (80x40) [5.9 KB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF.HD1080i_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [82.0 MB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF.HD1080i_p30.webm (1920x1080) [7.6 MB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [258.1 MB] || ",
            "hits": 63
        },
        {
            "id": 4288,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4288/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2015-06-10T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "The 2015 Earth-Orbiting Heliophysics Fleet",
            "description": "Movie showing the heliosphysics missions from near Earth orbit out to the orbit of the Moon.This video is also available on our YouTube channel. || Helio2015A.MMStour.slate_RigRHS.HD1080i.0500_print.jpg (1024x576) [112.6 KB] || Helio2015A.MMStour.HD1080.webm (1920x1080) [6.7 MB] || WithoutTimeStamp (1920x1080) [128.0 KB] || Helio2015A.MMStour.HD1080.mov (1920x1080) [196.3 MB] || Helio2015_4288.pptx [198.6 MB] || Helio2015_4288.key [201.3 MB] || ",
            "hits": 67
        },
        {
            "id": 4217,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4217/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2014-10-08T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Coordinated Earth: Measuring Space in the Near-Earth Environment",
            "description": "When we operate satellites in space, they are often taking measurements along the locations of their travel.  As with many measurements, they are only useful if they can be placed in the proper context - their relationship to other measurements at the same, and different, locations.  To assemble these measurements within context, we also need to know where and when the measurements were taken, and to do that, we need to define a coordinate system.In three-dimensional space, we define a position with three numbers, relative to a point we define as the Origin of the coordinate system, defined as (0,0,0).  Each number represents a distance from the origin along one of three directions.  We usually defined these directions by axes, labelled X, Y, and Z, which are defined to be mutually perpendicular, each one is at right angles to the others.While all coordinate systems are equal, all coordinate systems are not equally convenient for a given problem of interest.  Sometimes the data and mathematics we use for exploring different problems can be more complex in one coordinate system or another.  To simplify this, we often define a number of different coordinate systems and ways to do transformations between them.In studying the space environment around Earth, we find five different coordinate systems of use. Geocentric (GEO):  This is the coordinate system useful for measuring things close to Earth’s surface.  The origin is chosen at the center of Earth.  The x-axis points from the center of Earth through the Prime Meridian (by convention chosen as the meridian in Greenwich, London, UK (longitude = 0).  The z-axis points towards the north geographic pole. Geocentric Earth Inertial (GEI):  This coordinate system is fixed relative to the distant stars, so Earth rotates about the z-axis relative to it.  The origin of this coordinate system is at the center of the Earth. The x-axis points to the first point in Aries (Wikipedia: Vernal Equinox) and the z-axis points to the north geographic & celestial pole.  The direction of the celestial pole changes due to Earth’s rotational precession (Wikipedia). Geocentric Solar Ecliptic (GSE):  The origin is at the center of the Earth.  The x-axis is along the line between Earth and the Sun.  The z-axis is the north ecliptic pole and is fixed in direction (but for slow changes due to Earth orbital changes). Solar Magnetic (SM):  the origin is at the center of the Earth.  The z-axis is chosen parallel to the Earth magnetic dipole axis.  The y-axis is chosen to be perpendicular to the z-axis and the Earth-Sun line (pointing towards dusk). Geocentric Solar Magnetospheric (GSM):  The origin is at the center of the Earth.  The x-axis is defined as the Earth-Sun line (same as in GSE).  The y-axis is defined to be perpendicular to the plane containing the x-axis and the magnetic dipole axis so the magnetic axis always lies in this plane.Similar coordinate systems are defined for the Sun and other planets of the Solar System.Development Note: This visualization was originally developed to test coordinate system transformations in the visualization framework.References:C. T. Russell. \"Geophysical coordinate transformations\". Cosmical Electrodynamics 2, 184-196 (1971). URL.M.A. Hapgood.  \"Space Physics Coordinate Transformations: A User Guide\".  Planetary & Space Science, 40, 711-717.(1992). URLSPENVIS Help Pages: Coordinate Systems and transformations || ",
            "hits": 164
        },
        {
            "id": 20210,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20210/",
            "result_type": "Animation",
            "release_date": "2014-03-14T10:30:00-04:00",
