{
    "count": 82,
    "next": null,
    "previous": null,
    "results": [
        {
            "id": 31158,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/31158/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2024-03-08T17:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Antarctic Ice Mass Loss 2002-2025",
            "description": "The mass of the Antarctic ice sheet has changed over the last decades. Research based on observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites (2002-2017) and GRACE Follow-On (since 2018 - ).",
            "hits": 2290
        },
        {
            "id": 31156,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/31156/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2024-03-08T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Greenland Ice Mass Loss 2002-2025",
            "description": "The mass of the Greenland ice sheet has rapidly declined in the last several years due to surface melting and iceberg calving. Research based on observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites (2002-2017) and GRACE Follow-On (since 2018 - ) indicates that between 2002 and 2023, Greenland shed approximately 264 gigatons of ice per year, causing global sea level to rise by 0.03 inches (0.8 millimeters) per year.",
            "hits": 2137
        },
        {
            "id": 31166,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/31166/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2024-03-08T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "GRACE and GRACE-FO polar ice mass loss",
            "description": "The mass of the Polar ice sheets have changed over the last decades. Research based on observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites (2002-2017) and GRACE Follow-On (since 2018 - ) indicates that between 2002 and 2025, Antarctica shed approximately 135 gigatons of ice per year, causing global sea level to rise by 0.4 millimeters per year; and Greenland shed approximately 264 gigatons of ice per year, causing global sea level to rise by 0.8 millimeters per year.",
            "hits": 594
        },
        {
            "id": 14197,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14197/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2022-08-08T14:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Scientists in the Field",
            "description": "Video compiliations of NASA scientists and partners working in the field. Available to download. || Researchers in volcanic regions. Footage from GIFT in Hawaii. || Compilation2-MaunaLoa.00015_print.jpg (1024x576) [166.4 KB] || Compilation2-MaunaLoa.00015_searchweb.png (320x180) [102.7 KB] || Compilation2-MaunaLoa.00015_thm.png (80x40) [7.6 KB] || Compilation2-MaunaLoa.webm (3840x2160) [57.4 MB] || Compilation2-MaunaLoa.mp4 (3840x2160) [1.1 GB] || ",
            "hits": 71
        },
        {
            "id": 14116,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14116/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2022-03-18T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Two Scientists Have a Frank and Honest Discussion about Antarctica",
            "description": "NASA Glaciologists Kelly Brunt and Alex Gardner discuss the history, challenges and evolution of mapping the Antarctic continent and what it means for science and society. || ",
            "hits": 54
        },
        {
            "id": 4913,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4913/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2021-07-29T19:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "ICESat-2 Maps Subglacial Lakes in Antarctica",
            "description": "Data visualization featuring precise map of Mercer and Conway subglacial lakes in West Antarctica. The visualization sequence starts with a view of the Americas and slowly zooms into the suture between the Mercer and Whillans ice streams. Surface-height anomaly data from NASA's ICESat-2 mission provide critical insight for the drain-fill cycles of subglacial lakes and aid in the discovery of two new water bodies within the same region. This data-driven visualization includes labels of ice formations close to the area of interest and repeats playback of the segment of the subglacial lakes surface-height anomalies. || SubglacialLakesCompositex2_4K60fps_0904_print.jpg (1024x576) [88.8 KB] || SubglacialLakesCompositex2_4K60fps_0904.png (3840x2160) [5.9 MB] || Compositex2 (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || SubglacialLakesCompositex2_HD60fps.mp4 (1920x1080) [58.4 MB] || SubglacialLakesCompositex2_1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [53.8 MB] || SubglacialLakesCompositex2_HD60fps.webm (1920x1080) [6.9 MB] || Compositex2_4K (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || SubglacialLakesCompositex2_4K60fps.mp4 (3840x2160) [58.5 MB] || SubglacialLakesCompositex2_4K30fps.mp4 (3840x2160) [182.4 MB] || SubglacialLakesCompositex2_1080p30.mp4.hwshow [200 bytes] || ",
            "hits": 313
        },
        {
            "id": 13877,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13877/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2021-07-07T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "New Lakes Discovered Under Antarctic Ice with NASA's ICESat-2",
            "description": "Hundreds of meltwater lakes hide deep beneath the expanse of Antarctica’s ice sheet. With a powerful laser altimeter system in space, NASA’s Ice Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) is helping scientists \"see\" under the ice.For more on the story: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/nasa-space-lasers-map-meltwater-lakes-in-antarctica-with-striking-precisionComplete transcript available. || Icesat2_Lakes_Final.00300_print.jpg (1024x576) [130.6 KB] || Icesat2_Lakes_Final.00300_searchweb.png (320x180) [88.9 KB] || Icesat2_Lakes_Final.00300_web.png (320x180) [88.9 KB] || Icesat2_Lakes_Final.00300_thm.png (80x40) [5.6 KB] || Icesat2_Lakes_Final.mp4 (1920x1080) [142.1 MB] || Icesat2_Lakes_Final.webm (1920x1080) [14.9 MB] || Icesat2_Lakes_Final.en_US.srt [2.5 KB] || Icesat2_Lakes_Final.en_US.vtt [2.5 KB] || ",
            "hits": 121
        },
        {
            "id": 13830,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13830/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2021-04-05T09:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Field Study Sheds New Light on Melt Zone",
            "description": "Complete transcript available. || Return_to_Ablation_Zone_Final.00001_print.jpg (1024x576) [148.3 KB] || Return_to_Ablation_Zone_Final.00001_searchweb.png (320x180) [96.8 KB] || Return_to_Ablation_Zone_Final.00001_web.png (320x180) [96.8 KB] || Return_to_Ablation_Zone_Final.00001_thm.png (80x40) [5.9 KB] || Return_to_Ablation_Zone_Final.mp4 (1920x1080) [1001.9 MB] || Return_to_Ablation_Zone_Final.webm (1920x1080) [91.7 MB] || Supraglacial_Greenland.en_US.srt [14.7 KB] || Supraglacial_Greenland.en_US.vtt [14.1 KB] || ",
            "hits": 43
        },
        {
            "id": 13761,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13761/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2020-11-05T11:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Rising Waters: Out-of-Balance Ice Sheets",
            "description": "Music: \"Marimba Rhythms\" via Universal Production MusicComplete transcript available. || Anatomy_Glacier_Thumbnail.png (1280x720) [1.2 MB] || Anatomy_Glacier_Thumbnail_print.jpg (1024x576) [91.9 KB] || Anatomy_Glacier_Thumbnail_searchweb.png (320x180) [79.1 KB] || Anatomy_Glacier_Thumbnail_thm.png (80x40) [6.0 KB] || Anatomy_Glacier_FINAL.mov (1280x720) [1.4 GB] || Anatomy_Glacier_FINAL.mp4 (1920x1080) [197.9 MB] || Anatomy_Glacier_FINAL.webm (1920x1080) [22.6 MB] || Anatomy_Glacier_FINAL.en_US.srt [3.8 KB] || Anatomy_Glacier_FINAL.en_US.vtt [3.8 KB] || ",
            "hits": 118
        },
        {
            "id": 4804,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4804/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2020-10-13T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Greenland Ice Sheet: Three Futures",
            "description": "This movie shows the evolution of several regions of the Greenland Ice Sheet between 2008 and 2300 based on three different climate scenarios. Each scenario reflects a potential future climate outcome based on current and future greenhouse gas emmisions. The regions shown in a violet color are exposed areas of the Greenland bed that were covered by the ice sheet in 2008. || Greenland_NE_2008_2300_HD_still.2127.jpg (1920x1080) [1.0 MB] || Greenland_NE_2008_2300_HD_still.2127_print.jpg (1024x576) [159.2 KB] || Greenland_NE_2008_2300_HD_still.2127_searchweb.png (320x180) [81.1 KB] || Greenland_NE_2008_2300_HD_still.2127_thm.png (80x40) [7.1 KB] || GreenlandVizV5.webm (1920x1080) [19.7 MB] || Greenland_NE_2008_2300_HD_still.2127.tif (1920x1080) [2.0 MB] || GreenlandVizV5.mp4 (1920x1080) [181.9 MB] || GreenlandViz_FINAL.mov (1920x1080) [5.8 GB] || GreenlandVizV5.mp4.hwshow [378 bytes] || ",
            "hits": 116
        },
        {
            "id": 13516,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13516/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2020-01-15T11:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "2019 Was the Second Hottest Year on Record",
            "description": "Earth's global surface temperatures in 2019 ranked second warmest since 1880, according to independent analyses by NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).Global temperatures in 2019 were 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.1 degrees Celsius) warmer than the late 19th Century, according to scientists at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York. 2019's temperatures were second only to those of 2016 and continued the planet's long-term warming trend: the six warmest years on the instrumental record have been the six last years. || ",
            "hits": 58
        },
        {
            "id": 4773,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4773/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2019-12-12T03:30:00-05:00",
            "title": "BedMachine: A high-precision map of Antarctic ice sheet bed topography",
            "description": "BedMachine is a new Antarctic bed topography product based on ice thickness data from 19 different research institutes dating back to 1967, encompassing nearly a million line-miles of radar soundings. BedMachine relies on the fundamental physics-based method of mass conservation to estimate what lies between the radar sounding lines, utilizing highly detailed information on ice flow motion from satellite data that dictates how ice moves. The dataset is available from the National Snow & Ice Data Center here. || ",
            "hits": 380
        },
        {
            "id": 4774,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4774/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2019-12-12T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Operation IceBridge Flight Lines 2009-2019",
            "description": "Operation Icebridge Flight Lines 2009-2019, Arctic || icebridge_arctic.0001_print.jpg (1024x576) [168.2 KB] || icebridge_arctic.0001_searchweb.png (320x180) [95.5 KB] || icebridge_arctic.0001_thm.png (80x40) [7.2 KB] || arctic (1920x1080) [128.0 KB] || icebridge_arctic_1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [32.8 MB] || icebridge_arctic_1080p30.webm (1920x1080) [6.5 MB] || icebridge_arctic_1080p30.mp4.hwshow [220 bytes] || ",
            "hits": 52
        },
        {
            "id": 13478,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13478/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2019-12-09T14:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Operation IceBridge - Thule Ice Sheet Scenics",
            "description": "Frozen sea ice outside of the Thule Air Base in Greenland provided project scientists a chance to get up close to locked icebergs and other features. || ",
            "hits": 25
        },
        {
            "id": 13479,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13479/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2019-12-09T14:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Operation IceBridge - Western Greenland Sea Ice",
