{ "count": 79, "next": null, "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 4147, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4147/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2014-02-27T00:00:00-05:00", "title": "Global rainfall prior to the Launch of Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Satellite", "description": "The Global Precipitation Measurement, or GPM, mission will use an international constellation of satellites to study global rain, snow and ice to better understand our climate, weather, and hydrometeorological processes. We cannot understand the water and energy cycle or predict weather and climate without an accurate knowledge of the intensity and distribution of global precipitation. Measurement of various aspects of precipitation (e.g. distribution, amount, rates, and the associated heat release) represents one of the most challenging research problems in Earth science. Yet, accurate global precipitation measurements will benefit weather, climate, hydro-meteorological, and applications communities alike. The concept of Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is NASA's response to the need for accurate global precipitation measurement. || ", "hits": 74 }, { "id": 3797, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3797/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2010-10-28T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "NASA Builds Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)", "description": "The Global Precipitation Measurement, or GPM, mission will use an international constellation of satellites to study global rain, snow and ice to better understand our climate, weather, and hydrometeorological processes. One of the critical components of the Earth's hydrological cycle is precipitation. Rainfall is essential for providing the fresh water that sustains life. Water cycling and the future availability of fresh water resources are immense societal concerns that impact every nation on Earth. It affects virtually every environmental issue. Solid forms of precipitation, such as snow and ice, frequently create hazardous conditions during winter storms. Heavy snowfalls severely disrupt transportation networks and temporarily paralyze local economies. Snowfall is also beneficial to many, as it provides the major source of fresh water during arid summer months in many mountainous regions. In the atmosphere, the condensation of water vapor into rain, and then rain into ice, releases vast quantifies of heat. The heat energy drives the wind systems of Earth's atmosphere, and powers violent storms such as hurricanes. In many respects, precipitation is truly the centerpiece of our planet's hydrological cycle, and understanding it is crucial to unraveling many of the uncertainties about Earth's climate.We cannot understand the water and energy cycle or predict weather and climate without an accurate knowledge of the intensity and distribution of global precipitation. Measurement of various aspects of precipitation (e.g. distribution, amount, rates, and the associated heat release) represents one of the most challenging research problems in Earth science. Yet, accurate global precipitation measurements will benefit weather, climate, hydro-meteorological, and applications communities alike. The concept of Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is NASA's response to the need for accurate global precipitation measurement. || ", "hits": 18 }, { "id": 3761, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3761/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2010-08-29T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "Hurricane Earl Develops Stirs up the Atlantic on August 31, 2010", "description": "The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite captured this natural-color image of Hurricane Earl on August 26 at 1545 UTC. At this time, she was a category 4 storm with winds of 135 mph. || ", "hits": 33 }, { "id": 3757, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3757/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2010-08-27T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "Hurricane Danielle Churns in the Atlantic on August 26, 2010", "description": "The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite captured this natural-color image of Hurricane Danielle on August 26 at 1555 UTC. At this time, she was a category 2 storm with winds of 90 knots and a pressure reading of 982 mb. Danielle has a distinct eye with the storm's longest spiral arms streching toward the northeast. || ", "hits": 24 }, { "id": 3762, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3762/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2010-08-02T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "Extreme Storm Train on September 1, 2010", "description": "The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra and Aqua satellite captured this image of Hurricane Earl, Tropical Storm Fiona, and Tropical Depression Gaston on September 1, 2010. Hurricane Earl is in the foreground. Tropical Storm FIona is just east of Puerto Rico. Tropical Depression Gaston is north of Brazil near the Earth's limb in this image. || ", "hits": 26 }, { "id": 3461, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3461/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2007-09-30T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "NASA Scientists Research Global Precipitation", "description": "The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) is an element of the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) of the World Climate Research program (WCRP). It was established by the WCRP in 1986 with the initial goal of providing monthly mean precipitation data on a 2.5 || ", "hits": 21 }, { "id": 3362, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3362/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2006-06-14T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "NASA Scientists Research Tropical Cyclones", "description": "From hot towers to phytoplankton blooms, NASA's cutting-edge hurricane research has been revealing never-before-seen aspects of these giant storms for over a decade. The past three years have seen great progress in the areas of intensity monitoring and 3-D modeling of hurricanes. In 2006, scientists at NASA and other institutions have more tools than ever to study these storms using the very latest in ground, air, and space-based technology. The top left window shows sea surface temperature and clouds. Orange and red colors represent ocean temperatures at 82 degrees Fahrenheit or higher. This is the temperature required for hurricanes to form. The bottom left window shows wind analysis model data from NASA's Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction (MAP '05) program. The top right window shows Rainfall Accumulation for Hurricane Katrina from the TRMM spacecraft. The bottom right window shows Energy-releasing deep convective clouds (to 16 km) in the eyewall of Hurricane Katrina, called 'Hot Towers', on August 28 occurred while the storm was intensifying to a category 5 classification. || ", "hits": 20 }, { "id": 3359, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3359/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2006-06-07T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "MAP '05 Models Hurricane Katrina's Winds on August 29, 2005", "description": "During the summer of 2005 the Earth-Sun Exploration Division of NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center(GSFC) brought together resources from NASA to study tropical cyclones. The MAP '05 Project, so named for its affiliation with NASA's Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction (MAP) program, applies NASA's advanced satellite remote sensing technologies and earth system modeling capabilities to improve our understanding of tropical cyclones that develop in and move across the Atlantic basin. MAP '05 implemented the most recent version of the NASA/Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) fifth-generation global atmospheric model and the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) analysis system under development as a collaboration between NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) at GSFC. This animation generates a white static flow fields from the MAP '05 wind analysis data. || ", "hits": 40 }, { "id": 3360, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3360/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2006-06-07T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "MAP '05 Models Hurricane Katrina's Winds from August 23, 2005 through August 31, 2005", "description": "During the summer of 2005, the Earth-Sun Exploration Division of NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center(GSFC) brought together resources from NASA to study tropical cyclones. The MAP '05 Project, so named for its affiliation with NASA's Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction (MAP) program, applies NASA's advanced satellite remote sensing technologies and earth system modeling capabilities to improve our understanding of tropical cyclones that develop in and move across the Atlantic basin. MAP '05 implemented the most recent version of the NASA/Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) fifth-generation global atmospheric model and the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) analysis system under development as a collaboration between NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) at GSFC. This animation displays MAP '05's wind analysis data for every 6 hour interval from August 23 through August 31, 2005. || ", "hits": 42 }, { "id": 3238, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3238/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-12-15T00:00:00-05:00", "title": "Progression of Hurricane Katrina, 2005 (WMS)", "description": "Low earth-orbiting satellites, such as Aqua and Terra, usually see any place on Earth no more than once a day. This sequence of color images from the MODIS instruments on Aqua and Terra shows the progression of Hurricane Katrina, from August 24 to August 31, 2005, whenever one of the two instruments captured the hurricane. || ", "hits": 17 }, { "id": 3302, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3302/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-11-05T00:00:00-05:00", "title": "Hurricane Wilma MODIS Progression", "description": "A progression of Hurricane Wilma from 10/19/05 to 10/25/05 using Aqua/MODIS, Terra/MODIS and NOAA/GOES data. Hurricane Wilma followed in the wake of Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita through the Gulf of Mexico. || ", "hits": 24 }, { "id": 3285, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3285/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-10-20T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "Hurricane Wilma MODIS Close-Up", "description": "The Terra/MODIS and NOAA/GOES instruments captured this view of Hurricane Wilma on October 19, 2005 at 1640Z. At this time, Hurricane Wilma had a record minimum central pressure of 882 millibars and sustained winds of 150 knots (172 mph). Hurricane Wilma is the strongest, most intense Atlantic Hurricane in terms of barometric pressure and the most rapidly strengthening Atlantic storm on record. || ", "hits": 18 }, { "id": 3248, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3248/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-10-19T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "TRMM Microwave Brightness Temperature Progression During Hurricane Katrina: Horizontal Polarization", "description": "The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation builds up four days of global TMI 85 GHz measurements. Hurricane Katrina was in the Gulf of Mexico at the time and clearly shows up in the measurements. || ", "hits": 2750 }, { "id": 3216, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3216/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-10-05T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "GOES-12 Imagery of Hurricane Katrina: Longwave Infrared Close-up (WMS)", "description": "The GOES-12 satellite sits at 75 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for all of North and South America, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. The Imager takes a pattern of pictures of parts of the Earth in several wavelengths all day, measurements that are vital in weather forecasting. This animation shows a four-day sequence of GOES-12 images in the longwave infrared wavelengths, from 10.2 to 11.2 microns, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. This wavelength band is the most common one for observing cloud motions and severe storms throughout the day and night. Since GOES-12 takes images most often over the United States (every 5 to 10 minutes), the motion of the clouds in this close-up of the southeast US is very smooth. || ", "hits": 55 }, { "id": 3230, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3230/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-10-05T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "GOES-12 Imagery of Hurricane Katrina: Full Disk Visible (WMS)", "description": "The GOES-12 satellite sits at 75 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for all of North and South America, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. Every three hours the Imager takes a picture of the full disk of the Earth. This animation shows a sequence of these full disk images in the visible wavelengths, 0.52 to 0.72 microns, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. This wavelength band clearly shows the day-night cycle since the Earth is dark at night in the visible wavelengths. || ", "hits": 32 }, { "id": 3231, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3231/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-10-05T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "GOES-12 Imagery of Hurricane Katrina: Full Disk Shortwave Infrared (WMS)", "description": "The GOES-12 satellite sits at 75 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for all of North and South America, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. Every three hours the Imager takes a picture of the full disk of the Earth. This animation shows a sequence of these full disk images in the shortwave infrared wavelengths, 3.78 to 4.03 microns, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. This wavelength band shows the day-night cycle, and is useful for identifying fog at night and discriminating between water clouds and snow or ice clouds during the daytime. || ", "hits": 18 }, { "id": 3232, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3232/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-10-05T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "GOES-12 Imagery of Hurricane Katrina: Full Disk Water Vapor (WMS)", "description": "The GOES-12 satellite sits at 75 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for all of North and South America, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. Every three hours the Imager takes a picture of the full disk of the Earth. This animation shows a sequence of these full disk images in the 6.47 to 7.02 micron wavelength band, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. This wavelength band is useful for estimating mid-level water vapor content and for observing atmospheric motion in that level. || ", "hits": 36 }, { "id": 3233, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3233/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-10-05T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "GOES-12 Imagery of Hurricane Katrina: Full Disk Longwave Infrared (WMS)", "description": "The GOES-12 satellite sits at 75 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for all of North and South America, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. Every three hours the Imager takes a picture of the full disk of the Earth. This animation shows a sequence of these full disk images in the longwave infrared wavelengths, from 10.2 to 11.2 microns, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. This wavelength band is the most common one for observing cloud motions and severe storms throughout the day and night. || ", "hits": 27 }, { "id": 3234, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3234/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-10-05T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "GOES-12 Imagery of Hurricane Katrina: Full Disk Lower Level Temperature (WMS)", "description": "The GOES-12 satellite sits at 75 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for all of North and South America, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. Every three hours the Imager takes a picture of the full disk of the Earth. This animation shows a sequence of these full disk images in the wavelength band from 12.9 to 13.8 microns, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. This wavelength band is useful for determining cloud characteristics such as cloud top pressure. || ", "hits": 14 }, { "id": 