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    "results": [
        {
            "id": 4773,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4773/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2019-12-12T03:30:00-05:00",
            "title": "BedMachine: A high-precision map of Antarctic ice sheet bed topography",
            "description": "BedMachine is a new Antarctic bed topography product based on ice thickness data from 19 different research institutes dating back to 1967, encompassing nearly a million line-miles of radar soundings. BedMachine relies on the fundamental physics-based method of mass conservation to estimate what lies between the radar sounding lines, utilizing highly detailed information on ice flow motion from satellite data that dictates how ice moves. The dataset is available from the National Snow & Ice Data Center here. || ",
            "hits": 431
        },
        {
            "id": 11841,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11841/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2015-04-30T11:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Meltdown",
            "description": "A recent analysis of Greenland’s ice sheet shows just how quickly and intricately its ice is thinning. || cf-1920.jpg (1920x1080) [262.6 KB] || cf-1280.jpg (1280x720) [170.5 KB] || cf-1024.jpg (1024x576) [125.6 KB] || cf-1024_print.jpg (1024x576) [118.1 KB] || cf-1024_searchweb.png (320x180) [71.1 KB] || ",
            "hits": 21
        },
        {
            "id": 11540,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11540/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2014-06-03T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Unstoppable",
            "description": "Most glaciers in West Antarctica sit on a bed that is below sea level. The massive ice sheet’s exposure to ocean water makes it inherently unstable, a fact that scientists have warned about for decades. In recent years, scientists have observed the glaciers that flow into West Antarctica's Amundsen Sea are shedding ice at a faster rate. Now, new research shows there is nothing to stop these glaciers from being lost to the ocean—an event that will likely take centuries to unfold, but raise global sea level by four feet. Watch the video to learn more. || ",
            "hits": 14
        },
        {
            "id": 4168,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4168/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2014-05-29T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "West Antarctic Collapse",
            "description": "A new study by researchers at NASA and the University of California, Irvine, finds a rapidly melting section of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet appears to be in an irreversible state of decline, with nothing to stop the glaciers in this area from melting into the sea according to glaciologist and lead author Eric Rignot, of UC Irvine and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.Three major lines of evidence point to the glaciers' eventual demise: the changes in their flow speeds, how much of each glacier floats on seawater, and the slope and depth of the terrain they are flowing over.  In a paper in April, Rignot's research group discussed the steadily increasing flow speeds of these glaciers over the past 40 years. This new study examines the other two lines of evidence.As glaciers flow out from land to the ocean, large expanses of ice behind their leading edges float on the seawater. The point on a glacier where it first loses contact with land is called the grounding line. Nearly all glacier melt occurs on the underside of the glacier beyond the grounding line, on the section floating on seawater.  The Antarctic glaciers studied have thinned so much they are now floating above places where they used to sit solidly on land, which means their grounding lines are retreating inland.—><!——><!—Above: Move bar to compare the grounding line of the Smith Glacier from 1996 (left) to the location in 2011 (right) which has retreated inland 35 km during this time. The green line indicates the location of the 1996 grounding line.  Download HTML to embed this in your web page.The bedrock topography is another key to the fate of the ice in this basin. All the glacier beds slope deeper below sea level as they extend farther inland. As the glaciers retreat, they cannot escape the reach of the ocean, and the warm water will keep melting them even more rapidly.Below are two edited versions of narrated stories released by JPL to explain this research.  In addition are the two versions of the unedited animations provided to JPL to support the release.  The unedited animations show the region of study by the JPL researchers, identifying by name the glaciers that terminate in the Amundsen Sea. One of the animations includes data showing the velocity of the glaciers in the region, flow vectors showing the movement of the glaciers colored by their velocity and a difference image showing the change in velocity between 1996 and 2008.  The second animation does not include these datasets.  Both versions of the animation draw close to the Smith Glacier and show how the grounding line of this glacier has moved inland 35 kilometers between 1996 and 2011.  As the surface of the ice sheet is peeled away, showing the height and depth of the bedrock topography.   Regions below sea level are shown in shades of brown while areas above sea level are shown in green.  Sea level is shown in yellow. || ",
            "hits": 162
        },
        {
            "id": 4022,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4022/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2014-03-25T11:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Measuring Elevation Changes on the Greenland Ice Sheet",