            "description": "NASA’s Operation IceBridge images Earth’s polar ice in unprecedented detail to better understand processes that connect the polar regions with the global climate system. IceBridge utilizes a highly specialized fleet of research aircraft and the most sophisticated suite of innovative science instruments ever assembled to characterize annual changes in thickness of sea ice, glaciers, and ice sheets. In addition, IceBridge collects critical data used to predict the response of earth’s polar ice to climate change and resulting sea-level rise.In 2019, IceBridge was based out of Kangerlussuaq in western Greenland, surveying both sea ice and land ice. || ",
            "hits": 18
        },
        {
            "id": 13441,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13441/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2019-12-09T13:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Operation IceBridge - Pine Island Glacier",
            "description": "Pine Island Glacier is one of many outlet glaciers around the perimeter of Antarctica, but observations have shown that this glacier is worth extra attention. It is, along with neighboring Thwaites Glacier, one of the main pathways for ice entering the Amundsen Sea from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and one the fastest-retreating glaciers in Antarctica. Collectively, the region contains enough vulnerable ice to raise global sea level by 1.2 meters (4 feet).Operation IceBridge routinely surveyed the glacier during its annual missions over the continent. || ",
            "hits": 39
        },
        {
            "id": 13444,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13444/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2019-12-09T13:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Operation IceBridge - Antarctic Transits",
            "description": "NASA is carrying out its sixth consecutive year of Operation IceBridge research flights over Antarctica in 2014 to study changes in the continent’s ice sheet, glaciers and sea ice. For several weeks, researchers flew aboard NASA’s DC-8 research aircraft out of Punta Arenas, Chile. || ",
            "hits": 32
        },
        {
            "id": 13445,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13445/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2019-12-09T13:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Operation IceBridge - Crew Activity Oboard",
            "description": "NASA's P-3B and DC-8 airborne laboratories have been the workhorses of Operation IceBridge. These aircraft house several sophisticated instruments for measuring snow depth, ice elevation and thickness, surface temperature, bed topography and other characteristics of sea ice, ice sheets and glaciers. || ",
            "hits": 21
        },
        {
            "id": 4743,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4743/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2019-07-30T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Greenland's Jakobshavn Region: Three Simulated Greenland Ice Sheet Response Scenarios: 2008 - 2300",
            "description": "The Greenland Ice Sheet holds enough water to raise the world’s sea level by over 7 meters (23 feet). Rising atmosphere and ocean temperatures have led to an ice loss equivalent to over a centimeter increase in global mean sea-level between 1991 and 2015. Large outlet glaciers, rivers of ice moving to the sea, drain the ice from the interior of Greenland and cause the outer margins of the ice sheet to recede. Improvements in measuring the ice thickness in ice sheets is enabling better simulation of the flow in outlet glaciers, which is key to predicting the retreat of ice sheets into the future.Recently, a simulation of the effects of outlet glacier flow on ice sheet thickness coupled with improved data and comprehensive climate modeling for differing future climate scenarios has been used to estimate Greenland’s contribution to sea-level over the next millennium. Greenland could contribute 5–34 cm (2-13 inches) to sea-level by 2100 and 11–162 cm (4-64 inches) by 2200, with outlet glaciers contributing 19–40 % of the total mass loss. The analysis shows that uncertainties in projecting mass loss are dominated by uncertainties in climate scenarios and surface processes, followed by ice dynamics. Uncertainties in ocean conditions play a minor role, particularly in the long term. Greenland will very likely become ice-free within a millennium without significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.Three visualizations of the evolution of the Jakobshavn region of the Greenland Ice Sheet between 2008 and 2300 based on three different climate scenarios are shown below. Each scenario is described briefly in the caption under each visualization. Each of the three visualizations are provided with a date, colorbar and a distance scale as well as without. The regions shown in a violet color are exposed areas of the Greenland bed that were covered by the ice sheet in 2008.The data sets used for these animations are the control (“CTRL”) simulations and were produced with the open-source Parallel Ice Sheet Model . All data sets for this study are publicly available at the NSF Arctic Data Center || ",
            "hits": 30
        },
        {
            "id": 4706,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4706/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2019-07-28T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Greenland's Hiawatha Crater",
            "description": "This visualization shows the location of the Hiawatha Glacier near Inglefield Land in northwest Greenland. The surface of the ice sheet fades away to show the impact crater discovered beneath the ice sheet. A red cylinder shows the best-fit rim of the impact crater and a measuring stick shows that the diameter of the crater is more than 31 kilometers across. The size of the crater is compared to the cities of Washington, DC and Paris, France.The visualization also shows how the scientists from Germany's Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI)  flew the Polar 6 aircraft (a DC-3T) to collect radar data over the Hiawatha impact crater.  The radar data is shown in detail as curtains of the radar data are dissolved away to display the layers of the ice sheet in the interior of the crater. || Hiawatha.0590_print.jpg (1024x576) [150.4 KB] || Hiawatha.0590_searchweb.png (320x180) [88.4 KB] || Hiawatha.0590_thm.png (80x40) [6.2 KB] || 4706_Hiawatha_Crater.webmhd.webm (1080x606) [23.5 MB] || 4706_Hiawatha_Crater.mp4 (1920x1080) [228.6 MB] || 3840x2160_16x9_30p (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || 4706_Hiawatha_Crater.en_US.vtt [2.1 KB] || 4706_Hiawatha_Crater.en_US.srt [2.0 KB] || Hiawatha_Prores_4k.mp4 (3840x2160) [566.2 MB] || 4706_Hiawatha_Crater.mov (1920x1080) [1.9 GB] || Hiawatha_Prores_4k.mov (3840x2160) [7.6 GB] || ",
            "hits": 80
        },
        {
            "id": 4738,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4738/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2019-07-24T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Northeast Regional View of Three Simulated Greenland Ice Sheet Response Scenarios: 2008 - 2300",
            "description": "The Greenland Ice Sheet holds enough water to raise the world’s sea level by over 7 meters (23 feet). Rising atmosphere and ocean temperatures have led to an ice loss equivalent to over a centimeter increase in global mean sea-level between 1991 and 2015. Large outlet glaciers, rivers of ice moving to the sea, drain the ice from the interior of Greenland and cause the outer margins of the ice sheet to recede. Improvements in measuring the ice thickness in ice sheets is enabling better simulation of the flow in outlet glaciers, which is key to predicting the retreat of ice sheets into the future.Recently, a simulation of the effects of outlet glacier flow on ice sheet thickness coupled with improved data and comprehensive climate modeling for differing future climate scenarios has been used to estimate Greenland’s contribution to sea-level over the next millennium. Greenland could contribute 5–34 cm (2-13 inches) to sea-level by 2100 and 11–162 cm (4-64 inches) by 2200, with outlet glaciers contributing 19–40 % of the total mass loss. The analysis shows that uncertainties in projecting mass loss are dominated by uncertainties in climate scenarios and surface processes, followed by ice dynamics. Uncertainties in ocean conditions play a minor role, particularly in the long term. Greenland will very likely become ice-free within a millennium without significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.Three visualizations of the evolution of the northeastern region of the Greenland Ice Sheet between 2008 and 2300 based on three different climate scenarios are shown below. Each scenario is described briefly in the caption under each visualization. Each of the three visualizations are provided with a date, colorbar and a distance scale as well as without. The regions shown in a violet color are exposed areas of the Greenland bed that were covered by the ice sheet in 2008.The data sets used for these animations are the control (“CTRL”) simulations and were produced with the open-source Parallel Ice Sheet Model . All data sets for this study are publicly available at the NSF Arctic Data Center || ",
            "hits": 20
        },
        {
            "id": 4739,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4739/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2019-07-24T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Northwest Regional View of Three Simulated Greenland Ice Sheet Response Scenarios: 2008 - 2300",
            "description": "The Greenland Ice Sheet holds enough water to raise the world’s sea level by over 7 meters (23 feet). Rising atmosphere and ocean temperatures have led to an ice loss equivalent to over a centimeter increase in global mean sea-level between 1991 and 2015. Large outlet glaciers, rivers of ice moving to the sea, drain the ice from the interior of Greenland and cause the outer margins of the ice sheet to recede. Improvements in measuring the ice thickness in ice sheets is enabling better simulation of the flow in outlet glaciers, which is key to predicting the retreat of ice sheets into the future.Recently, a simulation of the effects of outlet glacier flow on ice sheet thickness coupled with improved data and comprehensive climate modeling for differing future climate scenarios has been used to estimate Greenland’s contribution to sea-level over the next millennium. Greenland could contribute 5–34 cm (2-13 inches) to sea-level by 2100 and 11–162 cm (4-64 inches) by 2200, with outlet glaciers contributing 19–40 % of the total mass loss. The analysis shows that uncertainties in projecting mass loss are dominated by uncertainties in climate scenarios and surface processes, followed by ice dynamics. Uncertainties in ocean conditions play a minor role, particularly in the long term. Greenland will very likely become ice-free within a millennium without significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.Three visualizations of the evolution of the northwest region of the Greenland Ice Sheet between 2008 and 2300 based on three different climate scenarios are shown below. Each scenario is described briefly in the caption under each visualization. Each of the three visualizations are provided with a date, colorbar and a distance scale as well as without. The regions shown in a violet color are exposed areas of the Greenland bed that were covered by the ice sheet in 2008.The data sets used for these animations are the control (“CTRL”) simulations and were produced with the open-source Parallel Ice Sheet Model . All data sets for this study are publicly available at the NSF Arctic Data Center || ",
            "hits": 26
        },
        {
            "id": 4721,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4721/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2019-06-19T14:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Three Simulated Greenland Ice Sheet Response Scenarios: 2008 - 2300",