            "title": "MMS Spacecraft Animation",
            "description": "The Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission is a Solar Terrestrial Probes mission comprising four identically instrumented spacecraft that will use Earth’s magnetosphere as a laboratory to study the microphysics of three fundamental plasma processes: magnetic reconnection, energetic particle acceleration, and turbulence. These processes occur in all astrophysical plasma systems but can be studied in situ only in our solar system and most efficiently only in Earth’s magnetosphere, where they control the dynamics of the geospace environment and play an important role in the processes known as “space weather.”Learn more about MMS at www.nasa.gov/mms || ",
            "hits": 38
        },
        {
            "id": 4127,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4127/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2013-12-16T12:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "The 2013 Earth-Orbiting Heliophysics Fleet",
            "description": "There've been a few changes since the 2012 Earth-Orbiting Heliophysics Fleet. As of Fall of 2013, here's a tour of the NASA Near-Earth Heliophysics fleet, covering the space from near-Earth orbit out to the orbit of the Moon.The satellite orbits are color coded for their observing program:Magenta: TIM (Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere) observationsYellow: solar observations and imageryCyan: Geospace and magnetosphereViolet: Heliospheric observationsNear-Earth Fleet:Hinode: Observes the Sun in multiple wavelengths up to x-rays. SVS pageRHESSI : Observes the Sun in x-rays and gamma-rays. SVS pageTIMED: Studies the upper layers (40-110 miles up) of the Earth's atmosphere.FAST: Measures particles and fields in regions where aurora form.CINDI: Measures interactions of neutral and charged particles in the ionosphere. SORCE: Monitors solar intensity across a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum.AIM: Images and measures noctilucent clouds. SVS pageVan Allen Probes: Two probes moving along the same orbit esigned to study the impact of space weather on Earth's radiation belts. SVS pageTWINS: Two Wide-Angle Imaging Neutral-Atom Spectrometers (TWINS) are two probes observing the Earth with neutral atom imagers.IRIS: Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph is designed to take high-resolution spectra and images of the region between the solar photosphere and solar atmosphere.Geosynchronous Fleet:SDO: Solar Dynamics Observatory keeps the Sun under continuous observation at 16 megapixel resolution.GOES: The newest GOES satellites include a solar X-ray imager operated by NOAA.Geospace Fleet:Geotail: Conducts measurements of electrons and ions in the Earth's magnetotail. Cluster: This is a group of four satellites which fly in formation to measure how particles and fields in the magnetosphere vary in space and time. SVS pageTHEMIS: This is a fleet of three satellites to study how magnetospheric instabilities produce substorms. Two of the original five satellites were moved into lunar orbit to become ARTEMIS. SVS page IBEX: The Interstellar Boundary Explorer measures the flux of neutral atoms from the heliopause.Lunar Orbiting FleetARTEMIS: Two of the THEMIS satellites were moved into lunar orbit to study the interaction of the Earth's magnetosphere with the Moon. || ",
            "hits": 83
        },
        {
            "id": 4088,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4088/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2013-09-26T14:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Reconnection Fronts - What the Models Say...",
            "description": "Mathematical models of Earth's magnetosphere have become increasingly more complex and accurate. They have sufficient detail to illustrate many small-scale phenomena.In this simulation run of the Geospace General Circulation Model (GGCM) we see new details that have been observed by in situ satellites. As the solar wind is deflected around Earth's magnetosphere (the 'bubble' of plasma surrounding Earth held by Earth's magnetic field), plasma flows within the bubble can change. In the graphics below, physical variables such as magnetic field and electric currents are plotted. With these variables, we overlay the net flow of the plasma (arrows), subjected to selection criteria to separate flows of plasma away from Earth and towards Earth. Green arrows are low-speed flows (below about 150 kilometers/second), while red arrows correspond to high-speed plasmal flows (about 300 kilometers/second and higher). || ",
            "hits": 65
        },
        {
            "id": 11286,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11286/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2013-06-04T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "IRIS L-14 Media Briefing",