            "description": "Since the late 1970's, NASA has been monitoring changes in the Greenland Ice Sheet. Recent analysis of seven years of surface elevation readings from NASA's ICESat satellite and four years of laser and and ice-penetrating radar data from NASA's airborne mission Operation IceBridge shows us how the surface elevation of the ice sheet has changed.The colors shown on the surface of the ice sheet represent the accumulated change in elevation since 2003. The light yellow over the central region of the ice sheet indicates a slight thickening due to snow. This accumulation, along with the weight of the ice sheet, pushes ice toward the coast. Thinning near coastal regions, shown in green, blue and purple, has increased over time and now extends into the interior of the ice sheet where the bedrock topography permits. As a result, there has been an average loss of 300 cubic kilometers of ice per year between 2003 and 2012.This animation portrays the changes occurring in the surface elevation of the ice sheet since 2003 in three drainage regions: the southeast, the northeast and the Jakobshavn regions. In each region, the time advances to show the accumulated change in elevation from 2003 through 2012.—><!——><!—Above: Move bar to compare the change in surface elevation (left) to the bedrock topography (right) in the northeast region. Download HTML to embed this in your web page.The ice sheet is cut away to reveal how the bedrock topography beneath the ice sheet affects the movement of glacial ice in each region. The bedrock topography is colored by elevation with areas below sea level shown in brown and areas above sea level shown in green. Yellow indicates regions at sea level. —><!——><!—Above: Move bar to compare the change in the surface elevation (left) to the bedrock topography (right) in the Jakobshavn region. Download HTML to embed this in your web page.The bedrock topography affects the movement of the ice sheet. Blue/white velocity flows indicate the direction and speed of the ice over time. Slower moving ice is shown as shorter blue flow lines while faster moving ice is shown as longer white flow lines. || ",
            "hits": 98
        },
        {
            "id": 11274,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11274/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2013-06-20T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Antarctica Exposed",
            "description": "Our understanding of what lies beneath the world's biggest ice sheet has taken another leap forward. Thanks to work led by the British Antarctic Survey, scientists have a new 3D map of Antarctica’s ice and bedrock. The map, called Bedmap2, incorporates millions of new measurements, including data collected by NASA's ICESat satellite and airborne Operation IceBridge mission. The result is a virtual reconstruction of the continent’s bedrock topography and ice layers captured in never-before-seen detail. Antarctica plays a large role in the global climate system. The melting and emptying of its ice into the sea influences ocean currents and the rate of sea level rise. By having a precise map of Antarctica’s mountains, ridges, slopes and valleys—all of which affect how fast the continent's ice travels across the ice sheet—scientists can better predict future rates of ice flow. Watch the video to learn more. || ",
            "hits": 622
        },
        {
            "id": 4060,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4060/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2013-06-04T10:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Antarctic Bedrock",
            "description": "<!——><!—Above: Move bar to compare the bedrock topography (left) to the ice sheet surface (right).Download HTML to embed this in your web page.The topography of the bedrock under the Antarctic Ice Sheet is critical to understanding the dynamic motion of the ice sheet, its thickness and its influence on the surrounding ocean and global climate. In 2001, the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) released a map of the bed under the Antarctic Ice Sheet and the seabed extending out on to the continental shelf derived from data collected by an international consortium of scientists over the prior fifty years. The resulting dataset was called BEDMAP (or BEDMAP1).In 2013, BAS released an update of the topographic dataset called BEDMAP2 that incorporates twenty-five million measurements taken over the past two decades from the ground, air and space. This visualization compares the new BEDMAP2 dataset to the original BEDMAP1 dataset showing the improvements in resolution and coverage. <!——><!—Above: Move bar to compare the Bedmap1 topography (left) to the Bedmap2 topography (right). Download HTML to embed this in your web page.Since 2009, NASA's mission Operation IceBridge (OIB) has flown aircraft over the Antarctic Ice Sheet carrying laser and ice-penetrating radar instruments to collect data about the surface height, bedrock topography and ice thickness. This visualization highlights the contribution that OIB has made to this important dataset.The topography in this visualization is exaggerated to emphasize the topographic relief. The amount of exaggeration varies based on the viewpoint, from twenty times in distant views down to nine times when near the Pine Island Bay. || ",
            "hits": 324
        },
        {
            "id": 11153,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11153/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2013-01-08T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Iceberg Maker",
            "description": "Petermann Glacier has earned a reputation in recent years for birthing \"ice islands\"—icebergs so big they get their own designation. Petermann's ice tongue, the portion of the glacier connected to land but still floating, snakes through a fjord for more than 40 miles, making it the largest of its kind north of the equator. Stressed by ice flow behind it, grinding against a rocky coastline, the front of this tongue has set free island-sized icebergs in the summers of both 2010 and 2012. While this shedding of ice is a normal process, NASA scientists are keeping close watch on how Greenland's ice responds to warming air and ocean temperatures, as the ice sheet has shown rapid changes in the past decade. Watch the visualization to see a sped-up animation of how Petermann Glacier empties ice from Greenland's interior to open water. || ",
            "hits": 23
        },
        {
            "id": 4001,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4001/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2012-10-18T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Ice Flow toward the Petermann Glacier, Greenland",