            "description": "The Greenland Ice Sheet holds enough water to raise the world’s sea level by over 7 meters (23 feet). Rising atmosphere and ocean temperatures have led to an ice loss equivalent to over a centimeter increase in global mean sea-level between 1991 and 2015.  Large outlet glaciers, rivers of ice moving to the sea, drain the ice from the interior of Greenland and cause the outer margins of the ice sheet to recede. Improvements in measuring the ice thickness in ice sheets is enabling better simulation of the flow in outlet glaciers, which is key to predicting the retreat of ice sheets into the future.Recently, a simulation of the effects of outlet glacier flow on ice sheet thickness coupled with improved data and comprehensive climate modeling for differing future climate scenarios has been used to estimate Greenland’s contribution to sea-level over the next millennium. Greenland could contribute 5–34 cm (2-13 inches) to sea-level by 2100 and 11–162 cm (4-64 inches) by 2200, with outlet glaciers contributing 19–40 % of the total mass loss. The analysis shows that uncertainties in projecting mass loss are dominated by uncertainties in climate scenarios and surface processes, followed by ice dynamics. Uncertainties in ocean conditions play a minor role, particularly in the long term. Greenland will very likely become ice-free within a millennium without significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.Three visualizations of the evolution of the Jakobshavn region of the Greenland Ice Sheet between 2008 and 2300 based on three different climate scenarios are shown below.   The camera zooms in slowly as the ice sheet retreats and pulls out to a view of the entire ice sheet in the year 2300. Each scenario is described briefly in the caption under each visualization. Each of the three visualizations are provided with a date, colorbar and a distance scale as well as without.  The regions shown in a violet color are exposed areas of the Greenland bed that were covered by the ice sheet in 2008.The data sets used for these animations are the control (“CTRL”) simulations and were produced with the open-source Parallel Ice Sheet Model (www.pism-docs.org). All data sets for this study are publicly available at https://arcticdata.io (doi:10.18739/A2Z60C21V). || ",
            "hits": 44
        },
        {
            "id": 4722,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4722/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2019-06-19T14:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Jakobshavn Regional View of Three Simulated Greenland Ice Sheet Response Scenarios: 2008 - 2300",
            "description": "The Greenland Ice Sheet holds enough water to raise the world’s sea level by over 7 meters (23 feet). Rising atmosphere and ocean temperatures have led to an ice loss equivalent to over a centimeter increase in global mean sea-level between 1991 and 2015.  Large outlet glaciers, rivers of ice moving to the sea, drain the ice from the interior of Greenland and cause the outer margins of the ice sheet to recede.  Improvements in measuring the ice thickness in ice sheets is enabling better simulation of the flow in outlet glaciers, which is key to predicting the retreat of ice sheets into the future.Recently, a simulation of the effects of outlet glacier flow on ice sheet thickness coupled with improved data and comprehensive climate modeling for differing future climate scenarios has been used to estimate Greenland’s contribution to sea-level over the next millennium. Greenland could contribute 5–34 cm (2-13 inches) to sea-level by 2100 and 11–162 cm (4-64 inches) by 2200, with outlet glaciers contributing 19–40 % of the total mass loss. The analysis shows that uncertainties in projecting mass loss are dominated by uncertainties in climate scenarios and surface processes, followed by ice dynamics.  Uncertainties in ocean conditions play a minor role, particularly in the long term. Greenland will very likely become ice-free within a millennium without significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.Three visualizations of the evolution of the Jakobshavn region of the Greenland Ice Sheet between 2008 and 2300 based on three different climate scenarios are shown below. Each scenario is described briefly in the caption under each visualization.  Each of the three visualizations are provided with a date, colorbar and a distance scale as well as without. The regions shown in a violet color are exposed areas of the Greenland bed that were covered by the ice sheet in 2008.The data sets used for these animations are the control (“CTRL”) simulations and were produced with the open-source Parallel Ice Sheet Model (www.pism-docs.org). All data sets for this study are publicly available at https://arcticdata.io (doi:10.18739/A2Z60C21V). || ",
            "hits": 36
        },
        {
            "id": 4727,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4727/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2019-06-19T14:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Greenland View of Three Simulated Greenland Ice Sheet Response Scenarios: 2008 - 2300",
            "description": "The Greenland Ice Sheet holds enough water to raise the world’s sea level by over 7 meters (23 feet). Rising atmosphere and ocean temperatures have led to an ice loss equivalent to over a centimeter increase in global mean sea-level between 1991 and 2015. Large outlet glaciers, rivers of ice moving to the sea, drain the ice from the interior of Greenland and cause the outer margins of the ice sheet to recede. Improvements in measuring the ice thickness in ice sheets is enabling better simulation of the flow in outlet glaciers, which is key to predicting the retreat of ice sheets into the future.Recently, a simulation of the effects of outlet glacier flow on ice sheet thickness coupled with improved data and comprehensive climate modeling for differing future climate scenarios has been used to estimate Greenland’s contribution to sea-level over the next millennium. Greenland could contribute 5–34 cm (2-13 inches) to sea-level by 2100 and 11–162 cm (4-64 inches) by 2200, with outlet glaciers contributing 19–40 % of the total mass loss. The analysis shows that uncertainties in projecting mass loss are dominated by uncertainties in climate scenarios and surface processes, followed by ice dynamics. Uncertainties in ocean conditions play a minor role, particularly in the long term. Greenland will very likely become ice-free within a millennium without significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.Three visualizations of the evolution of the Greenland Ice Sheet between 2008 and 2300 based on three different climate scenarios are shown below. Each scenario is described briefly in the caption under each visualization. Each of the three visualizations are provided with a date and colorbar as well as without.  The regions shown in a violet color are exposed areas of the Greenland bed that were covered by the ice sheet in 2008.The data sets used for these animations are the control (“CTRL”) simulations and were produced with the open-source Parallel Ice Sheet Model (www.pism-docs.org). All data sets for this study are publicly available at https://arcticdata.io (doi:10.18739/A2Z60C21V). || ",
            "hits": 113
        },
        {
            "id": 13233,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13233/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2019-06-19T14:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Modeling the Future of the Greenland Ice Sheet",
            "description": "Music: Tides by Jon Cotton [PRS], Ben Niblett [PRS]Complete transcript available. || Greenland_Still_Two.jpg (1920x1080) [941.0 KB] || Greenland_Still_Two_searchweb.png (320x180) [152.3 KB] || Greenland_Still_Two_thm.png (80x40) [8.8 KB] || 13233_Greenland_Outlet_FINAL.mp4 (1920x1080) [253.2 MB] || 13233_Greenland_Outlet_FINAL.mov (1920x1080) [3.4 GB] || 13233_Greenland_Outlet_FINAL.webm (1920x1080) [17.2 MB] || 13233_Greenland_Outlet_FINAL_VX-303985.webm (960x540) [54.0 MB] || GreenlandOutletModel_Fine_V2.en_US.srt [2.9 KB] || GreenlandOutletModel_Fine_V2.en_US.vtt [2.9 KB] || ",
            "hits": 73
        },
        {
            "id": 13146,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13146/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2019-02-11T11:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "NASA Finds Second Massive Greenland Crater",
            "description": "Text-on-screen video about a possible new impact crater under Greenland's ice || C2_TOS_Final.00768_print.jpg (1024x576) [142.6 KB] || C2_TOS_Final.00768_searchweb.png (180x320) [98.7 KB] || C2_TOS_Final.00768_thm.png (80x40) [7.3 KB] || C2_TOS_Final.mp4 (1920x1080) [67.0 MB] || C2_TOS_Final.webm (1920x1080) [6.9 MB] || C2_TOS_Final.en_US.srt [1.2 KB] || C2_TOS_Final.en_US.vtt [1.2 KB] || ",
            "hits": 93
        },
        {
            "id": 4572,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4572/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2018-11-14T14:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "The Hiawatha Impact Crater",
            "description": "The series of visualizations below are derived from satellite imagery and radar sounding. They portray both the location and size of the 31-kilometer-wide impact crater beneath Hiawatha Glacier. They also portray the structure of the glacier ice that flows into and fills the crater.The Hiawatha impact crater was first suspected to exist in the summer of 2015, from examination of a compilation of Greenland's sub-ice topography radar measurements made by NASA over two decades. The visualizations of the subsurface shown below are derived from a spring 2016 airborne survey by Germany's Alfred Wegener Institute, using a new ultrawideband radar sounder developed by the Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets at The University of Kansas. Subsequent helicopter visits to the deglaciated terrain in front of Hiawatha Glacier by scientists from the Natural History Museum in Denmark recovered sediment samples from the main river that discharges water from beneath Hiawatha Glacier, through the northwestern rim breach. Laboratory examination revealed that these sediment samples contained shocked quartz and elevated platinum-group-element concentrations, both signs that the sediment records evidence of the impact of an iron asteroid more than one kilometer wide. The Hiawatha impact crater is potentially one of the youngest large impact craters on Earth.In the visualizations below, the elevation of the topography of the bed, the ice surface and the radar curtains have been exaggerated ten times in order to better illustrate their structure. || ",
            "hits": 276
        },
        {
            "id": 12977,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12977/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2018-09-26T13:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Mass Balance of Ice Sheets",
            "description": "AntarcticaMusic: \"Distant Echoes,\" Adam Salkeld, Atmosphere Music Ltd. PRS; \"Evolution of Life,\" David Stephen Goldsmith, Atmosphere Music Ltd. PRSComplete transcript available. || antarc_thumb_print.jpg (1024x576) [113.1 KB] || antarc_thumb_searchweb.png (180x320) [88.3 KB] || antarc_thumb_thm.png (80x40) [6.3 KB] || Antarctica_Brunt.mov (1920x1080) [4.1 GB] || Antarctica_Brunt_facebook_720.mp4 (1280x720) [424.3 MB] || Antarctica_Brunt_twitter_720.mp4 (1280x720) [77.5 MB] || Antarctica_Brunt_youtube_1080.mp4 (1920x1080) [571.8 MB] || Antarctica_Brunt_youtube_720.mp4 (1280x720) [552.4 MB] || Antarctica_Brunt_facebook_720.webm (1280x720) [32.9 MB] || Antarctica_icesheet.en_US.srt [6.0 KB] || Antarctica_icesheet.en_US.vtt [6.0 KB] || ",
            "hits": 40
        },
        {
            "id": 4678,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4678/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2018-09-07T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Rink Glacier Multi-Year Surface Elevation Comparison",
            "description": "Since 1993, the Airborne Topographic Mapper or ATM has been monitoring elevation changes of 160 outlet glaciers in Greenland, many of them on an almost annual basis.  Rink Glacier in central west Greenland is one example of a 25-year-long time series of elevation changes.  In these visualizations, elevation data for each aircraft flight over the glacier are illustrated using spheres 1m in diameter, with each sphere representing a specific measurement.  When viewed together, the spheres form sheets defining the observed surface of the glacier for a given year.  The spheres are colored by year, and over time we can see how the glacier's elevation changes. Towards the end of the visualization, the study area of the Rink Glacier is compared to the future coverage of the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2), as represented by bright green crisscrossing ground tracks. || ",
