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    "results": [
        {
            "id": 11917,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11917/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2015-08-04T11:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "The Snow Darkening Effect",
            "description": "Scientists link earlier melting of snow to dark aerosols. || c-1920.jpg (1920x1080) [810.5 KB] || c-1280.jpg (1280x720) [495.9 KB] || c-1024.jpg (1024x576) [342.0 KB] || c-1024_print.jpg (1024x576) [319.3 KB] || c-1024_searchweb.png (320x180) [145.4 KB] || c-1024_thm.png (80x40) [30.7 KB] || ",
            "hits": 40
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        {
            "id": 4307,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4307/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2015-07-21T13:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Impact of Snow Darkening on Boreal Spring Climate",
            "description": "Figure 1b:  This image shows how the reduced albedo of the snow from dust, black carbon and organic carbon (the \"snow darkening effect\") alters difference in snow water equivalent through increased springtime melt.  A colorbar reflects the quantities of the difference. || Figure_1_B_disk_20_medium_layers_with_Legend_print.jpg (1024x1075) [252.0 KB] || Figure_1_B_disk_20_medium_layers_with_Legend_searchweb.png (320x180) [5.9 MB] || Figure_1_B_disk_20_medium_layers_with_Legend_thm.png (80x40) [5.8 MB] || Figure_1_B_disk_20_medium_layers_with_Legend.tif (2000x2100) [11.2 MB] || Figure_1_B_disk_30_large_layers_with_Legend.tif (3000x3150) [24.5 MB] || Figure_1_B_disk_30_large_layers_with_Legend.psd (3000x3150) [30.5 MB] || Figure_1_B_disk_40_extra_large_layers_with_Legend.tif (4000x4200) [43.0 MB] || Figure_1_B_disk_40_extra_large_layers_with_Legend.psd (4000x4200) [53.6 MB] || ",
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        },
        {
            "id": 11899,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11899/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2015-07-21T13:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Scientists Link Earlier Melting Of Snow To Dark Aerosols",
            "description": "Tiny particles suspended in the air, known as aerosols, can darken snow and ice causing it to absorb more of the sun’s energy. But until recently, scientists rarely considered the effect of all three major types of light-absorbing aerosols together in climate models.In a new study, NASA scientists used a climate model to examine the impact of this snow-darkening phenomenon on Northern Hemisphere snowpacks, including how it affects snow amount and heating on the ground in spring.The study looked at three types of light-absorbing aerosols – dust, black carbon and organic carbon. Black carbon and organic carbon are produced from the burning of fossil fuels, like coal and oil, as well as biofuels and biomass, such as forests.With their snow darkening effect added to NASA’s GEOS-5 climate model, scientists analyzed results from 2002 to 2011, and compared them to model runs done without the aerosols on snow. They found that the aerosols indeed played a role in absorbing more of the sun’s energy. Over broad places in the Northern Hemisphere, the darkened snow caused some surface temperatures to be up to 10 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than it would be if the snow were pristine. As a result, warmer, snow-darkened areas had less snow in spring than they would have had under pristine snow conditions.According to the study, dust’s snow darkening effect significantly contributed to surface warming in Central Asia and the western Himalayas. Black carbon’s snow darkening effect had a larger impact primarily in Europe, the eastern Himalayas and East Asia. It had a smaller impact in North America. Organic carbon’s snow darkening effect was relatively lower but present in regions such as southeastern Siberia, northeastern East Asia and western Canada.“As we add more of these aerosols to the mix, we are potentially increasing our overall impact on Earth’s climate,” said research scientist Teppei Yasunari at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.Research: Impact of snow darkening via dust, black carbon, and organic carbon on boreal spring climate in the Earth systemJournal: Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, June 15, 2015.Link to paper: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JD022977/fullHere is the YouTube video. || ",
            "hits": 139
        },
        {
            "id": 11900,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11900/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2015-07-21T13:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Instagram: Scientists Link Earlier Melting Of Snow To Dark Aerosols",
            "description": "Tiny particles suspended in the air, known as aerosols, can darken snow and ice causing it to absorb more of the sun’s energy. But until recently, scientists rarely considered the effect of all three major types of light-absorbing aerosols together in climate models.In a new study, NASA scientists used a climate model to examine the impact of this snow-darkening phenomenon on Northern Hemisphere snowpacks, including how it affects snow amount and heating on the ground in spring.The study looked at three types of light-absorbing aerosols – dust, black carbon and organic carbon. Black carbon and organic carbon are produced from the burning of fossil fuels, like coal and oil, as well as biofuels and biomass, such as forests.With their snow darkening effect added to NASA’s GEOS-5 climate model, scientists analyzed results from 2002 to 2011, and compared