{
    "count": 20,
    "next": null,
    "previous": null,
    "results": [
        {
            "id": 14261,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14261/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2023-01-19T16:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Leaders in Lidar",
            "description": "In this series, we dive into the legacy of Goddard's lead role in developing laser altimetry, which has revolutionized the way we map our planet, the Moon and other planets. Each chapter looks at the successes and failures of these lidar instruments, beginning with the Mars Observer Laser Altimeter in the late 1980s, through the current generation of laser altimeters on ICESat-2 and GEDI. Through dozens of interviews and archival footage, the history, challenges and legacy of lidar are uncovered. || ",
            "hits": 46
        },
        {
            "id": 11671,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11671/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2014-10-07T11:45:00-04:00",
            "title": "Sea Ice: Past, Present and Future",
            "description": "Sea ice has covered a portion of the Arctic Ocean for more than 10 million years. But only in the last hundred or so years have advancements in technology—from the beginnings of flight to the dawn of the space age—enabled humans to gain a complete view of the sea ice and an understanding of how it’s changing. Scientific accounts of Arctic sea ice can be traced back to the time of the Roman Empire. Early explorers traveled across land and by sea to witness firsthand the floating sheets of ice that blanket Earth's northern pole. By the mid- to late 20th century, observation of the Arctic’s frozen waters entered a new era. Remote-sensing instruments carried aboard research aircraft and satellites provided enhanced and eventually near-continuous monitoring of sea ice from space. Watch the videos for a closer look at select events in Arctic sea ice exploration. || ",
            "hits": 50
        },
        {
            "id": 10880,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10880/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2011-12-15T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Greenland's Vanishing Ice",
            "description": "The fringe of the Greenland ice sheet endures an annual freeze-and-thaw cycle. Plunging temperatures and ample snow in fall and winter replenish the massive ice sheet, which covers 80 percent of the country's landmass. Endless sun in spring and summer melt ice at the surface and the meltwater runs off through the country's rocky edges to the oceans. This kind of natural cycle allows scientists to observe the impact of climate change over time. Satellites have provided continual monitoring of Greenland's ice cover since 1979. While annual melt patterns vary greatly, three decades of data reveal trends of increasing surface melt and number of melt days, as seen in the first visualization below. The annual Greenland melt also opens a window on one of the most important aspects of science by satellite: With more than one satellite instrument measuring the melt, scientists can compare data to provide a measure of confidence in their observations. In the second visualization, watch how two different satellite datasets created almost mirror-image views of Greenland's ice melt extent in one year. || ",
            "hits": 83
        },
        {
            "id": 3825,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3825/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2011-03-28T22:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Operation IceBridge 2011 Arctic Flight Paths and Change in Elevation Data over Greenland",
            "description": "With the aircraft resources of NASA's Airborne Sciences Program, Operation IceBridge is taking to the sky to ensure a sustained, critical watch over Earth's polar regions. Flight lines (black) are shown for the 2011 campaign over Arctic sea ice and Greenland's land ice. Many flights target outlet glaciers along the coast where NASA's Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) shows significant thinning. Blue and purple colors, respectively, indicate moderate to large thinning. Gray and yellow, respectively, indicate slight to moderate thickening. Since its launch in January 2003, the ICESat elevation satellite has been measuring the change in thickness of ice sheets. This image of Greenland shows the changes in elevation over the Greenland ice sheet between 2003 and 2006. || ",
            "hits": 41
        },
        {
            "id": 3823,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3823/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2011-03-21T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Operation IceBridge 2010 Arctic Flight Paths and Change in Elevation Data over Greenland",
            "description": "With the aircraft resources of NASA's Airborne Sciences Program, Operation IceBridge is taking to the sky to ensure a sustained, critical watch over Earth's polar regions. Flight lines (black) are shown for the 2010 campaign over Arctic sea ice and Greenland's land ice. Many flights target outlet glaciers along the coast where NASA's Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) shows significant thinning. Blue and purple colors, respectively, indicate moderate to large thinning. Gray and yellow, respectively, indicate slight to moderate thickening. Since its launch in January 2003, the ICESat elevation satellite has been measuring the change in thickness of ice sheets. This image of Greenland shows the changes in elevation over the Greenland ice sheet between 2003 and 2006. || ",
            "hits": 9
        },
        {
            "id": 3592,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3592/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2009-04-05T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Fall Arctic Sea Ice Thickness Declining Rapidly",