            "description": "Lying just above the sun's surface is an enigmatic region of the solar atmosphere called the interface region. A relatively thin region, just 3,000 to 6,000 miles thick, it pulses with movement: zones of different temperature and density are scattered throughout, while energy and heat course through the solar material. Understanding how the energy travels through this region – energy that helps heat the upper layer of the atmosphere, the corona, to temperatures of 1,000,000 kelvins, some thousand times hotter than the sun’s surface itself – is the goal of NASA's Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph, or IRIS, scheduled to launch on June 26, 2013 from California's Vandenberg Air Force Base. Scientists wish to understand the interface region in exquisite detail, since energy flowing through this region has an effect on so many aspects of near-Earth space. For one thing, despite the intense amount of energy deposited into the interface region, only a fraction leaksthrough, but this fraction drives the solar wind, the constant stream of particles that flows out to fill the entire solar system. The interface region is also the source of most of the sun's ultraviolet emission, which impacts both the near-Earth space environment and Earth's climate. IRIS's capabilities are uniquely tailored to unravel the interface region by providing both high-resolution images and a kind of data known as spectra, which can see many wavelengths at once. For its high-resolution images, IRIS will capture data on about one percent of the sun at a time. While these are relatively small snapshots, IRIS will be able to see very fine features, as small as 150 miles across. || ",
            "hits": 55
        },
        {
            "id": 11212,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11212/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2013-02-28T14:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Van Allen Probes Find Storage Ring in Earth's Outer Radiation Belt",
            "description": "Since their discovery over 50 years ago, the Earth's Van Allen radiation belts have been considered to consist of two distinct zones of trapped, highly energetic charged particles. Observations from NASA's Van Allen Probes reveal an isolated third ring in the outer radiation belt. || ",
            "hits": 681
        },
        {
            "id": 3969,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3969/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2012-09-20T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "The 2012 Earth-Orbiting Heliophysics Fleet",
            "description": "Since Sentinels of the Heliosphere in 2008, there have been a few new missions, and a few missions have been shut down. As of Fall of 2012, here's a tour of the NASA Near-Earth Heliophysics fleet, covering the space from near-Earth orbit out to the orbit of the Moon.Revision (November 9, 2012): The RBSP mission has been renamed the Van Allen Probes. NASA Press Release.The satellite orbits are color coded for their observing program:Magenta: TIM (Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere) observationsYellow: solar observations and imageryCyan: Geospace and magnetosphereViolet: Heliospheric observationsNear-Earth Fleet:Hinode: Observes the Sun in multiple wavelengths up to x-rays. SVS pageRHESSI : Observes the Sun in x-rays and gamma-rays. SVS pageTIMED: Studies the upper layers (40-110 miles up) of the Earth's atmosphere.FAST: Measures particles and fields in regions where aurora form.CINDI: Measures interactions of neutral and charged particles in the ionosphere. SORCE: Monitors solar intensity across a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum.AIM: Images and measures noctilucent clouds. SVS pageRBSP: (Renamed the Van Allen Probes) Designed to study the impact of space weather on Earth's radiation belts. SVS pageGeosynchronous Fleet:SDO: Solar Dynamics Observatory keeps the Sun under continuous observation at 16 megapixel resolution.GOES: The newest GOES satellites include a solar X-ray imager operated by NOAA.Geospace Fleet:Geotail: Conducts measurements of electrons and ions in the Earth's magnetotail. Cluster: This is a group of four satellites which fly in formation to measure how particles and fields in the magnetosphere vary in space and time. SVS pageTHEMIS: This is a fleet of three satellites to study how magnetospheric instabilities produce substorms. Two of the original five satellites were moved into lunar orbit to become ARTEMIS. SVS page IBEX: The Interstellar Boundary Explorer measures the flux of neutral atoms from the heliopause.Lunar Orbiting FleetARTEMIS: Two of the THEMIS satellites were moved into lunar orbit to study the interaction of the Earth's magnetosphere with the Moon.Note: A number of near-Earth missions had their orbits generated from Two-Line orbital elements valid in July 2012. Orbit perturbations since then may result in significant deviation from the actual satellite position for the time frame of this visualization. || ",
            "hits": 52
        },
        {