3235, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3235/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-10-05T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "GOES-10 Imagery of Hurricane Katrina: Full Disk Longwave Infrared (WMS)", "description": "The GOES-10 satellite sits at 135 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for the Pacific Ocean, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. Every three hours the Imager takes a picture of the full disk of the Earth. This animation shows a sequence of these full disk images in the longwave infrared wavelengths, from 10.2 to 11.2 microns, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. This wavelength band is the most common one for observing cloud motions and severe storms throughout the day and night. || ", "hits": 25 }, { "id": 3236, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3236/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-10-05T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "GOES-12 Imagery of Hurricane Katrina: Longwave Infrared Overview (WMS)", "description": "The GOES-12 satellite sits at 75 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for all of North and South America, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. The Imager takes a pattern of pictures of parts of the Earth in several wavelengths all day, measurements that are vital in weather forecasting. This animation shows a four-day sequence of GOES-12 images in the longwave infrared wavelengths, from 10.2 to 11.2 microns, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. This wavelength band is the most common one for observing cloud motions and severe storms throughout the day and night. Note that most of the images are taken over the United States (about every 5 minutes) with full disk images every 3 hours and several specific images over South America every day. || ", "hits": 16 }, { "id": 3237, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3237/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-10-05T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "GOES-12 Imagery of Hurricane Katrina: Longwave Infrared Progression (WMS)", "description": "The GOES-12 satellite sits at 75 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for all of North and South America, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. The Imager takes a pattern of pictures of parts of the Earth in several wavelengths all day, measurements that are vital in weather forecasting. This animation shows a four-day sequence of GOES-12 images in the longwave infrared wavelengths, from 10.2 to 11.2 microns, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. This wavelength band is the most common one for observing cloud motions and severe storms throughout the day and night. Note that most of the images are taken over the United States (about every 5 minutes) with full disk images every 3 hours and several specific images over South America every day. In this animation, new images are placed over old images rather than replacing them, so different parts of the image update at different times as measurements are taken. || ", "hits": 17 }, { "id": 3239, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3239/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-10-05T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "Hurricane Katrina Rain Accumulation (WMS)", "description": "This animation shows rain accumulation from Hurricane Katrina from August 23 through 30, 2005 based on data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis. Satellite cloud data from NOAA/GOES is overlaid for context. The accumulation is shown in colors ranging from green (less than 30 mm of rain) through red (80 mm or more). The TRMM satellite, using the world's only spaceborne rain radar and other microwave instruments, measures rainfall over the ocean. || ", "hits": 32 }, { "id": 3242, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3242/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-10-05T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "TRMM Microwave Brightness Temperature Swath during Hurricane Katrina: Vertical Polarization", "description": "The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation shows four days of TMI 85 GHz measurements, one orbit at a time. Hurricane Katrina was in the Gulf of Mexico at the time and clearly shows up in the measurements. || ", "hits": 14 }, { "id": 3243, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3243/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-10-05T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "TRMM Microwave Brightness Temperature Swath during Hurricane Katrina: Horizontal Polarization", "description": "The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation shows four days of TMI 85 GHz measurements, one orbit at a time. Hurricane Katrina was in the Gulf of Mexico at the time and clearly shows up in the measurements. || ", "hits": 14 }, { "id": 3247, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3247/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-10-05T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "TRMM Microwave Brightness Temperature Progression during Hurricane Katrina: Vertical Polarization", "description": "The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation builds up four days of global TMI 85 GHz measurements. Hurricane Katrina was in the Gulf of Mexico at the time and clearly shows up in the measurements. || ", "hits": 23 }, { "id": 3249, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3249/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-10-05T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "TRMM Microwave Measurements during Hurricane Katrina: Vertical Polarization", "description": "The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation shows eight days of global TMI 85 GHz measurements in the Gulf of Mexico during Hurricane Katrina. The hurricane Katrina rainbands clearly show up in these images. || ", "hits": 17 }, { "id": 3250, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3250/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-10-05T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "TRMM Microwave Measurements during Hurricane Katrina: Horizontal Polarization", "description": "The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation shows eight days of global TMI 85 GHz measurements in the Gulf of Mexico during Hurricane Katrina. The hurricane Katrina rainbands clearly show up in these images. || ", "hits": 21 }, { "id": 3254, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3254/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-10-05T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "GOES-12 Imagery of Hurricane Katrina: Visible Close-up (WMS)", "description": "The GOES-12 satellite sits at 75 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for all of North and South America, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. The Imager takes a pattern of pictures of parts of the Earth in several wavelengths all day, measurements that are vital in weather forecasting. This animation shows a daily sequence of GOES-12 images in the visible wavelengths, from 0.52 to 0.72 microns, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. At one kilometer resolution, the visible band measurement is the highest resolution data from the Imager, which accounts for the very high level of detail in these images. For this animation, the cloud data was extracted from GOES image and laid over a background color image of the southeast United States. || ", "hits": 27 }, { "id": 3255, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3255/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-10-05T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "Aqua MODIS Imagery of Hurricane Katrina (WMS)", "description": "Low earth-orbiting satellites, such as Aqua, usually see any place on Earth no more than once a day. This daily sequence of color images from the MODIS instrument on Aqua shows the Gulf of Mexico during the period of Hurricane Katrina, from August 23 to August 30, 2005. The gaps in the MODIS imagery occur between successive orbits, about 90 minutes apart, and are filled in in this animation using high-resolution visible imagery from GOES-12. || ", "hits": 23 }, { "id": 3265, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3265/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-09-30T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "Hurricane Rita MODIS Progression", "description": "A progression of Hurricane Rita from 9/19/05 