them to model runs done without the aerosols on snow. They found that the aerosols indeed played a role in absorbing more of the sun’s energy. Over broad places in the Northern Hemisphere, the darkened snow caused some surface temperatures to be up to 10 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than it would be if the snow were pristine. As a result, warmer, snow-darkened areas had less snow in spring than they would have had under pristine snow conditions.According to the study, dust’s snow darkening effect significantly contributed to surface warming in Central Asia and the western Himalayas. Black carbon’s snow darkening effect had a larger impact primarily in Europe, the eastern Himalayas and East Asia. It had a smaller impact in North America. Organic carbon’s snow darkening effect was relatively lower but present in regions such as southeastern Siberia, northeastern East Asia and western Canada.“As we add more of these aerosols to the mix, we are potentially increasing our overall impact on Earth’s climate,” said research scientist Teppei Yasunari at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.Research: Impact of snow darkening via dust, black carbon, and organic carbon on boreal spring climate in the Earth systemJournal: Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, June 15, 2015.Link to paper: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JD022977/fullHere is the YouTube video. || ",
            "hits": 155
        },
        {
            "id": 10820,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10820/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2011-09-08T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Deconstructing Eurasia's Wild Weather",
            "description": "Normally the jet stream in the Northern Hemisphere carries weather fronts over Russia in four or five days. But late in the summer of 2010 conditions were anything but normal. A large-scale, stagnant region of high pressure developed and lingered over western Russia for about a month. The rare weather pattern—known to meteorologists as an Omega blocking high—split the jet stream in two, causing winds to flow around the high, an area of descending warm air, in a horseshoe-shaped pattern similar to that of the Greek letter Omega (Ω). The high blocked the normal progression of weather fronts and produced droughts and unusually warm temperatures that fueled a rash of fires near Moscow. As Russia burned, the same blocking pattern kept a low-pressure area over northern Pakistan. The cool, rising air of the low generated torrential rainfall and destructive flooding in northern Pakistan when it clashed with warmer air from the high. In the visualization below, look for the warm air from the persistent high-pressure zone over Russia (shown in yellow and red) and the cooler air from the low-pressure zone (shown in blue) just north of Pakistan. || ",
            "hits": 43
        },
        {
            "id": 3850,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3850/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2011-08-30T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Extreme Russian Fires and Pakistan Floods Linked Meteorologically",
            "description": "In the summer of 2010, months of record-breaking drought and temperatures culminated with a rash of fires that ravaged western Russia for weeks. Temperatures in Moscow soared to an average of 104 °F (40 °C) during late July and early August — more than 18 °F (10  °C) above normal. Hundreds of fires broke out producing some $15 million in damages. The heat and smoke killed about 56,000 people, making the Russian wildfires fires one of the most lethal natural disasters of the year.Meanwhile, some 930 kilometers (1,500 miles) away, relentless rainfall was simultaneously pounding Pakistan and generating intense flooding. The Pakistan Meteorological Department reported nationwide rain totals 70 percent above normal in July and 102 percent above normal in August.New research conducted by William Lau, an atmospheric scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., suggests the two seemingly disconnected events were actually closely linked.Under normal circumstances, the jet stream pushes weather fronts through Eurasia in four or five days, but something unusual happened in July of 2010. A large-scale, stagnant weather pattern — known as an Omega blocking event — slowed the Rossby wave over Russia and prevented the normal progression of weather systems from west to east.As a result, a large region of high-pressure formed over Russia trapping a hot, dry air mass over the area. As the high lingered, the land surface dried and the normal transfer of moisture from the soil to the atmosphere slowed. Precipitation ceased, vegetation dried out, and the region became a taiga tinderbox.Meanwhile, the blocking pattern created unusual downstream wind patterns over Pakistan. Areas of low pressure on the leading edge of the Rossby wave formed in response to the high, pulling cold, dry Siberian air into lower latitudes.This cold air from Siberia clashed with warm, moist air arriving over Pakistan from the Bay of Bengal as part of the monsoon. There's nothing unusual about moisture moving north over India toward the Himalayas. It's a normal part of the monsoon. However, in this case, the unusual wind patterns associated with the blocking high brought upper level air disturbances farther south than typical, which in effect helped shifted the entire monsoon system north and west.This brought heavy monsoon rains — centered over parts of India — squarely over the northern part of Pakistan, a region ill-prepared to handle large amounts of rain. || ",
            "hits": 164
        }
    ]
}