            "description": "Using five years of data from NASA's Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), a team of NASA and university scientists made the first basin-wide estimate of the thickness and volume of the Arctic Ocean ice cover between 2003 and 2008. The scientists found that younger, thinner ice has replaced older, thicker ice as the dominant type over the past five years. Until recently, the majority of Arctic ice survived at least one summer and often several. That balance has now flipped. Seasonal ice, or ice that melts and re-freezes every year, now comprises about 70 percent of the Arctic sea ice in wintertime, up from 40 to 50 percent in the 1980s and 1990s. Thicker ice - surviving two or more years - now comprises just 10 percent of ice cover, down from 30 to 40 percent in years past.Sea ice thickness has been hard to measure directly so scientists have typically used estimates of ice age to approximate thickness. With ICESat, NASA scientists were for the first time able to monitor the ice thickness and volume changes over the entire Arctic Ocean. The Arctic ice cap grows each winter as the sun sets for several months and intense cold sets in. The total volume of winter Arctic ice is equal to the volume of fresh water in Lake Superior and Lake Michigan combined. Some of that ice is naturally pushed out of the Arctic by winds, while much of it melts in place. But not all of the ice in the Arctic melts each summer, and the thicker, older ice that survives one or more summers is more likely to persist through the next summer. This older, thicker ice is declining thinner ice that is more vulnerable to summer melt. Seasonal sea ice usually reaches about 2 meters (6 feet) in thickness, while ice that has lasted through more than one summer averages 3 meters (9 feet), though it can grow much thicker in some locations near the coast. From 2003 to 2008, multi-year ice has thinned by an average of 60 centimeters (2 feet). The total ice volume in winter has decreased by 6,300 cubic kilometers, or 40 percent. The maximum extent of multi-year ice is now one-third of what it was in the 1990s. || ",
            "hits": 39
        },
        {
            "id": 3589,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3589/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2009-03-05T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Winter Arctic Sea Ice Thickness Declining Rapidly",
            "description": "Using five years of data from NASA's Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), a team of NASA and university scientists made the first basin-wide estimate of the thickness and volume of the Arctic Ocean ice cover between 2003 and 2008. The scientists found that younger, thinner ice has replaced older, thicker ice as the dominant type over the past five years. Until recently, the majority of Arctic ice survived at least one summer and often several. That balance has now flipped. Seasonal ice, or ice that melts and re-freezes every year, now comprises about 70 percent of the Arctic sea ice in wintertime, up from 40 to 50 percent in the 1980s and 1990s. Thicker ice - surviving two or more years - now comprises just 10 percent of ice cover, down from 30 to 40 percent in years past.Sea ice thickness has been hard to measure directly so scientists have typically used estimates of ice age to approximate thickness. With ICESat, NASA scientists were for the first time able to monitor the ice thickness and volume changes over the entire Arctic Ocean. The Arctic ice cap grows each winter as the sun sets for several months and intense cold sets in. The total volume of winter Arctic ice is equal to the volume of fresh water in Lake Superior and Lake Michigan combined. Some of that ice is naturally pushed out of the Arctic by winds, while much of it melts in place. But not all of the ice in the Arctic melts each summer, and the thicker, older ice that survives one or more summers is more likely to persist through the next summer. This older, thicker ice is declining thinner ice that is more vulnerable to summer melt. Seasonal sea ice usually reaches about 2 meters (6 feet) in thickness, while ice that has lasted through more than one summer averages 3 meters (9 feet), though it can grow much thicker in some locations near the coast. From 2003 to 2008, multi-year ice has thinned by an average of 60 centimeters (2 feet). The total ice volume in winter has decreased by 6,300 cubic kilometers, or 40 percent. The maximum extent of multi-year ice is now one-third of what it was in the 1990s. || ",
            "hits": 70
        },
        {
            "id": 3593,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3593/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2009-03-05T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Fall and Winter Arctic Sea Ice Thickness Declining Rapidly",
            "description": "Using five years of data from NASA's Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), a team of NASA and university scientists made the first basin-wide estimate of the thickness and volume of the Arctic Ocean ice cover between 2003 and 2008. The scientists found that younger, thinner ice has replaced older, thicker ice as the dominant type over the past five years. Until recently, the majority of Arctic ice survived at least one summer and often several. That balance has now flipped. Seasonal ice, or ice that melts and re-freezes every year, now comprises about 70 percent of the Arctic sea ice in wintertime, up from 40 to 50 percent in the 1980s and 1990s. Thicker ice - surviving two or more years - now comprises just 10 percent of ice cover, down from 30 to 40 percent in years past.Sea ice thickness has been hard to measure directly so scientists have typically used estimates of ice age to approximate thickness. With ICESat, NASA scientists were for the first time able to monitor the ice thickness and volume changes over the entire Arctic Ocean. The Arctic ice cap grows each winter as the sun sets for