to 9/24/05 using Aqua/MODIS and NOAA/GOES data. Hurricane Rita followed in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, through the Gulf of Mexico, threatening Louisiana residents yet again. Although the city of New Orleans was mostly spared from this second Gulf hurricane, large areas of rural Texas and Louisiana were flooded. || ", "hits": 40 }, { "id": 3246, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3246/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-09-19T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "Hurricane Ophelia", "description": "The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument on both the Aqua and Terra satellites captured images of Ophelia hanging off the coast of the Carolinas. || ", "hits": 22 }, { "id": 3224, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3224/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-09-01T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "Hurricane Katrina Progression", "description": "Hurricane Katrina progression is observed by the Aqua and Terra satellites. Katrina hit land on August 29, 2005, near the Louisiana-Mississippi border. Katrina's center was located near the mouth of the Pearl River about 40-45 miles west-southwest of Biloxi, Mississippi and about 30-35 miles east-northeast of New Orleans, Louisiana. Katrina is the eleventh named storm of the 2005 Atlantic Hurricane season. || ", "hits": 40 }, { "id": 3228, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3228/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-09-01T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "Hurricanes", "description": "Hurricanes are the most powerful accumulations of energy on Earth. Nothing else even comes close. They are fearsome tropical storms that spring to life roughly the same time every year, churning up oceans and shredding the nerves of residents who live along coastal zones.But hurricanes are really just manifestations of natural processes interacting. As such, they provide unusual opportunities for scientific research, and if recent history is any guide, the beginning of the twenty-first century augurs a new era in hurricane understanding.Using NASA's extraordinary fleet of Earth observing instruments, scientists have recently made discoveries about the behavior and nature of these gigantic storms. It turns out that they often begin in unexpected, distant places around the globe; they can alter the course of other storms trailing behind; they can stretch their arms hundreds of miles in all directions. Observations from space have enabled NASA and other research institutions to develop sophisticated computer models, too. These models allow scientists to simulate and test hypothesizes about hurricanes, which in turn facilitate development of new, more accurate predictive tools. || ", "hits": 18 }, { "id": 3220, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3220/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-08-31T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "Behold, A Whirlwind Came: The Science of Tracking Hurricanes", "description": "This documentary-style video shows how NASA computer modeling research is contributing to an improved understanding and forecasts of hurricanes. It weaves interviews of three Goddard Space Flight Center scientists with scientific visualizations and live-action footage of hurricanes and the scientists studying them. The video focuses on application of the NASA finite-volume General Circulation Model (fvGCM) to the 2004 Atlantic Ocean hurricane season. Over the last 20 years, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Hurricane Center and National Weather Service have produced enormous improvements in hurricane forecasting. However, by running at ~25-kilometer resolution (twice that of current operational forecasts), the NASA fvGCM has shown in some cases an accuracy of landfall prediction on the order of 100 kilometers up to 5 days in advance. Initial evaluation suggests that the potential exists for dramatic improvements in warning time and intensity forecasts for tropical cyclones around the globe. NASA has begun collaborating with the National Weather Service and other agencies worldwide to improve forecasts so that, among other advantages, local authorities can narrow areas for evacuation. The video was produced for the TerraLink exhibit at the Maryland Science Center in Baltimore.Winner of the 2005 Video Competition Crystal Award of Excellence. || ", "hits": 71 }, { "id": 3203, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3203/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-07-28T11:00:00-04:00", "title": "Global High Altitude Wind Speed during Hurricane Frances (WMS)", "description": "The Earth's atmosphere exerts pressure based on the weight of the air above. Differences in pressure from place-to-place cause winds to try to flow from high pressure to low pressure regions to even out the differences, but the Earth's rotation and wind friction with the surface act to slow or divert the winds. This animation shows the high altitude wind speeds for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. At high altitudes, the difference between between high pressures from warm tropical air and low pressures from cold polar air try to force air from the tropics toward the poles, but the Earth's rotation diverts this flow to the east, resulting in the high velocity west-to-east jet stream flows at mid-latitudes. The circular flows from Frances and Songda can barely be seen at this altitude. || ", "hits": 140 }, { "id": 3207, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3207/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-07-28T11:00:00-04:00", "title": "Global 300 hPa Geopotential Height during Hurricane Frances (WMS)", "description": "The Earth's atmosphere exerts pressure based on the weight of the air above, so the pressure reduces with rising altitude. This rate of pressure reduction with altitude is based on the temperature of the air, with the pressure of colder air reducing faster with altitude than warmer air. Therefore, a surface of constant pressure has a lower altitude at the poles than the equator. This animation shows the altitude above sea level (the geopotential height) of the 300 hectopascal (hPa) pressure surface for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. This pressure is about one-third of the normal pressure at sea level. The largest downward slope of this surface occurs in the mid-latitudes and is shown in yellow in the animation. At this region, air is trying to flow from the equator towards the poles to reduce the slope, but the rotation of the Earth forces the flow to divert to the east, forming the strong west-to-east jet stream flows in these regions. Frances and Songda can be seen as sharp yellow dots of reduced height in their respective locations. || ", "hits": 123 }, { "id": 3208, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3208/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-07-28T11:00:00-04:00", "title": "Global Cloud Cover during Hurricane Frances (WMS)", "description": "Water vapor is a small but significant constituent of the atmosphere, warming the planet due to the greenhouse effect and condensing to form clouds which both warm and cool the Earth in different circumstances. Warm, moisture-laden air moving out from the tropics brings clouds and rainfall to the temperate zones. This animation shows the cloud cover for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. The cloud cover in any region significantly affects the energy balance since sunlight reflected from the clouds is not available to heat the surface. The motion of clouds in this animation clearly indicates the speed and direction of winds around the globe. || ", "hits": 37 }, { "id": 3209, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3209/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-07-28T11:00:00-04:00", "title": "Global Convective Precipitation during Hurricane Frances (WMS)", "description": "Water vapor is a small but significant constituent of the atmosphere, warming the planet due to the greenhouse effect and condensing to form clouds. As moisture-laden air rises, the relative humidity increases until it saturates the air, at which time precipitation occurs. If the uplift of air is due to strong updrafts and unstable air systems, as in thunderstorms, then the precipitation is called convective. This animation shows the convective precipitation for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. Convective precipitation is