            "hits": 30
        },
        {
            "id": 30942,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30942/",
            "result_type": "Hyperwall Visual",
            "release_date": "2018-05-03T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "The first Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat)",
            "description": "ICESat launch animation and sensor operation || VTS_01_1_trim_00561.jpg (1280x720) [131.3 KB] || VTS_01_1_trim_720p.mp4 (1280x720) [61.6 MB] || VTS_01_1_trim.webm (720x480) [29.8 MB] || ",
            "hits": 129
        },
        {
            "id": 12905,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12905/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2018-03-30T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "The 88-South Antarctic Traverse",
            "description": "NASA cryospheric scientist Kelly Brunt and ICESat-2 Deputy Project Scientist Tom Neumann recall some of the highlights and challenges from the recent 88-South Antarctic Traverse.Music: \"Lights,\" Alexius Tschallener [SUISA], Dominik Johnson [PRS]; \"Vulnerable Moment,\" John Ashton Thomas [PRS]Complete transcript available. || 12905_thumbstill_print.jpg (1024x576) [48.3 KB] || 12905_thumbstill_searchweb.png (180x320) [45.6 KB] || 12905_thumbstill_thm.png (80x40) [4.0 KB] || 12905_Post_Traverse_TWITTER.mp4 (1280x720) [58.5 MB] || 12905_Post_Traverse_PRORES.webm (1920x1080) [28.0 MB] || 12905_Post_Traverse.mp4 (1920x1080) [276.7 MB] || 12905_Post_Traverse_FACEBOOK.mp4 (1920x1080) [336.9 MB] || 12905_Post_Traverse_YOUTUBE.mp4 (1920x1080) [406.9 MB] || 12905_PostTraverse.en_US.srt [5.0 KB] || 12905_PostTraverse.en_US.vtt [5.1 KB] || 12905_Post_Traverse_PRORES.mov (1920x1080) [3.6 GB] || ",
            "hits": 47
        },
        {
            "id": 30880,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30880/",
            "result_type": "Hyperwall Visual",
            "release_date": "2017-05-11T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Antarctic Ice Loss 2002-2016",
            "description": "The mass of the Antarctic ice sheet has changed over the last several years. Research based on observations from NASA’s twin NASA/German Aerospace Center’s twin Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites indicates that between 2002 and 2016, Antarctica shed approximately 125 gigatons of ice per year, causing global sea level to rise by 0.35 millimeters per year.These images, created with GRACE data, show changes in Antarctic ice mass since 2002. Orange and red shades indicate areas that lost ice mass, while light blue shades indicate areas that gained ice mass. White indicates areas where there has been very little or no change in ice mass since 2002. In general, areas near the center of Antarctica experienced small amounts of positive or negative change, while the West Antarctic Ice Sheet experienced a significant ice mass loss (dark red) over the fourteen-year period. Floating ice shelves whose mass GRACE doesn't measure are colored gray. || ",
            "hits": 252
        },
        {
            "id": 30879,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30879/",
            "result_type": "Hyperwall Visual",
            "release_date": "2017-05-02T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Greenland Ice Loss 2002-2016",
            "description": "The mass of the Greenland ice sheet has rapidly declined in the last several years due to surface melting and iceberg calving. Research based on observations from the NASA/German Aerospace Center’s twin Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites indicates that between 2002 and 2016, Greenland shed approximately 280 gigatons of ice per year, causing global sea level to rise by 0.03 inches (0.8 millimeters) per year. These images, created from GRACE data, show changes in Greenland ice mass since 2002. Orange and red shades indicate areas that lost ice mass, while light blue shades indicate areas that gained ice mass. White indicates areas where there has been very little or no change in ice mass since 2002. In general, higher-elevation areas near the center of Greenland experienced little to no change, while lower-elevation and coastal areas experienced up to 13.1 feet (4 meters) of ice mass loss (expressed in equivalent-water-height; dark red) over a 14-year period. The largest mass decreases of up to 11.8 inches (30 centimeters (equivalent-water-height) per year occurred along the West Greenland coast. The average flow lines (grey; created from satellite radar interferometry) of Greenland’s ice converge into the locations of prominent outlet glaciers, and coincide with areas of high mass loss. || ",
            "hits": 279
        },
        {
            "id": 30777,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30777/",
            "result_type": "Hyperwall Visual",
            "release_date": "2016-05-13T10:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "NASA's IceBridge Flies Over the Front of a Greenland Glacier",
            "description": "Operation IceBridge flight over Sermeq Kujatdleq glacier in Greenland || sermeq_greenland_glacier.jpg (2000x1333) [4.4 MB] || sermeq_greenland_glacier_searchweb.png (320x180) [114.7 KB] || sermeq_greenland_glacier_thm.png (80x40) [10.3 KB] || operation-icebridge-sermeq-kujatdleq-glacier.hwshow [316 bytes] || ",
            "hits": 18
        },
        {
            "id": 12141,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12141/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2016-02-03T11:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "ICESat-2 Beam Pairs",
            "description": "Side view of the beam pairs. || ICESat-2_beams_side_print.jpg (1024x576) [121.7 KB] || ICESat-2_beams_side_searchweb.png (320x180) [92.0 KB] || ICESat-2_beams_side_thm.png (80x40) [6.9 KB] || ICESat-2_beams_side.mp4 (1920x1080) [19.9 MB] || ICESat-2_beams_side.webm (1920x1080) [1.6 MB] || sideview (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || ICESat-2_beams_side.mov (1920x1080) [221.5 MB] || ",
            "hits": 33
        },
        {
            "id": 4376,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4376/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2015-10-27T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Antarctic Mass Change from GRACE derived Gravity Observations: Jan 2004 - Jun 2014",
            "description": "GRACE, NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, consists of twin co-orbiting satellites that fly in a near polar orbit separated by a distance of 220 km.  GRACE precisely measures the distance between the two spacecraft in order to make detailed measurements of the Earth's gravitational field.  Since its launch in 2002, GRACE has provided a continuous record of changes in the mass of the Earth's ice sheets.These animations show the change in the mass of the Antarctic Ice Sheet between January 2004 and June 2014 as measured by the pair of GRACE satellites. The 1-arc-deg NASA GSFC mascon solution data was resampled to a 5130 x 5130 data array using Kriging interpolation.  A color scale was applied where blue values indicate an increase in the ice sheet mass while red shades indicate a decrease.  In addition, a graph overlay shows the running total of the accumulated mass change in gigatons.Four separate animations are shown here: one of the full Antarctic Ice Sheet (above) and three of individual regional views (below) showing the regions of West Antarctica, the Antarctic Peninsula and East Antarctica. The time-series of each region is shown with a graph depicting the ice loss for the region alone.  Note that the range on the color scale is different for each regional view in order to portray the most detail possible. Areas outside the region being shown are colored in a pale green to indicate that it is not included in the view.  The floating ice shelves, shown in a lighter shade of green, are also not included.Technical Note:  The glacial isostatic adjustment signal (Earth mass redistribution in response to historical ice loading) has been removed using the ICE-6G model (Peltier et al. 2015). || ",
            "hits": 47
        },
        {
            "id": 11991,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11991/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2015-09-16T17:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Ask A Climate Scientist - Thinning Ice Sheets",
            "description": "Dr. Kelly Brunt explains that Greenland's ice sheet is thinning, and while it is still over 10,000 feet thick, the melt water is contributing to sea level rise.For complete transcript, click here. || G2013-077_AACS_Thinning_Ice.jpg (1280x720) [96.0 KB] || poster-G2013-077_AACS_Thinning_Ice_searchweb.png (320x180) [79.8 KB] || G2013-077_AACS_Thinning_Ice_thm.png (80x40) [7.1 KB] || G2013-077_AACS_Thinning_Ice_youtube_hq.mov (1280x720) [235.9 MB] || G2013-077_AACS_Thinning_Ice_appletv.m4v (1280x720) [70.2 MB] || G2013-077_AACS_Thinning_Ice.mpeg (1280x720) [488.6 MB] || G2013-077_AACS_Thinning_Ice_prores.mov (1280x720) [2.0 GB] || G2013-077_AACS_Thinning_Ice_HD.wmv (1280x720) [21.5 MB] || G2013-077_AACS_Thinning_Ice.webm (960x540) [58.2 MB] || G2013-077_AACS_Thinning_Ice_appletv_subtitles.m4v (1280x720) [70.3 MB] || G2013-077_AACS_Thinning_Ice.en_US.srt [2.4 KB] || G2013-077_AACS_Thinning_Ice.en_US.vtt [2.5 KB] || G2013-077_AACS_Thinning_Ice_ipod_sm.mp4 (320x240) [24.3 MB] || ",
            "hits": 21
        },
        {
            "id": 11976,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11976/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2015-08-26T17:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Sea Level Rise Live Shots",
            "description": "Sea Level Rising Inteview with Tom Wagner || YOUTUBE_HQ_Tom_Wagner_-_Sea_Levels_youtube_hq_print.jpg (1024x576) [128.8 KB] || WEBM_Tom_Wagner_-_Sea_Levels_1.webm (960x540) [82.0 MB] || WMV_Tom_Wagner_-_Sea_Levels_1_HD.wmv (1280x720) [39.7 MB] || APPLE_TV_Tom_Wagner_-_Sea_Levels_1_appletv.m4v (1280x720) [112.3 MB] || APPLE_TV_Tom_Wagner_-_Sea_Levels_1_appletv_subtitles.m4v (1280x720) [112.4 MB] || YOUTUBE_HQ_Tom_Wagner_-_Sea_Levels_1_youtube_hq.mov (1280x720) [369.3 MB] || NASA_TV_Tom_Wagner_-_Sea_Levels_1.mpeg (1280x720) [687.0 MB] || WEBM_Tom_Wagner_-_Sea_Levels.en_US.vtt [4.5 KB] || WEBM_Tom_Wagner_-_Sea_Levels_1.en_US.srt [4.6 KB] || WEBM_Tom_Wagner_-_Sea_Levels_1.en_US.vtt [4.5 KB] || NASA_PODCAST_Tom_Wagner_-_Sea_Levels_1_ipod_sm.mp4 (320x240) [36.7 MB] || Tom_Wagner_-_Sea_Levels_1.mov (1280x720) [2.6 GB] || ",
            "hits": 37
        },
        {
            "id": 4325,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4325/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2015-08-26T10:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "NASA GSFC MASCON Solution over Greenland from Jan 2004 - Jun 2014",
            "description": "Visualization of the mass change over Greenland from January 2004 through June 2014.  The surface of Greenland shows the change in equivalent water height while the graph overlay shows the total accumulated change in gigatons. || GRACE_Greenland_wGraph_p30.1322_print.jpg (1024x576) [138.2 KB] || GRACE_Greenland_wGraph_p30.1322_searchweb.png (180x320) [84.6 KB] || GRACE_Greenland_wGraph_p30.1322_thm.png (80x40) [7.0 KB] || GRACE_Greenland_wGraph_p30_720p.webm (1280x720) [2.5 MB] || GRACE_Greenland_wGraph_p30_1080p.webm (1920x1080) [2.9 MB] || GRACE_Greenland_wGraph_p30_1080p.mp4 (1920x1080) [16.9 MB] || GRACE_Greenland_wGraph_p30_720p.mp4 (1280x720) [9.4 MB] || composite (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || composite (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || GRACE_Greenland_wGraph_p30_360p.mp4 (640x360) [3.4 MB] || MASCON_solution_greenland_4325.key [12.7 MB] || MASCON_solution_greenland_4325.pptx [10.1 MB] || ",
            "hits": 39
        },
        {
            "id": 4347,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4347/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2015-08-26T10:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "NASA GSFC MASCON Solution over Antarctica from Jan 2004 - Jun 2014",