several months and intense cold sets in. The total volume of winter Arctic ice is equal to the volume of fresh water in Lake Superior and Lake Michigan combined. Some of that ice is naturally pushed out of the Arctic by winds, while much of it melts in place. But not all of the ice in the Arctic melts each summer, and the thicker, older ice that survives one or more summers is more likely to persist through the next summer. This older, thicker ice is declining thinner ice that is more vulnerable to summer melt. Seasonal sea ice usually reaches about 2 meters (6 feet) in thickness, while ice that has lasted through more than one summer averages 3 meters (9 feet), though it can grow much thicker in some locations near the coast. From 2003 to 2008, multi-year ice has thinned by an average of 60 centimeters (2 feet). The total ice volume in winter has decreased by 6,300 cubic kilometers, or 40 percent. The maximum extent of multi-year ice is now one-third of what it was in the 1990s. || ",
            "hits": 163
        },
        {
            "id": 3467,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3467/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2007-10-04T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Updated Jakobshavn Glacier Calving Front Retreat from 2001 through 2006 with Blue/White Elevation Change over Greenland",
            "description": "Since measurements of Jakobshavn Isbrae were first taken in 1850, the glacier gradually receded until about 1950, where it remained stable for the past 5 decades. However, from 1997 to 2006, the glacier has begun to recede again, this time almost doubling in speed. The finding is important for many reasons. As more ice moves from glaciers on land into the ocean, ocean sea levels raise. Jakobshavn Isbrae is Greenland's largest outlet glacier, draining 6.5 percent of Greenland's ice sheet area. The ice stream's speed-up and near-doubling of ice flow from land into the ocean has increased the rate of sea level rise by about .06 millimeters (about .002 inches) per year, or roughly 4 percent of the 20th century rate of sea level increase. This animation shows the glacier's flow in 2000, along with changes in the glacier's calving front between 2001 and 2006.This animation is an update of, and extension to, animation IDs #3374 and #3434.In this version, the pause on the approach to the Jakobshavn glacier where the meltwater lakes on the Greenland ice sheet are visible is shortened. In addition, the colors showing regions of elevation increase and decrease over the Greenland ice sheet are modified. || ",
            "hits": 35
        },
        {
            "id": 3460,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3460/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2007-09-21T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Change in Elevation over Greenland with Alternate Color Scale",
            "description": "Changes in the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are critical in quantifying forecasts for sea level rise. Since its launch in January 2003, the ICESat elevation satellite has been measuring the change in thickness of these ice sheets. This image of Greenland shows the changes in elevation over the Greenland ice sheet between 2003 and 2006, The white regions indicate a slight thickening, while the blue shades indicate a thinning of the ice sheet. Gray indicates areas where no change in elevation was measured. || ",
            "hits": 68
        },
        {
            "id": 3455,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3455/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2007-09-17T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Nadir View of Change in Elevation over Greenland with  a Blue/Yellow Color Scale",
            "description": "Changes in the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are critical in quantifying forecasts for sea level rise. Since its launch in January 2003, the ICESat elevation satellite has been measuring the change in thickness of these ice sheets. This image of Greenland shows the changes in elevation over the Greenland ice sheet between 2003 and 2006. Gray areas indicate no change in elevation. The white regions indicate a slight thickening, while the blue and purple shades indicate a thinning of the ice sheet. || ",
            "hits": 17
        },
        {
            "id": 3410,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3410/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2007-07-26T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Change in Elevation over Greenland",
            "description": "Changes in the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are critical in quantifying forecasts for sea level rise. Since its launch in January 2003, the ICESat elevation satellite has been measuring the change in thickness of these ice sheets. This image of Greenland shows the changes in elevation over the Greenland ice sheet between 2003 and 2006, The pink and red regions indicate a slight thickening, while the blue and purple shades indicate a thinning of the ice sheet. || ",
            "hits": 26
        },
        {
            "id": 3434,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3434/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2007-06-11T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Updated Jakobshavn Glacier Calving Front Retreat from 2001 through 2006",