            "id": 11027,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11027/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2012-08-09T14:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "RBSP L-14 Press Conference",
            "description": "The Radiation Belt Storm Probes mission is part of NASA's Living With a Star Geospace program to explore fundamental processes that operate throughout the solar system, in particular those that generate hazardous space weather effects near the Earth and phenomena that could affect solar system exploration.RBSP is designed to help us understand the sun's influence on the Earth and near-Earth space by studying the planet's radiation belts on various scales of space and time.Understanding the radiation belt environment and its variability has extremely important practical applications in the areas of spacecraft operations, spacecraft and spacecraft system design, mission planning, and astronaut safety.RBSP is scheduled to launch no earlier than 4:08 a.m. Thursday, Aug. 23 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. The twin probes will lift off on a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket.News conference panelists are:— Madhulika Guhathakurta, Living With a Star program scientist, NASA Headquarters, Washington— Mona Kessel, RBSP program scientist, NASA Headquarters— Barry Mauk, RBSP project scientist, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), Laurel, Md.— Rick Fitzgerald, RBSP project manager, APL, Laurel, Md. || ",
            "hits": 56
        },
        {
            "id": 3743,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3743/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2010-07-08T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Space Weather Event: Close-up on the Earth Environment",
            "description": "We open with a view from high above the ecliptic plane, at the space between the Sun (left) and the Earth (within the small rectangular box on the right). In the plane of the Earth's orbit, we show a 'slice' of the Enlil model showing the particle density profile of the solar wind (white to yellow for decreasing particle density). The spiral 'rotating water sprinkler' pattern in the density is the Parker spiral (Wikipedia). We zoom down to the Earth as the CME (orange surface) erupts in the direction of the Earth and move into a position above the Earth's orbital plane with the Earth (geospace) environment in view.As the particle density enhancement from the CME strikes the Earth, we see the Earth's magnetosphere respond, with the outer, high density surface (red) 'blown away'. This surface location corresponds roughly to the location of the bow shock. The bow shock has not been eliminated, only some of its particles have been depleted, to be carried off in the CME and solar wind. As the densest material of the CME passes (orange surface), plasma from the CME continues to flow by the Earth, stretching the magnetosphere into a long, thin structure behind the Earth.The magnetosphere slowly recovers from the 'impact', and regions that can confine higher particle densities reform - the red surfaces return. But not for long as the rarefaction (Wikipedia) behind the CME reaches the Earth. This lower density region provides fewer particles to repopulate the magnetosphere and makes it easier for particles confined in the magnetosphere to 'leak' out into the solar wind.For the BATS-R-US model, the isosurface colors are: red=20 AMUs per cubic centimeter, yellow=10.0 AMUs per cubic centimeter, light blue=1.0 AMUs per cubic centimeter, and blue=0.1 AMUs per cubic centimeter. An AMU corresponds to about the mass of a hydrogen atom, the dominant component of the solar wind.This visualization is part of a series of visualizations on space weather modeling. || ",
            "hits": 32
        },
        {
            "id": 3739,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3739/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2010-07-06T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Space Weather Event: Incoming View",
            "description": "We open with a view from high above the ecliptic plane, at the space between the Sun (left) and the Earth (within the small rectangular box on the right). In the plane of the Earth's orbit, we show a 'slice' of the Enlil model showing the particle density profile of the solar wind (white to yellow for decreasing particle density). The spiral 'rotating water sprinkler' pattern in the density is the Parker spiral (Wikipedia). The nested grid pattern centered on the Earth, provides a sense of scale to the scene. The smallest grid square in the opening view is 1,000 Earth radii on each side. The scale changes by a factor of ten for each step larger or smaller in size.We zoom down to the Earth as the CME (orange surface) erupts in the direction of the Earth, then move into a position behind the Earth with the Sun visible in the distance.As the particle density enhancement from the CME strikes the Earth, we see the Earth's magnetosphere respond, with the outer, high density