more intense but less long-lasting than large-scale precipitation. || ", "hits": 23 }, { "id": 3210, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3210/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-07-28T11:00:00-04:00", "title": "Global Large-scale Precipitation during Hurricane Frances (WMS)", "description": "Water vapor is a small but significant constituent of the atmosphere, warming the planet due to the greenhouse effect and condensing to form clouds. As moisture-laden air rises, the relative humidity increases until it saturates the air, at which time precipitation occurs. If the uplift of air is due to large-scale atmospheric motion, then the precipitation is called large-scale, or dynamic. This animation shows the large-scale precipitation for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. Large-scale precipitation tends to be continuous and to come from decks of stratus clouds rather than from thunderstorms. || ", "hits": 15 }, { "id": 3182, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3182/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-07-27T11:00:00-04:00", "title": "Global Atmospheric Sea Level Pressure during Hurricane Frances (WMS)", "description": "The weight of the Earth's atmosphere exerts pressure on the surface of the Earth. This pressure varies from place-to-place due the variations in the Earth's surface since higher altitudes have less atmosphere above them than lower altitudes. Atmospheric pressure also varies from time-to-time due to the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun and the rotation of the Earth, causing weather. In order to see the changes in pressure which affect the weather, the variation due to altitude is removed from the surface pressure, creating a quantity called sea level pressure. This animation shows the atmospheric sea level pressure for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. The sharp, moving low pressures areas for Frances and Songda can be clearly seen in the oceans. Even with the direct effect of altitude removed, cold high-altitude regions such as the South Pole and the Himalayan Plateau still exhibit lower-than-normal pressures, probably due to the interaction of cold air over those regions with the warmer air in the surrounding regions. || ", "hits": 63 }, { "id": 3197, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3197/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-07-27T11:00:00-04:00", "title": "Global Atmospheric Surface Pressure during Hurricane Frances (WMS)", "description": "The weight of the Earth's atmosphere exerts pressure on the surface of the Earth. This pressure varies from place-to-place due the variations in the Earth's surface since higher altitudes have less atmosphere above them than lower altitudes. Atmospheric pressure also varies from time-to-time due to the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun and the rotation of the Earth, causing weather. This animation shows the atmospheric surface pressure for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. The major changes in pressure occur over land where the surface altitude varies, but the sharp, moving low pressures areas for Frances and Songda can be clearly seen in the oceans. Since changing surface pressure areas over land are hard to see in these images due to the strong altitude variations, plots of the atmospheric surface pressure are almost never used to study the weather. A different plot, of sea-level pressure, is used instead. || ", "hits": 59 }, { "id": 3198, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3198/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-07-27T11:00:00-04:00", "title": "Global Surface Air Temperature during Hurricane Frances (WMS)", "description": "As the Sun's energy reaches the Earth, it is either reflected, absorbed by the clouds, or absorbed by the Earth's surface. The part absorbed by the Earth's surface heats the Earth, which then heats the air just above the surface. This process occurs rapidly in the case of dry land and slowly in the case of the oceans. This animation shows the surface air temperature at an altitude of 2 meters for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. The animation clearly shows the air over land reacting rapidly to solar heating during the day and cooling at night, while the daily solar cycle is not visible in the temperature of the air over the ocean. A very dynamic region of changing air temperature is visible in the interaction between the cold air over Antarctica and the warmer mid-latitude air over the southern oceans during this region of polar night. Hurricane Frances and Typhhon Songda are just barely visible as circulating temperature patterns in the western Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. || ", "hits": 17 }, { "id": 3199, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3199/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-07-27T11:00:00-04:00", "title": "Global Surface Latent Heat Flux during Hurricane Frances (WMS)", "description": "As the Sun's energy reaches the Earth, it is either reflected, absorbed by the clouds, or absorbed by the Earth's surface. The part absorbed by the surface heats the Earth, which causes surface water to evaporate to the air, particularly over oceans or moist land. Similarly, a cold surface causes water to condense from the air onto the land or ocean. Latent heat flux is the amount of energy moving from the surface to the air due to evaporation (positive values) or from the air to the land due to condensation (negative values). This animation shows the latent heat flux for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. The animation clearly shows the evaporation over land only during the heat of the day, while the evaporation over the ocean is continuous throughout the day. The highest positive latent heat flux occurs during hurricanes and typhoons, as these events are powered by the movement of heat energy from the warm ocean to the atmosphere, seen here in Hurricane Frances and Typhoon Songda. Significant negative latent heat flux is somewhat rare and occurs over the ocean only during certain configurations of air and surface conditions. || ", "hits": 166 }, { "id": 3201, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3201/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-07-27T11:00:00-04:00", "title": "Global Surface Wind Speed during Hurricane Frances (WMS)", "description": "The weight of the Earth's atmosphere exerts pressure on the surface of the Earth. This pressure varies from place-to-place and from time-to-time due to surface irregularities, uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, and the Earth's rotation. Differences in pressure from place-to-place cause winds to try to flow from high pressure to low pressure regions to even out the differences, but the Earth's rotation and wind friction with the surface act to slow or divert the winds. This animation shows the surface wind speeds for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. The highest, smoothest winds occur over the oceans where there are no surface irregularities to break up the flow, while flows over land tend to be irregular and highly variable. The highest winds occur in Hurricane Frances and Typhoon Songda, but note that the hurricane's wind speeds reduce dramatically when crossing Florida. || ", "hits": 50 }, { "id": 3202, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3202/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-07-27T11:00:00-04:00", "title": "Global Atmospheric Water Vapor during Hurricane Frances (WMS)", "description": "Water vapor is a small but significant constituent of the atmosphere, warming the planet due to the greenhouse effect and condensing to form clouds which both warm and cool the Earth in different circumstances. Warm, moisture-laden air moving out from the tropics brings rainfall to the temperate zones. This animation shows the atmospheric water vapor for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. The band of water vapor over the tropics is the intertropical convergence zone, where converging trade winds and high temperatures force large amounts of water high into the atmosphere. Both Hurricane Frances and Typhoon Songda exhibit significant spiral bands of high water vapor. || ", "hits": 45 }, { "id": 3200, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3200/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-07-26T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "Progression of Hurricane Emily, 2005 (WMS)", "description": "Emily