            "description": "Since measurements of Jakobshavn Isbrae were first taken in 1850, the glacier has gradually receded, finally coming to rest at a certain point for the past 5 decades. However, from 1997 to 2006, the glacier has begun to recede again, this time almost doubling in speed. The finding is important for many reasons. As more ice moves from glaciers on land into the ocean, ocean sea levels raise. Jakobshavn Isbrae is Greenland's largest outlet glacier, draining 6.5 percent of Greenland's ice sheet area. The ice stream's speed-up and near-doubling of ice flow from land into the ocean has increased the rate of sea level rise by about .06 millimeters (about .002 inches) per year, or roughly 4 percent of the 20th century rate of sea level increase. This animation shows the glacier's flow in 2000, along with changes in the glacier's calving front between 2001 and 2006.This animation is an update of and extension to animation ID #3374. In this version, a pause is added on the approach to the Jakobshavn glacier in order to highlight the meltwater lakes visible on the Greenland ice sheet. In addition, semi-transparent overlays and text indicate different regions of the glacier before the calving lines are shown. After the calving front retreat, an additional segment shows a zoom to a global view. During the pull out, historic calving front locations are shown followed by a color overlay showing regions of increase and decrease in the Greenland ice sheet. || ",
            "hits": 54
        },
        {
            "id": 2741,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2741/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2003-05-23T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "ICESat First Light Release: Antarctica, from Coast to Coast",
            "description": "ICESat's first topographic profiles across the continent reveal the textured surfaces of Antarctic ice sheets in unprecedented detail.  The following profile spans the entire Antarctic continent from coast to coast.  The transect begins near Wrigley Gulf, crosses the Ross Ice Shelf and central Antarctica, finally tapering off at the Amery Ice Shelf.  The high flat area in the center of the continent is called the East Antarctic plateau. || ",
            "hits": 138
        },
        {
            "id": 2742,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2742/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2003-05-23T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "ICESat First Light Release: From Sea Ice to Ice Streams",
            "description": "The following profile shows the dramatic change in elevation from coastal Antarctica, which is covered in sea ice for most of the year, to the center of the continent.  It starts near the Amundsen Sea and travels inward, ending over the West Antarctic Ice Streams where we get a look at this dynamic portion of the polar landscape.  (The green elevation profile in this animation is exaggerated vertically by a factor of 10x.) || ",
            "hits": 17
        },
        {
            "id": 2743,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2743/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2003-05-23T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "ICESat First Light Release: A Closer View of the Coast",
            "description": "Elevation data from ICESat's GLAS instrument is quite detailed, as can be seen in this close-up view of a profile that passes near the Banzare Coast in Antarctica. (The green elevation profile in this animation is exaggerated vertically by a factor of 10x for aesthetic purposes.) || ",
            "hits": 11
        },
        {
            "id": 2744,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2744/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2003-05-15T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "ICESat First Light Release: A Continuous View of Clouds",
            "description": "The GLAS laser system on ICESat is making unique measurements of the heights of clouds and their global distribution.  In addition, ICESat can 'see' the distributions of aerosols from sources such as dust storms and forest fires.  This animation shows the distribution of cloud layers as seens from the bird's eye perspective of the ICESat spacecraft. || ",
            "hits": 11
        },
        {
            "id": 2745,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2745/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2003-05-15T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "ICESat First Light Release: Antarctica in Three Dimensions",
            "description": "ICESat's orbit was designed to maximize coverage over the great polar ice sheets, where ground tracks overlap to create an intricate grid of data points. The accumulation of these data points in the Southern Hemisphere results in a new three-dimensional elevation model of Antarctica. ICESat repeats its orbital pattern every eight days, allowing the GLAS instrument to measure changes over time in the same location. In order to measure ice sheet mass balance, the satellite's advanced technology is providing data on the critically important third dimension, elevation. || ",
            "hits": 70
        },
        {
            "id": 2746,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2746/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2003-05-15T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "ICESat First Light Release: A Global Perspective",
            "description": "Criss-crossing the world below at nearly 17,000 miles per hour, ICESat is measuring the Earth from space with unprecedented accuracy. ICESat measures the Earth by shining pulses of green and infrared light from one of its three onboard lasers. Although the major goal of ICESat's mission is to observe ice near the poles, the satellite takes measurements continuously around the entire globe, providing valuable information about our planet's clouds, oceans, mountains, forests, and fields. || ",
            "hits": 16
        },
        {
            "id": 2747,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2747/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2003-05-15T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "ICESat First Light Release: Following ICESat",
            "description": "In this visualization we ride along with the ICESat spacecraft as its laser measures detailed changes in surface topography. This was produced in support of the ICESat first light release. || ",
            "hits": 17
        }
    ]
}