            "description": "Visualization of the mass change over the Antarctic Ice Sheet from January 2004 through June 2014. The color on the surface of the ice sheet shows the change in equivalent water height while the graph overlay shows the total accumulated change in gigatons. || GRACE_Antarctic_Wgraph_p30.2521_print.jpg (1024x576) [110.0 KB] || GRACE_Antarctic_Wgraph_p30.2521_searchweb.png (320x180) [71.0 KB] || GRACE_Antarctic_Wgraph_p30.2521_thm.png (80x40) [6.3 KB] || GRACE_Antarctic_Wgraph_p30_1080p.mp4 (1920x1080) [18.2 MB] || GRACE_Antarctic_Wgraph_p30_1080p.webm (1920x1080) [7.7 MB] || GRACE_Antarctic_Wgraph_p30_720p.mp4 (1280x720) [10.4 MB] || GRACE_Antarctic_Wgraph_p30_720p.webm (1280x720) [8.7 MB] || composite (1920x1080) [256.0 KB] || composite (1920x1080) [512.0 KB] || GRACE_Antarctic_Wgraph_p30_360p.mp4 (640x360) [3.8 MB] || MASCON_solution_antartica_4347.pptx [11.0 MB] || MASCON_solution_antartica_4347.key [13.6 MB] || ",
            "hits": 46
        },
        {
            "id": 4328,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4328/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2015-08-25T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Greenland's Glaciers as seen by RadarSat",
            "description": "An animation up the Greenland's Sermilik Fjord to the calving front of the Helheim Glacier, showing the glacier front's change between 2000 to 2013This video is also available on our YouTube channel. || Helheim_radarsat_4k.0800_print.jpg (1024x576) [242.6 KB] || Helheim_radarsat_4k.0800_searchweb.png (180x320) [121.8 KB] || Helheim_radarsat_4k.0800_web.png (320x180) [121.8 KB] || Helheim_radarsat_4k.0800_thm.png (80x40) [7.6 KB] || Helheim_radarsat_4k_1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [84.5 MB] || Helheim_radarsat_4k_720p30.mp4 (1280x720) [43.3 MB] || Helheim_radarsat_4k_2160p30.webm (3840x2160) [16.2 MB] || Helheim (3840x2160) [256.0 KB] || Helheim_radarsat_4k_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [225.6 MB] || ",
            "hits": 45
        },
        {
            "id": 11973,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11973/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2015-08-17T18:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Lakes On A Glacier",
            "description": "A view of Greenland's ice sheet from the NASA/USGS Landsat 8 satellite, narrated by Dr. Allen Pope.  The data enables Dr. Pope to measure the depth of the lakes that form on the surface every summer as the snow and ice melts.  The data in this image are from July 12, 2014, and shows the area just south of the Jakobshavn Glacier.For complete transcript, click here.Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel. || G2015-056_Lakes_On_A_Glacier-print.jpg (1024x576) [430.4 KB] || G2015-056_Lakes_On_A_Glacier_MASTER_youtube_hq_searchweb.png (180x320) [71.3 KB] || G2015-056_Lakes_On_A_Glacier_MASTER_youtube_hq_thm.png (80x40) [4.8 KB] || G2015-056_Lakes_On_A_Glacier_MASTER_youtube_1920.mp4 (1920x1080) [132.4 MB] || G2015-056_Lakes_On_A_Glacier_MASTER_youtube_hq.mov (1280x720) [391.1 MB] || G2015-056_Lakes_On_A_Glacier_MASTER_appletv.m4v (1280x720) [78.9 MB] || G2015-056_Lakes_On_A_Glacier_MASTER.mpeg (1280x720) [560.6 MB] || G2015-056_Lakes_On_A_Glacier_MASTER_1280x720.wmv (1280x720) [80.6 MB] || G2015-056_Lakes_On_A_Glacier_MASTER_prores.mov (1280x720) [2.3 GB] || G2015-056_Lakes_On_A_Glacier_MASTER_prores-1920.mov (1920x1080) [4.3 GB] || G2015-056_Lakes_On_A_Glacier_MASTER.webm (960x540) [67.1 MB] || G2015-056_Lakes_On_A_Glacier_MASTER_appletv_subtitles.m4v (1280x720) [79.0 MB] || G2015-056_Lakes_On_A_Glacier-captions.en_US.srt [3.0 KB] || G2015-056_Lakes_On_A_Glacier-captions.en_US.vtt [3.0 KB] || G2015-056_Lakes_On_A_Glacier_MASTER_ipod_sm.mp4 (320x240) [28.0 MB] || ",
            "hits": 28
        },
        {
            "id": 4308,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4308/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2015-08-08T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "SIGGRAPH Daily 2015: How did we tile Greenland?",
            "description": "This narrated animation shown as a Daily at SIGGRAPH 2015 describes a method of automatically mapping of 87 gigapixels of data over Greenland. For complete transcript, click here.This video is also available on our YouTube channel. || Radarsat_Daily.2178_print.jpg (1024x576) [186.4 KB] || Radarsat_Daily.2178_thm.png (80x40) [7.1 KB] || Radarsat_Daily.2178_searchweb.png (180x320) [106.4 KB] || 1920x1080_16x9_30p (1920x1080) [256.0 KB] || 4308_Tiling_Greenland_appletv_subtitles.m4v (1280x720) [47.1 MB] || 4308_Tiling_Greenland_VX-70360.webm (1280x720) [9.0 MB] || 1280x720_16x9_30p (1280x720) [256.0 KB] || 4308_Tiling_Greenland_H264_1080p.mp4 (1920x1080) [133.1 MB] || 4308_Tiling_Greenland_prores.mov (1920x1080) [1.5 GB] || 4308_Tiling_Greenland_1280x720.wmv (1280x720) [37.5 MB] || 4308_Tiling_Greenland_VX-70360.mpeg (1280x720) [366.2 MB] || 4308_Tiling_Greenland_appletv.m4v (1280x720) [47.0 MB] || 4308_Tiling_Greenland_youtube_hq.mov (1280x720) [161.9 MB] || 4308_Tiling_Greenland_H264_1080p.mov (1920x1080) [133.1 MB] || 4308_Tiling_Greenland.en_US.srt [2.0 KB] || 4308_Tiling_Greenland.en_US.vtt [1.9 KB] || 4308_Tiling_Greenland_ipod_sm.mp4 (320x240) [21.1 MB] || ",
            "hits": 27
        },
        {
            "id": 4306,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4306/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2015-06-25T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "FROZEN: The Full Story",
            "description": "On March 27, 2009, NASA released FROZEN, a twelve-minute show about the Earth's frozen regions designed for Science On a Sphere.  Science On a Sphere was created by NOAA and displays movies on a spherical screen, which is ideal for a show about the Earth or the planets.  The audience can view the show from any side of the sphere and can see any part of the Earth.  Making a movie for this system is challenging, and FROZEN was an exciting project to create.  Until now, only the \"trailer\" for FROZEN has been available for viewing from our site.  Here, for the first time, is an on-line version of the complete show, presented in several different formats that show different aspects of the movie. || ",
            "hits": 47
        },
        {
            "id": 4249,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4249/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2015-01-23T09:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Greenland Ice Sheet Stratigraphy",
            "description": "The above movie shows the new 3D map of the age of the Greenland ice sheet, using a collage of live footage and animation to explain how scientists determined the age from data collected by ice-penetrating radar.  The full script of the narration is available here.   This video is also available on our YouTube channel. || GIS_age_structure.jpg (1024x576) [166.8 KB] || 4249_Greenland_Radiostratigraphy_MASTER.webmhd.webm (1080x606) [51.7 MB] || 4249_Greenland_Radiostratigraphy_MASTER_1280x720.wmv (1280x720) [115.8 MB] || 4249_Greenland_Radiostratigraphy_MASTER_appletv.m4v (960x540) [99.6 MB] || 4249_Greenland_Radiostratigraphy_MASTER_appletv_subtitles.m4v (960x540) [99.7 MB] || 4249_Greenland_Radiostratigraphy_MASTER_youtube_hq.mov (1920x1080) [450.8 MB] || 4249_Greenland_Radiostratigraphy_MASTER_ipod_lg.m4v (640x360) [40.0 MB] || 4249_Greenland_Radiostratigraphy.en_US.srt [4.7 KB] || 4249_Greenland_Radiostratigraphy.en_US.vtt [4.7 KB] || 4249_Greenland_Radiostratigraphy_MASTER_nasaportal.mov (640x360) [98.5 MB] || 4249_Greenland_Radiostratigraphy_MASTER_ipod_sm.mp4 (320x240) [21.5 MB] || 4249_Greenland_Radiostratigraphy_MASTER_prores.mov (1920x1080) [6.7 GB] || ",
            "hits": 278
        },
        {
            "id": 4168,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4168/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2014-05-29T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "West Antarctic Collapse",
            "description": "A new study by researchers at NASA and the University of California, Irvine, finds a rapidly melting section of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet appears to be in an irreversible state of decline, with nothing to stop the glaciers in this area from melting into the sea according to glaciologist and lead author Eric Rignot, of UC Irvine and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.Three major lines of evidence point to the glaciers' eventual demise: the changes in their flow speeds, how much of each glacier floats on seawater, and the slope and depth of the terrain they are flowing over.  In a paper in April, Rignot's research group discussed the steadily increasing flow speeds of these glaciers over the past 40 years. This new study examines the other two lines of evidence.As glaciers flow out from land to the ocean, large expanses of ice behind their leading edges float on the seawater. The point on a glacier where it first loses contact with land is called the grounding line. Nearly all glacier melt occurs on the underside of the glacier beyond the grounding line, on the section floating on seawater.  The Antarctic glaciers studied have thinned so much they are now floating above places where they used to sit solidly on land, which means their grounding lines are retreating inland.—><!——><!—Above: Move bar to compare the grounding line of the Smith Glacier from 1996 (left) to the location in 2011 (right) which has retreated inland 35 km during this time. The green line indicates the location of the 1996 grounding line.  Download HTML to embed this in your web page.The bedrock topography is another key to the fate of the ice in this basin. All the glacier beds slope deeper below sea level as they extend farther inland. As the glaciers retreat, they cannot escape the reach of the ocean, and the warm water will keep melting them even more rapidly.Below are two edited versions of narrated stories released by JPL to explain this research.  In addition are the two versions of the unedited animations provided to JPL to support the release.  The unedited animations show the region of study by the JPL researchers, identifying by name the glaciers that terminate in the Amundsen Sea. One of the animations includes data showing the velocity of the glaciers in the region, flow vectors showing the movement of the glaciers colored by their velocity and a difference image showing the change in velocity between 1996 and 2008.  The second animation does not include these datasets.  Both versions of the animation draw close to the Smith Glacier and show how the grounding line of this glacier has moved inland 35 kilometers between 1996 and 2011.  As the surface of the ice sheet is peeled away, showing the height and depth of the bedrock topography.   Regions below sea level are shown in shades of brown while areas above sea level are shown in green.  Sea level is shown in yellow. || ",
            "hits": 143
        },
        {
            "id": 11529,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11529/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2014-04-25T17:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Pine Island Glacier Ice Island 2013",
            "description": "In early November 2013, a large iceberg separated from the front of Antarctica’s Pine Island Glacier. It thus began a journey across Pine Island Bay, a basin of the Amundsen Sea. The ice island, named B31, will likely be swept up soon in the swift currents of the Southern Ocean, though it will be hard to track visually for the next six months as Antarctica heads into winter darkness.Over the course of five months in Antarctic spring and summer, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)—an instrument on NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites—captured a series of images of ice island B31. The time-lapse video below shows the motion of the massive chunk of ice.The significance of the event is still being sorted out. “Iceberg calving is a very normal process,” noted Kelly Brunt, a glaciologist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. “However, the detachment rift, or crack, that created this iceberg was well upstream of the 30-year average calving front of Pine Island Glacier, so this a region that warrants monitoring.”Pine Island Glacier has been the subject of intense study in the past two decades because it has been thinning and draining rapidly and may be one of the largest contributors to sea level rise. || ",