was a record-setting storm for many reasons. When it formed on July 11, Emily became the earliest fifth named storm on record. As it moved through the Caribbean, Emily intensified into a powerful Category 4 storm with winds over 250 kilometers per hour (150 mph) and gusts as high as 300 kilometers per hour (184 mph), making it the most powerful storm to form before August. The previous record was set by Hurricane Dennis, which ripped through the Caribbean during the first week of July 2005. Emily's Category 4 status also made 2005 the only year to produce two Category 4 storms before the end of July. || ", "hits": 37 }, { "id": 3194, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3194/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-07-18T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "Progression of Hurricane Dennis, 2005 (WMS)", "description": "The formation of Hurricane Dennis on July 5 made that the earliest date on record that four named storms formed in the Atlantic basin. Dennis proved to be a powerful and destructive storm in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. It crossed over Cuba on July 8 and 9, leaving at least 10 dead, and caused additional deaths in Haiti. After re-emerging over open water, Dennis re-strengthened into a dangerous Category 4 hurricane with top wind speeds of 233 kilometers per hour (145 mph). The storm passed within 90 kilometers (55 miles) of Pensacola, Florida, and hit land about 80 kilometers (50 miles) east of where Hurricane Ivan struck in September, 2004. A large storm surge of more than 10 feet was created in certain areas, and many homes and businesses in low-lying areas were flooded. || ", "hits": 69 }, { "id": 3158, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3158/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-05-18T12:00:00-04:00", "title": "Progression of Hurricane Fabian, 2003 (WMS)", "description": "Hurricane Fabian threatened the Eastern Coast of the United States before it turned northward and hit the island of Bermuda instead. Fabian came within 50 miles to the west of Bermuda on September 5th, 2003, with sustained winds of 117 miles per hour and with gusts of up to 130 miles per hour. || ", "hits": 13 }, { "id": 3153, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3153/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-05-09T12:00:00-04:00", "title": "Progression of Hurricane Charley, 2004 (WMS)", "description": "Hurricane Charley was the first of four hurricanes to hit the United States in 2004. || Image Sequence for Hurricane Charley.This product is available through our Web Map Service. || charley-composite.png (1024x1024) [1.4 MB] || charley.thm.png (80x40) [6.9 KB] || charley-composite_web.jpg (320x320) [19.1 KB] || charley-composite_web_searchweb.jpg (320x180) [91.9 KB] || frames [4.0 KB] || ", "hits": 21 }, { "id": 3151, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3151/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-05-05T12:00:00-04:00", "title": "Progression of Hurricane Ivan, 2004 (WMS)", "description": "Hurricane Ivan was the third hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached the Gulf Coast across the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. || Image Sequence for Hurricane Ivan.This product is available through our Web Map Service. || ivan-composite.png (1024x1024) [1.0 MB] || ivan-composite_web.jpg (320x320) [14.2 KB] || frames [4.0 KB] || ", "hits": 40 }, { "id": 3147, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3147/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-04-21T12:00:00-04:00", "title": "Progression of Hurricane Frances, 2004 (WMS)", "description": "Hurricane Frances was the second hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached Florida from the Atlantic Ocean. || Image Sequence for Hurricane Frances.This product is available through our Web Map Service. || frances-composite.png (1024x1024) [1.4 MB] || frances-composite_web.jpg (320x320) [18.1 KB] || frames [4.0 KB] || ", "hits": 30 }, { "id": 3350, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3350/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-04-04T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "MODIS Sea Surface Temperature Time Series Data Shows Increased Temperatures in Great Barrier Reef - Wide View", "description": "Coral bleaching may be one of the greatest threats to the Great Barrier Reef. Coral bleaching is a stress response that often occurs when the surrounding waters become too warm for the corals. In the stressful situation, the corals expel their brownish zooxanthellae and lose their color. Zooxanthellae are unicellular yellow-brown algae that make it possible for the corals to grow and reproduce quickly enough to create reefs. Without the zooxanthellae, the coral cannot obtain sufficient nourishment. If conditions remain difficult, the corals may die. Major coral bleaching incidents on the Great Barrier Reef in 1998 and 2002 led to widespread death of corals in some areas. Researchers in the Barrier reef of Australia are using NASA's resources to help identify troubled coral. Currently, the most severe coral bleaching occurs over inshore reefs where the Sea Surface Temperatures are showing increased temperatures. || ", "hits": 38 }, { "id": 3351, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3351/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-04-04T00:00:00-04:00", "title": "MODIS Sea Surface Temperature around the Australian Continent", "description": "The earliest technique for measuring Sea Surface Temperature (SST) was dipping a thermometer into a bucket of water. The first automated technique for determining SST was accomplished by measuring the temperature of water in the intake port of large ships. A large network of coastal buoys in U.S. waters is maintained by the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC). Since about 1990, there has also been an extensive array of moored buoys maintained across the equatorial Pacific Ocean designed to help monitor and predict the El Niño phenomenon. Since the 1980s satellites have been increasingly utilized to measure SST and have provided an enormous leap in our ability to view the spatial and temporal variation in SST. The satellite measured SST provides both a synoptic view of the ocean and a high frequency of repeat views, allowing the examination of basin-wide upper ocean dynamics not possible with ships or buoys. For example, a ship traveling at 10 knots (20 km/h) would require 10 years to cover the same area a satellite covers in two minutes.This animation uses SST data taken at nighttime from the MODIS/Aqua and MODIS/Terra satellites. This data has many important applications that permit scientists to use ocean temperatures to observe ocean circulation and locate major ocean currents. Ocean current analysis can facilitate ocean transportation. Additionally, by using SST, scientists can monitor changes in ocean temperatures and relate these to weather and climate changes like coral bleaching around the Great Barrier Reef. Finally, the SST changes have many important biological implications for hospitable/inhospitable conditions for many organisms including species of plankton, seagrasses, shellfish, fish, coral, and mammals. || ", "hits": 14 }, { "id": 3342, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3342/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-03-17T00:00:00-05:00", "title": "IKONOS and Aqua MODIS Imagery of Southern Great Barrier Reef", "description": "Coral bleaching may be one of the greatest threats to the Great Barrier Reef. Coral bleaching is a stress response that often occurs when the surrounding waters become too warm for the corals. In the stressful situation, the corals expel their brownish zooxanthellae and lose their color. Zooxanthellae are unicellular yellow-brown algae that make it possible for the corals to grow and reproduce quickly enough to create reefs. Without the zooxanthellae, the coral cannot obtain sufficient nourishment. If conditions remain difficult, the corals may die. Major coral bleaching incidents on the Great Barrier Reef in 1998 and 2002 led to widespread death of corals in some areas. Researchers in the Barrier reef of Australia are using NASA's resources to help identify troubled coral. || ", "hits": 78 }, { "id": 3343, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3343/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-03-17T00:00:00-05:00", "title": "MODIS Sea Surface Temperature Data Shows Increased Temperatures in Southern Great Barrier