surface (red) 'blown away'. This surface location corresponds roughly to the location of the bow shock. The bow shock has not been eliminated, only some of its particles have been depleted, to be carried off in the CME and solar wind. As the densest material of the CME passes (orange surface), plasma from the CME continues to flow by the Earth, stretching the magnetosphere into a long, thin structure behind the Earth.The magnetosphere slowly recovers from the 'impact', and regions that can confine higher particle densities reform - the red surfaces return. But not for long as the rarefaction (Wikipedia) behind the CME reaches the Earth. This lower density region provides fewer particles to repopulate the magnetosphere and makes it easier for particles confined in the magnetosphere to 'leak' out into the solar wind.For the BATS-R-US model, the isosurface colors correpond to densities of: red=20 AMUs per cubic centimeter, yellow=10.0 AMUs per cubic centimeter, light blue=1.0 AMUs per cubic centimeter, and blue=0.1 AMUs per cubic centimeter. An AMU corresponds to about the mass of a hydrogen atom, so the value roughly corresponds to the number of atoms per cubic centimeter.This visualization is part of a series of visualizations on space weather modeling. || ",
            "hits": 31
        },
        {
            "id": 40074,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/space-weather-modeling/",
            "result_type": "Gallery",
            "release_date": "2010-06-29T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Space Weather Modeling",
            "description": "Energetic events on the Sun can have dramatic impact on Earth and its magnetosphere.  These natural events can have significant effects on Earth and space-based technologies that can cause anything from inconveniences (such as minor communications and power disruptions) to high-impact events that have significant political and economic implications (outages of large sections of the electrical power grid and other support infrastructure).\n\nTo better meet these challenges, mathematical models of the heliospheric and geospace environment are under development to better forecast these solar energetic events and their impacts on Earth.\n\nThe visualizations here illustrate two models generated by the CCMC for modeling space weather events.  The CCMC hosts many different computational models.  Both models were generated based on a single coronal mass ejection (CME) event in December 2006.\n\nEnlil: The Enlil model is a time-dependent 3-D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD, Wikipedia) model of the heliosphere.  In these simulations, the model covers a torus-like region around the Sun, with the inner edge at about 0.1 astronomical units (AU) (about 22 solar radii) from the Sun and the outer edge extends beyond the orbit of Mars (1.5 AU).  The model extends to 60 degrees above and below the solar equator.  The model propagates the changes in particle flows and magnetic fields.\n\nBATS-R-US:  BATS-R-US is also an MHD model of plasma from the solar wind moving through the Earth's magnetic dipole field.  The model is initialized using measurements of the solar wind density, velocity, temperature, and magnetic field from satellites orbiting L1, such as ACE.",
            "hits": 34
        },
        {
            "id": 3595,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3595/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2009-07-27T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Sentinels of the Heliosphere",
            "description": "Heliophysics is a term to describe the study of the Sun, its atmosphere or the heliosphere, and the planets within it as a system. As a result, it encompasses the study of planetary atmospheres and their magnetic environment, or magnetospheres. These environments are important in the study of space weather.As a society dependent on technology, both in everyday life, and as part of our economic growth, space weather becomes increasingly important. Changes in space weather, either by solar events or geomagnetic events, can disrupt and even damage power grids and satellite communications. Space weather events can also generate x-rays and gamma-rays, as well as particle radiations, that can jeopardize the lives of astronauts living and working in space.This visualization tours the regions of near-Earth orbit; the Earth's magnetosphere, sometimes called geospace; the region between the Earth and the Sun; and finally out beyond Pluto, where Voyager 1 and 2 are exploring the boundary between the Sun and the rest of our Milky Way galaxy. Along the way, we see these regions patrolled by a fleet of satellites that make up NASA's Heliophysics Observatory Telescopes. Many of these spacecraft do not take images in the conventional sense but record fields, particle energies and fluxes in situ. Many of these missions are operated in conjunction with international partners, such as the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA).The Earth and