            "hits": 42
        },
        {
            "id": 4022,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4022/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2014-03-25T11:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Measuring Elevation Changes on the Greenland Ice Sheet",
            "description": "Since the late 1970's, NASA has been monitoring changes in the Greenland Ice Sheet. Recent analysis of seven years of surface elevation readings from NASA's ICESat satellite and four years of laser and and ice-penetrating radar data from NASA's airborne mission Operation IceBridge shows us how the surface elevation of the ice sheet has changed.The colors shown on the surface of the ice sheet represent the accumulated change in elevation since 2003. The light yellow over the central region of the ice sheet indicates a slight thickening due to snow. This accumulation, along with the weight of the ice sheet, pushes ice toward the coast. Thinning near coastal regions, shown in green, blue and purple, has increased over time and now extends into the interior of the ice sheet where the bedrock topography permits. As a result, there has been an average loss of 300 cubic kilometers of ice per year between 2003 and 2012.This animation portrays the changes occurring in the surface elevation of the ice sheet since 2003 in three drainage regions: the southeast, the northeast and the Jakobshavn regions. In each region, the time advances to show the accumulated change in elevation from 2003 through 2012.—><!——><!—Above: Move bar to compare the change in surface elevation (left) to the bedrock topography (right) in the northeast region. Download HTML to embed this in your web page.The ice sheet is cut away to reveal how the bedrock topography beneath the ice sheet affects the movement of glacial ice in each region. The bedrock topography is colored by elevation with areas below sea level shown in brown and areas above sea level shown in green. Yellow indicates regions at sea level. —><!——><!—Above: Move bar to compare the change in the surface elevation (left) to the bedrock topography (right) in the Jakobshavn region. Download HTML to embed this in your web page.The bedrock topography affects the movement of the ice sheet. Blue/white velocity flows indicate the direction and speed of the ice over time. Slower moving ice is shown as shorter blue flow lines while faster moving ice is shown as longer white flow lines. || ",
            "hits": 67
        },
        {
            "id": 30492,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30492/",
            "result_type": "Hyperwall Visual",
            "release_date": "2014-02-11T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Antarctic Ice Loss 2003-2013",
            "description": "The mass of the Antarctic ice sheet has changed over the last several years. Research based on observations from NASA’s twin Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites indicates that between 2003 and 2013, Antarctica shed approximately 90 gigatons of ice per year, causing global sea level to rise by 0.25 millimeters per year.These images, created with GRACE data, show changes in Antarctic ice mass since 2003. Orange and red shades indicate areas that lost ice mass, while light blue shades indicate areas that gained ice mass. White indicates areas where there has been very little or no change in ice mass since 2003. In general, areas near the center of Antarctica experienced small amounts of positive or negative change, while the West Antarctic Ice Sheet experienced a significant ice mass loss (dark red) over the ten-year period. || ",
            "hits": 45
        },
        {
            "id": 30478,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30478/",
            "result_type": "Hyperwall Visual",
            "release_date": "2013-10-08T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Greenland Ice Loss 2003-2013",
            "description": "The mass of the Greenland ice sheet has rapidly been declining over the last several years due to surface melting and iceberg calving. Research based on observations from NASA’s twin Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites indicates that between 2003 and 2013, Greenland shed approximately 280 gigatons of ice per year, causing global sea level to rise by 0.8 millimeters per year. These images, created with GRACE data, show changes in Greenland ice mass since 2003. Orange and red shades indicate areas that lost ice mass, while light blue shades indicate areas that gained ice mass. White indicates areas where there has been very little or no change in ice mass since 2003. In general, higher-elevation areas near the center of Greenland experienced little to no change, while lower-elevation and coastal areas experienced up to 3 meters of ice mass loss (dark red) over a ten-year period. The largest mass decreases of up to 30 centimeters per year occurred over southeastern Greenland. || ",
            "hits": 29
        },
        {
            "id": 4097,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4097/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2013-08-29T14:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Greenland's Mega-Canyon beneath the Ice Sheet",
            "description": "Subglacial topography plays an important role in modulating the distribution and flow of meltwater beneath the ice known as basal water flow. This animation portrays topographic data of the bedrock under the Greenland ice sheet derived from ice-penetrating radar data. Clearly evident in the topography is a 750-km-long subglacial canyon in northern Greenland that is likely to have influenced basal water flow from the ice sheet interior to the margin. The authors suggest that the mega-canyon predates ice sheet inception and has influenced basal hydrology in Greenland over past glacial cycles. (See reference under \"Science Paper\" below)Starting with a view of the surface of Greenland, the animation zooms closer to the surface as the ice sheet is stripped away to reveal the false-color topography of the bedrock that lies beneath. Regions above sea level are shown in shades of green while areas below zero are colored by shades of brown. Yellow indicates the area near sea level. The topography is exaggerated from 12 to 40 times in order to accentuate the topographic relief. Visible in the topography from about the midpoint of Greenland to its Northwest coast is the 750-km-long subglacial canyon described by the authors. || ",
            "hits": 219
        },
        {
            "id": 30055,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30055/",
            "result_type": "Hyperwall Visual",
            "release_date": "2013-06-27T14:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Columbia Glacier, Alaska",
            "description": "The Columbia Glacier in Alaska is one of the most rapidly changing glaciers in the world. These false-color images show how the glacier and the surrounding landscape has changed since 1986. Snow and ice appears bright cyan, vegetation is green, clouds are white or light orange, and the open ocean is dark blue. Exposed bedrock is brown, while rocky debris on the glacier’s surface is gray. By 2011, the terminus had retreated more than 20 kilometers (12 miles) to the north. Since the 1980s, the glacier has lost about half of its total thickness and volume. The retreat of the Columbia contributes to global sea-level rise, mostly through iceberg calving. This one glacier accounts for nearly half of the ice loss in the Chugach Mountains. However, the ice losses are not exclusively tied to increasing air and water temperatures. Climate change may have given the Columbia an initial nudge, but it has more to do with mechanical processes. In fact, when the Columbia reaches the shoreline, its retreat will likely slow down. The more stable surface will cause the rate of calving to decline, making it possible for the glacier to start rebuilding a moraine and advancing once again. || ",
            "hits": 65
        },
        {
            "id": 4001,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4001/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2012-10-18T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Ice Flow toward the Petermann Glacier, Greenland",
            "description": "Greenland looks like a big pile of snow seen from space using a regular camera. But satellite radar interferometry helps us detect the motion of ice beneath the snow. Ice starts flowing from the flanks of topographic divides in the interior of the island, and increases in speed toward the coastline where it is channelized along a set of narrow, powerful outlet glaciers. In the east, these glaciers make their sinuous way through complex terrain at low speed. They form long floating extensions that deform slowly in the cold north. As we move toward sectors of higher snowfall in the northwest and centre west, ice flow speeds increase by nearly a factor 10, with many, smaller glaciers flowing straight down to the coastline at several kilometers per year.This complete description of ice motion was only made possible from the coordinated effort of four space agencies: the Japanese Space Agency, the Canadian Space Agency, the European Space Agency, and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The data will help scientists improve their understanding of the dynamics of ice in Greenland and in projecting how the Greenland Ice Sheet will respond to climate change in the decades and centuries to come. || ",
            "hits": 51
        },
        {
            "id": 3962,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3962/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2012-07-02T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Greenland Ice Flow",
            "description": "Greenland looks like a big pile of snow seen from space using a regular camera. But satellite radar interferometry helps us detect the motion of ice beneath the snow. Ice starts flowing from the flanks of topographic divides in the interior of the island, and increases in speed toward the coastline where it is channelized along a set of narrow, powerful outlet glaciers. In the east, these glaciers make their sinuous way through complex terrain at low speed. They form long floating extensions that deform slowly in the cold north. As we move toward sectors of higher snowfall in the northwest and center west, ice flow speeds increase by nearly a factor of 10, with many, smaller glaciers flowing straight down to the coastline at several kilometers per year.This complete description of ice motion was only made possible from the coordinated effort of four space agencies: the Japanese Space Agency, the Canadian Space Agency, the European Space Agency, and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The data will help scientists improve their understanding of the dynamics of ice in Greenland and in projecting how the Greenland Ice Sheet will respond to climate change in the decades and centuries to come. || ",
            "hits": 103
        },
        {
            "id": 3910,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3910/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2012-02-07T12:40:00-05:00",
            "title": "Ice Sheet Mass Balance from GRACE",