Reef", "description": "Coral bleaching may be one of the greatest threats to the Great Barrier Reef. Coral bleaching is a stress response that often occurs when the surrounding waters become too warm for the corals. In the stressful situation, the corals expel their brownish zooxanthellae and lose their color. Zooxanthellae are unicellular yellow-brown algae that make it possible for the corals to grow and reproduce quickly enough to create reefs. Without the zooxanthellae, the coral cannot obtain sufficient nourishment. If conditions remain difficult, the corals may die. Major coral bleaching incidents on the Great Barrier Reef in 1998 and 2002 led to widespread death of corals in some areas. Researchers in the Barrier reef of Australia are using NASA's resources to help identify troubled coral. Currently, the most severe coral bleaching occurs over inshore reefs where the Sea Surface Temperatures are showing increased temperatures. || ", "hits": 26 }, { "id": 3344, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3344/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-03-17T00:00:00-05:00", "title": "Chlorophyll Concentration Shows Oceanographic Patterns in Great Barrier Reef", "description": "Coral bleaching may be one of the greatest threats to the Great Barrier Reef. Coral bleaching is a stress response that often occurs when the surrounding waters become too warm for the corals. In the stressful situation, the corals expel their brownish zooxanthellae and lose their color. Zooxanthellae are unicellular yellow-brown algae that make it possible for the corals to grow and reproduce quickly enough to create reefs. Without the zooxanthellae, the coral cannot obtain sufficient nourishment. If conditions remain difficult, the corals may die. Major coral bleaching incidents on the Great Barrier Reef in 1998 and 2002 led to widespread death of corals in some areas. Researchers in the Barrier reef of Australia are using NASA's resources to help identify troubled coral. || ", "hits": 38 }, { "id": 3032, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3032/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-01-12T12:00:00-05:00", "title": "Model of Clouds during Hurricane Isabel, 2003 (WMS)", "description": "The NASA finite-volume General Circulation Model (fvGCM) is used to produce a high-resolution weather prediction system. This model has an increased accuracy of predicting the strength and location of hurricanes over other prediction methods. Several variables are predicted, including cloud cover and precipitable water in the atmosphere. Data from Hurricane Isabel was used to validate the fvGCM model. || ", "hits": 24 }, { "id": 3033, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3033/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-01-12T12:00:00-05:00", "title": "Model of Precipitable Water during Hurricane Isabel, 2003 (WMS)", "description": "The NASA finite-volume General Circulation Model (fvGCM) is used to produce a high-resolution weather prediction system. This model has an increased accuracy of predicting the strength and location of hurricanes over other prediction methods. Several variables are predicted, including cloud cover and precipitable water in the atmosphere. Data from Hurricane Isabel was used to validate the fvGCM model. || ", "hits": 8 }, { "id": 3034, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3034/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-01-12T12:00:00-05:00", "title": "Accumulated Rainfall during Hurricanes Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne, 2004 (WMS)", "description": "During the hurricane season of 2004, an unprecedented four hurricanes hit Florida. This animation shows the accumulated rainfall produced by three of those hurricanes during the month of September. The animation also shows the rainfall from the typhoons in the Pacific Ocean during the same period. || ", "hits": 14 }, { "id": 3035, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3035/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2005-01-12T12:00:00-05:00", "title": "Progression of Hurricane Jeanne, 2004 (WMS)", "description": "Hurricane Jeanne was the fourth hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached Florida from the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. When it hit the Florida coast on September 26, Jeanne was a Category 3 storm with sustained winds near 115 miles per hour. || ", "hits": 48 }, { "id": 2994, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2994/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2004-09-08T12:00:00-04:00", "title": "Flying Along with Hurricane Frances", "description": "Two Earth Observing Fleet Satellites, Aqua and Terra have been monitoring the progress of Hurricane Frances. || ", "hits": 16 }, { "id": 2995, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2995/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2004-09-08T12:00:00-04:00", "title": "Hurricane Isabel: Under the Hood (background only)", "description": "This visualization shows NOAA/GOES infrared (IR) data of Hurricane Isabel as it makes its way across the Atlantic towards landfall. The track of Isabel is shown using a color code to indicate the storm's category: green=tropical depression, yellow=tropical storm, red=category 1, light red=category 2, purple=category 3, light purple=category4, white=category 5. This visualization is the background for animation ID 2996. || ", "hits": 31 }, { "id": 2996, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2996/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2004-09-08T12:00:00-04:00", "title": "Hurricane Isabel: Under the Hood (with popout boxes)", "description": "This visualization shows NOAA/GOES infrared (IR) data of Hurricane Isabel as it makes its way across the Atlantic towards landfall. The track of Isabel is shown using a color code to indicate the storm's category: green=tropical depression, yellow=tropical storm, red=category 1, light red=category 2, purple=category 3, light purple=category 4, white=category 5. The inset box on the left shows how the distribution of rainfall (circular sturctures below) and heat inside the storm (oblong structures above) fluctuated dramatically as the storm changed intensities. The warm core of the hurricane was the engine that drove the storm, allowing it to draw up energy from the ocean, gathering strength and size. The inset box to the right shows vital statistics about the hurricane including wind speed, pressure, etc. The background only of this animation (without the inset boxes) can be found under animation 2995. || ", "hits": 29 }, { "id": 2997, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2997/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2004-09-08T12:00:00-04:00", "title": "Hurricane Isabel: Under the Hood (PR and AMSU only)", "description": "This visualization is an inset from animation 2996. It shows how the distribution of Hurricane Isabel's rainfall (circular sturctures below) and heat inside the storm (oblong structures above) fluctuated dramatically as the storm changed intensities. The warm core of the hurricane was the engine that drove the storm, allowing it to draw up energy from the ocean, gathering strength and size. || ", "hits": 22 }, { "id": 2986, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2986/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2004-09-07T12:00:00-04:00", "title": "Hurricane Charley Progression", "description": "SeaWiFS tracks Hurricane Charley from August 9, 2004 to August 15, 2004. This animation zooms down to the Caribbean Sea where Hurricane Charley was first classified as a Tropical Depression. It ends in the Gulf of Maine where it lost its status as a Tropical Depression. It shows the SeaWiFS image from each day with the track of the eye of the storm overlaid on top of each image. Green denotes Tropical Depression status. Gold denotes Tropical Storm status. On the Saffir Simpson scale, red is hurricane category 1, orange is hurricane category 3, and purple is hurricane category 4. || ", "hits": 48 }, { "id": 2990, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2990/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2004-09-07T12:00:00-04:00", "title": "TRMM Observes Cloud Towers in Hurricane Frances", "description": "NASA's TRMM satellite (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) can see hurricanes in three dimensions. Looking down from its near Earth orbit, the vehicle is unique in the space agency's fleet of Earth observing instruments. Here we see Frances depicted showing aspects of the