distances are to scale. Larger objects are used to represent the satellites and other planets for clarity.Here are the spacecraft featured in this movie:Near-Earth Fleet:Hinode: Observes the Sun in multiple wavelengths up to x-rays. SVS pageRHESSI : Observes the Sun in x-rays and gamma-rays. SVS pageTRACE: Observes the Sun in visible and ultraviolet wavelengths. SVS pageTIMED: Studies the upper layers (40-110 miles up) of the Earth's atmosphere.FAST: Measures particles and fields in regions where aurora form.CINDI: Measures interactions of neutral and charged particles in the ionosphere. AIM: Images and measures noctilucent clouds. SVS pageGeospace Fleet:Geotail: Conducts measurements of electrons and ions in the Earth's magnetotail. Cluster: This is a group of four satellites which fly in formation to measure how particles and fields in the magnetosphere vary in space and time. SVS pageTHEMIS: This is a fleet of five satellites to study how magnetospheric instabilities produce substorms. SVS pageL1 Fleet: The L1 point is a Lagrange Point, a point between the Earth and the Sun where the gravitational pull is approximately equal. Spacecraft can orbit this location for continuous coverage of the Sun.SOHO: Studies the Sun with cameras and a multitude of other instruments. SVS pageACE: Measures the composition and characteristics of the solar wind. Wind: Measures particle flows and fields in the solar wind. Heliospheric FleetSTEREO-A and B: These two satellites observe the Sun, with imagers and particle detectors, off the Earth-Sun line, providing a 3-D view of solar activity. SVS pageHeliopause FleetVoyager 1 and 2: These spacecraft conducted the original 'Planetary Grand Tour' of the solar system in the 1970s and 1980s. They have now travelled further than any human-built spacecraft and are still returning measurements of the interplanetary medium. SVS pageThis enhanced, narrated visualization was shown at the SIGGRAPH 2009 Computer Animation Festival in New Orleans, LA in August 2009; an eariler version created for AGU was called NASA's Heliophysics Observatories Study the Sun and Geospace. || ",
            "hits": 104
        },
        {
            "id": 3570,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3570/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2008-12-15T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "NASA's Heliophysics Observatories Study the Sun and Geospace",
            "description": "Heliophysics is a term to describe the study of the Sun, its atmosphere or the heliosphere, and the planets within it as a system. As a result, it encompasses the study of planetary atmospheres and their magnetic environment, or magnetospheres. These environments are important in the study of space weather.As a society dependent on technology, both in everyday life, and as part of our economic growth, space weather becomes increasingly important. Changes in space weather, either by solar events or geomagnetic events, can disrupt and even damage power grids and satellite communications. Space weather events can also generate x-rays and gamma-rays, as well as particle radiations, that can jeopardize the lives of astronauts living and working in space.This visualization tours the regions of near-Earth orbit; the Earth's magnetosphere, sometimes called geospace; the region between the Earth and the Sun; and finally out beyond Pluto, where Voyager 1 and 2 are exploring the boundary between the Sun and the rest of our Milky Way galaxy. Along the way, we see these regions patrolled by a fleet of satellites that make up NASA's Heliophysics Observatory Telescopes. Many of these spacecraft do not take images in the conventional sense but record fields, particle energies and fluxes in situ. Many of these missions are operated in conjunction with international partners, such as the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA).The Earth and distances are to scale. Larger objects are used to represent the satellites and other planets for clarity.Here are the spacecraft featured in this movie:Near-Earth Fleet:Hinode: Observes the Sun in multiple wavelengths up to x-rays. SVS pageRHESSI : Observes the Sun in x-rays and gamma-rays. SVS pageTRACE: Observes the Sun in visible and ultraviolet wavelengths. SVS pageTIMED: Studies the upper layers (40-110 miles up) of the Earth's atmosphere.FAST: Measures particles and fields in regions where aurora form.CINDI: Measures interactions of neutral and charged particles in the ionosphere. AIM: Images and measures noctilucent clouds. SVS pageGeospace Fleet:Geotail: Conducts measurements of electrons and ions in the Earth's magnetotail. Cluster: This is a group of four satellites which fly in formation to measure how particles and fields in the magnetosphere vary in space and time. SVS pageTHEMIS: This is a fleet of five satellites to study how magnetospheric instabilities produce substorms. SVS pageL1 Fleet: The L1 point is a Lagrange Point between the Sun and the Earth. Spacecraft can orbit this location for continuous coverage of