            "description": "In the first comprehensive satellite study of its kind, a University of Colorado Boulder-led team used NASA data to calculate how much Earth's melting land ice is adding to global sea level rise.Using satellite measurements from the NASA/German Aerospace Center Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), the researchers measured ice loss in all of Earth's land ice between 2003 and 2010, with particular emphasis on glaciers and ice caps outside of Greenland and Antarctica. The total global ice mass lost from Greenland, Antarctica and all Earth's glaciers and ice caps over the period studied was about 4.3 trillion tons (1,000 cubic miles), adding about 12 millimeters (0.5 inches) to global sea level. That's enough ice to cover the United States 1.5 feet (0.5 meters) deep. About a quarter of the average annual ice loss came from glaciers and ice caps outside of Greenland and Antarctica (about 148 billion tons, or 39 cubic miles), while ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica and their peripheral ice caps and glaciers averaged roughly 385 billion tons (100 cubic miles) a year. Results of the study are published online Feb. 8 in the journal Nature.\"Earth is losing a huge amount of ice to the ocean annually, and these new results will help us answer important questions in terms of both sea rise and how the planet's cold regions are responding to global change,\" said University of Colorado Boulder physics professor John Wahr, who helped lead the study. \"The strength of GRACE is it sees all the mass in the system, even though its resolution isn't high enough to allow us to determine separate contributions from each individual glacier,\" said Wahr, also a fellow at the University of Colorado-headquartered Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences. Traditional estimates of Earth's ice caps and glaciers have been made using ground measurements from relatively few glaciers to infer what all the world's unmonitored glaciers were doing. Only a few hundred of the roughly 200,000 glaciers worldwide have been monitored for longer than a decade. One unexpected study result from GRACE was that the estimated ice loss from high Asian mountain ranges like the Himalaya, the Pamir and the Tien Shan was only about 4 billion tons of ice annually. Some previous ground-based estimates of ice loss in these high Asian mountains have ranged up to 50 billion tons annually, Wahr said. \"The GRACE results in this region really were a surprise,\" said Wahr. \"One possible explanation is that previous estimates were based on measurements taken primarily from some of the lower, more accessible glaciers in Asia and were extrapolated to infer the behavior of higher glaciers. But unlike the lower glaciers, most of the high glaciers are located in very cold environments, and require greater amounts of atmospheric warming before local temperatures rise enough to cause significant melting. This makes it difficult to use low-elevation, ground-based measurements to estimate results from the entire system.\" \"This study finds that the world's small glaciers and ice caps in places like Alaska, South America and the Himalayas contribute about 0.4 millimeters (.02 inches) per year to sea level rise,\" said Tom Wagner, cryosphere program scientist at NASA Headquarters in Washington. \"While this is lower than previous estimates, it confirms that ice is being lost from around the globe, with just a few areas in precarious balance. The results sharpen our view of land ice melting, which poses the biggest, most threatening factor in future sea level rise.\" Launched in 2002, the twin GRACE satellites track changes in Earth's gravity field by noting minute changes in gravitational pull caused by regional variations in Earth's mass, which for periods of months to years is typically due to movements of water on Earth's surface. It does this by measuring changes in the distance between its two identical spacecraft to one-hundredth the width of a human hair. The spacecraft, developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., are in the same orbit approximately 220 kilometers (137 miles) apart. || ",
            "hits": 162
        },
        {
            "id": 3889,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3889/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2011-11-28T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Pine Island Glacier Ice Flows and Elevation Change",
            "description": "This animation shows glacier changes detected by ATM, ICESat and ice bridge data in the highly dynamic Pine Island Glacier. We know that ice speeds in this area have increased dramatically from the late 1990s to the present as the ice shelves in this area have thinned and the bottom of the ice has lost contact with the bed beneath. As the ice has accelerated, ice upstream of the coast must be stretched more vigorously, causing it to thin. NASA-sponsored aircraft missions first measured the ice surface height in this region in 2002, followed by ICESat data between 2002 and 2009. Ice Bridge aircraft have measured further surface heights in 2009 and 2010, and these measurements continue today. Integrating these altimetry sources allows us to estimate surface height changes throughout the drainage regions of the most important glaciers in the region. We see large and accelerating elevation changes extending inland from the coast on Pine Island glacier shown centered here. The changes on Pine Island mark these as potential continuing sources of ice to the sea, and has been surveyed in 2011 by Ice Bridge aircraft and targeted for repeat measurements in coming years. || ",
            "hits": 23
        },
        {
            "id": 3875,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3875/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2011-11-02T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "West Antarctic Glacier Ice Flows and Elevation Change",
            "description": "This animation shows glacier changes detected by ATM, ICESat and ice bridge data in the highly dynamic Amundsen Embayment of West Antarctica. We know that ice speeds in this area have increased dramatically from the late 1990s to the present as the ice shelves in this area have thinned and the bottom of the ice has lost contact with the bed beneath. As the ice has accelerated, ice upstream of the coast must be stretched more vigorously, causing it to thin. NASA-sponsored aircraft missions first measured the ice surface height in this region in 2002, followed by ICESat data between 2002 and 2009. Ice Bridge aircraft have measured further surface heights in 2009 and 2010, and these measurements continue today. Integrating these altimetry sources allows us to estimate surface height changes throughout the drainage regions of the most important glaciers in the region. We see large elevation changes at the coast on Thwaites glacier, at the center of the images, and large and accelerating elevation changes extending inland from the coast on Pine Island and Smith glaciers, to the left and right of the images, respectively. The changes on Pine Island and Smith glaciers mark these as potential continuing sources of ice to the sea, and they have been surveyed in 2011 by Ice Bridge aircraft and targeted for repeat measurements in coming years. || ",
            "hits": 113
        },
        {
            "id": 10739,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10739/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2011-05-12T16:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Operation IceBridge Flies the Ice Caps",
            "description": "Ice caps are simply small versions of ice sheets, measuring in at a maximum area of 50,000 square kilometers (about 19,000 square miles). It's their small and thin stature that makes ice caps more prone to melt in a warming Arctic. Charles Webb of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., explains the importance of monitoring ice caps in the Canadian Arctic A few flights within NASA's Operation IceBridge — an airborne mission to monitor Earth's polar ice — are adding to the long-term record of ice cap changes. Such a record can provide insight into ice cap dynamics as well as provide an early-warning indicator of the impacts of climate change. || ",
            "hits": 33
        },
        {
            "id": 3825,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3825/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2011-03-28T22:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Operation IceBridge 2011 Arctic Flight Paths and Change in Elevation Data over Greenland",
            "description": "With the aircraft resources of NASA's Airborne Sciences Program, Operation IceBridge is taking to the sky to ensure a sustained, critical watch over Earth's polar regions. Flight lines (black) are shown for the 2011 campaign over Arctic sea ice and Greenland's land ice. Many flights target outlet glaciers along the coast where NASA's Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) shows significant thinning. Blue and purple colors, respectively, indicate moderate to large thinning. Gray and yellow, respectively, indicate slight to moderate thickening. Since its launch in January 2003, the ICESat elevation satellite has been measuring the change in thickness of ice sheets. This image of Greenland shows the changes in elevation over the Greenland ice sheet between 2003 and 2006. || ",
            "hits": 50
        },
        {
            "id": 3823,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3823/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2011-03-21T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Operation IceBridge 2010 Arctic Flight Paths and Change in Elevation Data over Greenland",
            "description": "With the aircraft resources of NASA's Airborne Sciences Program, Operation IceBridge is taking to the sky to ensure a sustained, critical watch over Earth's polar regions. Flight lines (black) are shown for the 2010 campaign over Arctic sea ice and Greenland's land ice. Many flights target outlet glaciers along the coast where NASA's Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) shows significant thinning. Blue and purple colors, respectively, indicate moderate to large thinning. Gray and yellow, respectively, indicate slight to moderate thickening. Since its launch in January 2003, the ICESat elevation satellite has been measuring the change in thickness of ice sheets. This image of Greenland shows the changes in elevation over the Greenland ice sheet between 2003 and 2006. || ",
            "hits": 13
        },
        {
            "id": 10734,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10734/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2011-03-15T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Building a Bigger Bridge - OIB 2011 Preview",
            "description": "Operation IceBridge is heading back into the Arctic with two aircraft and the most sophisticated suite of instruments ever flown in polar regions. This year's mission will focus on sea ice thickness, the Canadian Ice Caps, Greenland ice sheet dynamics, and flyovers of the European Space Agency's CryoSat-2 ground validation sites. || ",
            "hits": 14
        },
        {
            "id": 3669,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3669/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2010-02-16T02:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Norwegian-U.S. Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica",
            "description": "A massive, largely unexplored region, the East Antarctic ice sheet looms large in the global climate system, yet relatively little is known about its climate variability or the contribution it makes to sea level changes. The field expedition for this international partnership involves scientific investigations along two overland traverses in East Antarctica: one going from the Norwegian Troll Station to the United States South Pole Station in 2007-2008; and a return traverse by a different route in 2008-2009. This project will investigate climate change in East Antarctica.One of the most pressing environmental issues of our time is the need to understand the mechanisms of current global climate change and the associated impacts on global economic and political systems. In order to predict the future with confidence, we need a clear understanding of past and present changes in the Polar Regions and the role these changes play in the global climate system.For more information about this project go to http://traverse.npolar.no || ",
            "hits": 72
        },
        {
            "id": 3672,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3672/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2010-01-05T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "28 Year Arctic Temperature Trend",
            "description": "Scientists who study the Arctic region consider this area to be an early indicator of global warming, because changes in this area are amplified by the high albedo of the snow and ice. This animation depicts the 28-year surface temperature trend over the Arctic region determined from data collected between August 1981 and July 2009. The warming and cooling regions are shown in steps of .02 degrees Kelvin per year from the regions of greatest change to the areas of least change. Blue hues indicate cooling regions; red hues depict warming. The neutral region of -.02 to +.02 is shown in white. Light regions indicate less change while darker regions indicate more. The temperature scale used ranges from -0.42 to +0.42 degrees Kelvin, although the minimum data value is -0.1825 degrees Kelvin per year while the maximum value is 0.4185. || ",