storm's inner structure. Red colors indicate regions of the most significant rainfall. Notice the spires stretching up in to the sky. These 'hot towers' suggest an efficient and powerful heat engine inside the storm, emphasizing to experts just how powerful this particular hurricane may be. This visualization shows the internal storm structure by melting away different surfaces of constant rain rates then building them back up. The surfaces are 0.25mm/hr (blue), 0.5mm/hr (green), 1.0 mm/hr (yellow), and 2.0 mm/hr (red/orange). || ", "hits": 9 }, { "id": 2991, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2991/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2004-09-07T12:00:00-04:00", "title": "SeaWiFS View of Hurricane Frances from 1 September 2004", "description": "SeaWiFS captured this data of Hurricane Frances on 1 September 2004. This 'beauty shot' was created to accompany live TV interviews about hurricanes. || ", "hits": 15 }, { "id": 2992, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2992/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2004-09-07T12:00:00-04:00", "title": "Hurricane Frances Progression with a Fixed View", "description": "A fixed view of the Atlantic Ocean with Hurricane Frances sprinting towards Florida || ", "hits": 8 }, { "id": 2993, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2993/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2004-09-07T12:00:00-04:00", "title": "Up on Deck, Hurricane Ivan", "description": "From space, the Aqua satellite has a bird's eye view of Hurricane Ivan. This data was gathered on the September 5, 2004. At that time, Ivan was off the coast of Brazil. || ", "hits": 14 }, { "id": 2975, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2975/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2004-09-03T12:00:00-04:00", "title": "Hurricane Frances on September 1, 2004", "description": "The Terra satellite gets a bird's eye view of Hurricane Frances, with the help of the MODIS instrument. || ", "hits": 14 }, { "id": 2977, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2977/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2004-09-03T12:00:00-04:00", "title": "Hurricane Frances Progression with Fixed View", "description": "Hurricane Frances races towards Florida and both the Terra and Aqua satellite are spectators. || ", "hits": 18 }, { "id": 2974, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2974/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2004-09-01T12:00:00-04:00", "title": "Hurricane Frances Progression", "description": "NASA satellites are keeping an eye on Hurricane Frances journey across the Atlantic Ocean. MODIS Instrument on board NASA's Aqua and Terra satellites captured a series of high resolution images of Hurricane Frances. || ", "hits": 19 }, { "id": 2920, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2920/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2004-03-11T12:00:00-05:00", "title": "Tropical Storm Allison Progression (WMS)", "description": "Tropical Storm Allison began just five days into the 2001 hurricane season. Allison formed in the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico, and dumped an enormous amount of rain on Texas, Louisiana, Florida, and other states in the southeastern United States. || ", "hits": 22 }, { "id": 2919, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2919/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2004-03-03T12:00:00-05:00", "title": "Progression of Hurricane Isabel, 2003 (WMS)", "description": "This sequence of images was used to create an animation of the progression of Hurricane Isabel as seen by MODIS. || Hurricane Isabel Frame Sequence.This product is available through our Web Map Service. || isabel-composite.png (1024x1024) [1.4 MB] || Isabel.A2003261.1555.250m-thm.png (80x40) [6.2 KB] || isabel-composite_web.jpg (320x320) [18.3 KB] || isabel-composite_web_searchweb.jpg (320x180) [94.2 KB] || frames [4.0 KB] || ", "hits": 16 }, { "id": 2896, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2896/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2004-02-11T12:00:00-05:00", "title": "Wind Vectors for Hurricane Erin (WMS)", "description": "This visualization shows wind vectors for Hurricane Erin on September 10, 2001. Wind direction and speed are represented by the direction and speed of moving arrows, respectively. This visualization represents a single measurement taken by the SeaWinds instrument on the QuikSCAT satellite, taken at 14:27:00 UTC on September 10, 2001. The WMS version of this visualization which is available through the SVS Image Server presents this visualization with a different timestamp for each frame in order to more easily present the images as a moving series of images. It should be noted that each frame really has a time stamp of 2001-09-10 14:27:00 UTC. || ", "hits": 31 }, { "id": 2897, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2897/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2004-02-11T12:00:00-05:00", "title": "Cold Water Trails from Hurricanes Fabian and Isabel (WMS)", "description": "This visualization shows the cold water trails left first by Hurricanes Fabian and then by Hurricane Isabel in the Atlantic Ocean from August 27, 2003 through September 23, 2003. The colors on the ocean represent the sea surface temperatures, and satellite images of the hurricane clouds are laid over the temperatures to clearly show the hurricane positions. Orange and red depict regions that are 82 degrees F and higher, where the ocean is warm enough for hurricanes to form. Hurricane winds are sustained by the heat energy of the ocean, so the ocean is cooled as the hurricane passes and the energy is extracted to power the winds. A hurricane can experience a dramatic reduction in wind speed when it crosses the cold track of a previous hurricane. However, in this case, the cold water track from Fabian warmed up before Isabel crossed it, so Isabel's winds did not decrease. The sea surface temperatures were measured by the AMSR-E instrument on the Aqua satellite, while the cloud images were taken by the Imager on the GOES-12 satellite. || ", "hits": 28 }, { "id": 2898, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2898/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2004-02-11T12:00:00-05:00", "title": "GOES Imagery of Hurricane Luis (WMS)", "description": "On September 6, 1995, Hurricane Luis was a Category 4 hurricane located about 250 kilometers northeast of Puerto Rico. GOES-9, a new weather satellite in geostationary orbit, was undergoing a check-out period and tested a new, rapid scanning capability by taking high-resolution visible images of Luis at 22 images per hour, much more rapid than the normal rate of one image every 15 minutes. These images clearly show a number of hurricane features that had been hard to observe before, including the evolution of the eyewall structures and small-scale vortex features within the eye. It is also possible to see the formation of the new hurricane arm to the southeast of the eye. This arm is marked by the formation of clouds in the bubbling regions that indicate intense updrafts. The island of Puerto Rico can only be seen as a stationary disturbance under the bright white cloudbank to the southwest of the eye of the hurricane. || ", "hits": 26 }, { "id": 2892, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2892/", "result_type": "Visualization", "release_date": "2004-02-10T12:00:00-05:00", "title": "Satellite Imagery of Hurricane Dennis (WMS)", "description": "Hurricane Dennis started as a tropical depression on August 23, 1999, became a tropical storm on August 24, and was classified as a hurricane early on August 26, near the Bahamas. From August 26 through August 31, Dennis proceeded up the coast of the United States until it stalled off the coast of North Carolina for four days because the pressure trough that was pushing it out to sea left it behind. This animation shows images of Dennis during its hurricane period from August 26 through August 31, 1999, when the stall began. The images were taken by the GOES-8 satellite, a weather satellite in geostationary orbit above the western hemisphere. The continuous white cloud progression came from infrared images from GOES, and the yellowish clouds that come and go with the daylight came from data taken in the visible spectrum, also from GOES. The GOES images were not taken at regular times, so the hurricane appears to slow down when the time between images gets small and speed up when the time between images gets large. || ", "hits": 15 } ] }