            "description": "Greenland looks like a big pile of snow seen from space using a regular camera. But satellite radar interferometry helps us detect the motion of ice beneath the snow. Ice starts flowing from the flanks of topographic divides in the interior of the island, and increases in speed toward the coastline where it is channelized along a set of narrow, powerful outlet glaciers. In the east, these glaciers make their sinuous way through complex terrain at low speed. They form long floating extensions that deform slowly in the cold north. As we move toward sectors of higher snowfall in the northwest and centre west, ice flow speeds increase by nearly a factor 10, with many, smaller glaciers flowing straight down to the coastline at several kilometers per year.This complete description of ice motion was only made possible from the coordinated effort of four space agencies: the Japanese Space Agency, the Canadian Space Agency, the European Space Agency, and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The data will help scientists improve their understanding of the dynamics of ice in Greenland and in projecting how the Greenland Ice Sheet will respond to climate change in the decades and centuries to come. || ",
            "hits": 29
        },
        {
            "id": 11064,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11064/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2012-08-21T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Cool Migration",
            "description": "The world's second largest ice sheet seems uniform and motionless from above. But years of satellite measurements compressed into a few seconds illustrate just how fluid Greenland's ice really is. Several space agencies, including NASA, have closely monitored the ice sheet to understand how its dynamics might be influenced by changes to Earth's climate and how such changes could affect sea level rise. With the help of a remote sensing technique called radar interferometry, NASA scientists were able to create the first complete map that shows how Greenland's ice moves from the interior toward outlet glaciers on the coast. The speed and direction of the flows can be seen in the color-coded visualization, where areas shaded blue and purple represent the fastest ice, yellow and pink the slowest. || ",
            "hits": 18
        },
        {
            "id": 3962,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3962/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2012-07-02T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Greenland Ice Flow",
            "description": "Greenland looks like a big pile of snow seen from space using a regular camera. But satellite radar interferometry helps us detect the motion of ice beneath the snow. Ice starts flowing from the flanks of topographic divides in the interior of the island, and increases in speed toward the coastline where it is channelized along a set of narrow, powerful outlet glaciers. In the east, these glaciers make their sinuous way through complex terrain at low speed. They form long floating extensions that deform slowly in the cold north. As we move toward sectors of higher snowfall in the northwest and center west, ice flow speeds increase by nearly a factor of 10, with many, smaller glaciers flowing straight down to the coastline at several kilometers per year.This complete description of ice motion was only made possible from the coordinated effort of four space agencies: the Japanese Space Agency, the Canadian Space Agency, the European Space Agency, and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The data will help scientists improve their understanding of the dynamics of ice in Greenland and in projecting how the Greenland Ice Sheet will respond to climate change in the decades and centuries to come. || ",
            "hits": 77
        },
        {
            "id": 3849,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3849/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2011-08-25T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Antarctic Ice Flow Charted From Space",
            "description": "Harsh snows have blanketed Antarctica for so long that the continent has built up an ice sheet a mile thick from bedrock to surface in most places. Despite the ice cap's grip on the rocky landmass below, friction can only hold back the ice so much. A new, first-of-its-kind map from NASA reveals icy Antarctica as a landscape of constant movement. NASA scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and UC Irvine have charted this movement for the first time, using Canadian, Japanese and European satellite data to create a record of the speed and direction of ice flow across the entire continent. The map reveals glaciers and tributaries in patterned flows stretching hundreds of miles inland, like a system of rivers and creeks. Slow-moving flows found in largely unexplored East Antarctica defied previous understanding of ice migration. And scientists discovered a ridge that splits Antarctica from east to west. Explore the visualizations below to see the new benchmark map scientists can use to study the extent and speed of changes to the largest ice sheet in the world. || ",
            "hits": 163
        },
        {
            "id": 3848,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3848/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2011-08-18T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "NASA Research Leads to First Complete Map of Antarctic Ice Flow",
            "description": "This animation shows the motion of ice in Antarctica as measured by satellite data from CSA, JAXA and ESA processed by a NASA Research Team at UC Irvine. The background image from Landsat (visible imagery) is progressively replaced by a map of ice velocity color coded on a logarithmic scale, with values varying from 1 m/yr (brown to green) to 3,000 m/yr (green to blue and red). The animation does not show where ice is melting but how ice is naturally transported from the interior regions where it accumulates from snowfall to the coastal regions where it is discharged into the ocean as tabular icebergs and ice-shelf melt water. For the purpose of the animation, we are representing hundreds to thousands of years of motion. In the first animation, the dynamic range of the flow has been compressed, with slower flows scaled up in velocity to make visible how the flows feed from the interior of the continent. In the second, the flows speeds are in scale to each other.The result illustrates that zones of enhanced motion take their source far into the interior regions of Antarctica, at the foothills of the ridges formed by the ice tops of the continent. This pattern of motion has never been observed on that scale before. These observations have vast implications on our understanding of the flow of ice sheets and how they might respond to climate change in the future and contribute to sea level change. || ",
            "hits": 381
        }
    ]
}