the Sun.SOHO: Studies the Sun with cameras and a multitude of other instruments. SVS pageACE: Measures the composition and characteristics of the solar wind. Wind: Measures particle flows and fields in the solar wind. Heliospheric FleetSTEREO-A and B: These two satellites observe the Sun, with imagers and particle detectors, off the Earth-Sun line, providing a 3-D view of solar activity. SVS pageHeliopause FleetVoyager 1 and 2: These spacecraft conducted the original 'Planetary Grand Tour' of the solar system in the 1970s and 1980s. They have now travelled further than any human-built spacecraft and are still returning measurements of the interplanetary medium. SVS pageA refined and narrated version of this visualization, Sentinels of the Heliosphere, is now available. || ",
            "hits": 97
        },
        {
            "id": 3485,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3485/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2007-12-10T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "THEMIS and the March 2007 Substorm",
            "description": "NASA's Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission observed the dynamics of a rapidly developing substorm in March of 2007.  This visualization combines the orbits of the THEMIS satellites with a magnetohydrodynamical simulation of the Earth's magnetosphere corresponding to this time. || ",
            "hits": 27
        },
        {
            "id": 20096,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20096/",
            "result_type": "Animation",
            "release_date": "2007-01-11T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "THEMIS Launch and Deployment",
            "description": "THEMIS (Time History of Events and Microscale Interactions durind Substorms) answers fundamental outstanding questions regarding the magnetospheric substorm instability, a dominant mechanism of transport and explosive release of solar wind energy within Geospace. THEMIS will elucidate which magnetotail process is responsible for substorm onset at the region where substorm auroras map (~10Re): (i) a local disruption of the plasma sheet current or (ii) that current's interaction with the rapid influx of plasma emanating from lobe flux annihilation at ~25Re. Correlative observations from long-baseline (2-25 Re) probe conjunctions, will delineate the causal relationship and macroscale interaction between the substorm components. THEMIS's five identical probes measure particles and fields on orbits which optimize tail-aligned conjunctions over North America. || ",
            "hits": 60
        },
        {
            "id": 3356,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3356/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2006-05-22T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "THEMIS Mission and Substorm Simulation",
            "description": "This visualization combines simulations of the THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms) mission orbits with a GGCM (Geospace General Circulation Model) simulation.  It illustrates how the five THEMIS satellites will work together to detect substorm events in the magnetosphere.  One goal of the THEMIS mission is to test how these substorm events are related to the formation of the aurora.This mission consists of five identical spacecraft (usually designated P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5) with orbits aligned so they reach their apogee along the same line from the Earth.  This alignment remains fixed in space so as the Earth moves around the Sun, the constellation of spacecraft will extend on the nightside of the Earth in winter to sample the Earth's magnetosphere, and on the dayside of the Earth in summer to sample the incoming solar wind.  This way they can better map the geospace environment.Probes P1 and P2 are called the 'outer probes' and P3, 4, and 5 are the 'inner probes'.  P3 and P4 share the same orbit.  The outer probes will detect the onset of the substorm, while the inner probes will monitor the Earthward plasma flows from the event.For more information on the GGCM model, visit the Community Coordinated Modeling Center and OpenGGCM. || ",
            "hits": 39
        },
        {
            "id": 88,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/88/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "1995-12-07T12:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Magnetic Cloud Event: October 18-20, 1995",
            "description": "This animation presents correlated measurements and model data for an impact of a magnetic cloud originating from the Sun on the Earths magnetosphere on October 18-20, 1995. || a000088.00095_web.png (720x480) [357.3 KB] || a000088_thm.png (80x40) [3.9 KB] || a000088_pre.jpg (320x238) [11.4 KB] || a000088_pre_searchweb.jpg (320x180) [49.4 KB] || a000088.webmhd.webm (960x540) [14.4 MB] || a000088.dv (720x480) [186.0 MB] || a000088.mp4 (640x480) [10.5 MB] || a000088.mpg (352x240) [7.8 MB] || ",
            "hits": 28
        }
    ]
}