            "hits": 105
        },
        {
            "id": 3676,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3676/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2010-01-05T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "28 Year Arctic Winter Seasonal Temperature Trend",
            "description": "The Arctic region has been an area of scientific interest because it is expected that global warming signals will be amplified in the region because of ice-albedo feedback effect. Such effect is associated with the high albedo of snow and sea ice covered areas compared to that of ice free ocean and land areas. This animation depicts the 28-year winter seasonal surface temperature trend over the Arctic region determined from data collected during the months of December, January and February between 1981 and 2009. In this animation, the warming and cooling regions are revealed in steps of .02 degrees change per year starting with the regions of greatest change and progressing to the areas of least change. Blue hues indicate cooling regions while red hues depict warming. The neutral region of -.01 to +.01 degrees is shown in white. Brighter regions indicate greater temperature change while light regions indicate less. On the left side, the colarbar shows cooling temperatures ranging from -0.42 to zero degrees Kelvin, while the colorbar on the right shows warming temperatures ranging from zero to +0.42 degrees Kelvin per year. A moving bar beside each colorbar indicates the range of data values being displayed. || ",
            "hits": 129
        },
        {
            "id": 3677,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3677/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2010-01-05T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "28 Year Arctic Spring Seasonal Temperature Trend",
            "description": "The Arctic region has been an area of scientific interest because it is expected that global warming signals will be amplified in the region because of ice-albedo feedback effect. Such effect is associated with the high albedo of snow and sea ice covered areas compared to that of ice free ocean and land areas. This animation depicts the 28-year spring seasonal surface temperature trend over the Arctic region determined from data collected during the months of March, April and May between 1982 and 2009.In this animation, the warming and cooling regions are revealed in steps of .02 degrees change per year starting with the regions of greatest change and progressing to the areas of least change. Blue hues indicate cooling regions while red hues depict warming. The neutral region of -.01 to +.01 degrees is shown in white. Brighter regions indicate greater temperature change while light regions indicate less. On the left side, the colarbar shows cooling temperatures ranging from -0.42 to zero degrees Kelvin, while the colorbar on the right shows warming temperatures ranging from zero to +0.42 degrees per year. An animated bar beside each colorbar brackets the range of data values being displayed. || ",
            "hits": 26
        },
        {
            "id": 3678,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3678/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2010-01-05T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "28 Year Arctic Summer Seasonal Temperature Trend",
            "description": "The Arctic region has been an area of scientific interest because it is expected that global warming signals will be amplified in the region because of ice-albedo feedback effect. Such effect is associated with the high albedo of snow and sea ice covered areas compared to that of ice free ocean and land areas. This animation depicts the 28-year summer seasonal surface temperature trend over the Arctic region determined from data collected during the months of June, July and August between 1982 and 2009.In this animation, the warming and cooling regions are revealed in steps of .02 degrees change per year starting with the regions of greatest change and progressing to the areas of least change. Blue hues indicate cooling regions while red hues depict warming. The neutral region of -.01 to +.01 degrees is shown in white. Brighter regions indicate greater temperature change while light regions indicate less. On the left side, the colarbar shows cooling temperatures ranging from -0.42 to zero degrees Kelvin, while the colorbar on the right shows warming temperatures ranging from zero to +0.42 degrees per year. An animated bar beside each colorbar brackets the range of data values being displayed. || ",
            "hits": 64
        },
        {
            "id": 3679,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3679/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2010-01-05T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "28 Year Arctic Autumn Seasonal Temperature Trend",
            "description": "The Arctic region has been an area of scientific interest because it is expected that global warming signals will be amplified in the region because of ice-albedo feedback effect. Such effect is associated with the high albedo of snow and sea ice covered areas compared to that of ice free ocean and land areas. This animation depicts the 28-year autumn seasonal surface temperature trend over the Arctic region determined from data collected during the months of September, October and November between 1981 and 2008.In this animation, the warming and cooling regions are revealed in steps of .02 degrees change per year starting with the regions of greatest change and progressing to the areas of least change. Blue hues indicate cooling regions while red hues depict warming. The neutral region of -.01 to +.01 degrees is shown in white. Brighter regions indicate greater temperature change while light regions indicate less. On the left side, the colarbar shows cooling temperatures ranging from -0.42 to zero degrees Kelvin, while the colorbar on the right shows warming temperatures ranging from zero to +0.42 degrees per year. An animated bar beside each colorbar brackets the range of data values being displayed. || ",
            "hits": 102
        },
        {
            "id": 10503,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10503/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2009-10-12T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Melting Ice, Rising Seas",
            "description": "Sea level rise is an indicator that our planet is warming. Much of the world's population lives on or near the coast, and rising seas are something worth watching. Sea level can rise for two reasons, both linked to a warming planet. When ice on land, such as mountain glaciers or the ice sheets of Greenland or Antarctica, melt, that water contributes to sea level rise. And when our oceans get warmer - another indicator of climate change - the water expands, also making sea level higher. Using satellites, lasers, and radar in space, and dedicated researchers on the ground, NASA is studying the Earth's ice and water to better understand how sea level rise might affect us all.For complete transcript, click here. || Melting_Seas_ipod_640x480.03027_print.jpg (1024x576) [80.7 KB] || Melting_Seas_ipod_640x480_web.png (320x180) [156.6 KB] || Melting_Seas_ipod_640x480_thm.png (80x40) [16.6 KB] || Melting_Seas_appletv_1280x720.webmhd.webm (960x540) [67.9 MB] || Melting_Seas_H264_1280x720_30fps.mov (1280x720) [128.9 MB] || Melting_Seas_1280x720.mp4 (1280x720) [125.1 MB] || Melting_Seas_broll_prores.mov (1280x720) [4.4 GB] || Melting_Seas_youtube_1280x720.mov (1280x720) [69.1 MB] || Melting_Seas_appletv_1280x720.m4v (960x540) [160.0 MB] || Melting_Seas_ipod_640x480.m4v (640x360) [49.7 MB] || Melting_Seas_ipod_320x240.m4v (320x180) [21.1 MB] || Rising_Seas.wmv (346x260) [38.5 MB] || ",
            "hits": 86
        },
        {
            "id": 3619,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3619/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2009-09-01T18:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "A Tour of the Cryosphere 2009",
            "description": "The cryosphere consists of those parts of the Earth's surface where water is found in solid form, including areas of snow, sea ice, glaciers, permafrost, ice sheets, and icebergs. In these regions, surface temperatures remain below freezing for a portion of each year. Since ice and snow exist relatively close to their melting point, they frequently change from solid to liquid and back again due to fluctuations in surface temperature. Although direct measurements of the cryosphere can be difficult to obtain due to the remote locations of many of these areas, using satellite observations scientists monitor changes in the global and regional climate by observing how regions of the Earth's cryosphere shrink and expand.This animation portrays fluctuations in the cryosphere through observations collected from a variety of satellite-based sensors. The animation begins in Antarctica, showing some unique features of the Antarctic landscape found nowhere else on earth. Ice shelves, ice streams, glaciers, and the formation of massive icebergs can be seen clearly in the flyover of the Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica. A time series shows the movement of iceberg B15A, an iceberg 295 kilometers in length which broke off of the Ross Ice Shelf in 2000. Moving farther along the coastline, a time series of the Larsen ice shelf shows the collapse of over 3,200 square kilometers ice since January 2002. As we depart from the Antarctic, we see the seasonal change of sea ice and how it nearly doubles the apparent area of the continent during the winter.From Antarctica, the animation travels over South America showing glacier locations on this mostly tropical continent. We then move further north to observe daily changes in snow cover over the North American continent. The clouds show winter storms moving across the United States and Canada, leaving trails of snow cover behind. In a close-up view of the western US, we compare the difference in land cover between two years: 2003 when the region received a normal amount of snow and 2002 when little snow was accumulated. The difference in the surrounding vegetation due to the lack of spring melt water from the mountain snow pack is evident.As the animation moves from the western US to the Arctic region, the areas affected by permafrost are visible. As time marches forward from March to September, the daily snow and sea ice recede and reveal the vast areas of permafrost surrounding the Arctic Ocean.The animation shows a one-year cycle of Arctic sea ice followed by the mean September minimum sea ice for each year from 1979 through 2008. The superimposed graph of the area of Arctic sea ice at this minimum clearly shows the dramatic decrease in Artic sea ice over the last few years.While moving from the Arctic to Greenland, the animation shows the constant motion of the Arctic polar ice using daily measures of sea ice activity. Sea ice flows from the Arctic into Baffin Bay as the seasonal ice expands southward. As we draw close to the Greenland coast, the animation shows the recent changes in the Jakobshavn glacier. Although Jakobshavn receded only slightly from 1964 to 2001, the animation shows significant recession from 2001 through 2009. As the animation pulls out from Jakobshavn, the effect of the increased flow rate of Greenland costal glaciers is shown by the thinning ice shelf regions near the Greenland coast.This animation shows a wealth of data collected from satellite observations of the cryosphere and the impact that recent cryospheric changes are making on our planet.For more information on the data sets used in this visualization, visit NASA's EOS DAAC website.Note: This animation is an update of the animation 'A Short Tour of the Cryosphere', which is itself an abridged version of the animation 'A Tour of the Cryosphere'. The popularity of the earlier animations and their continuing relevance prompted us to update the datasets in parts of the animation and to remake it in high definition. In certain cases, our experiences in using the earlier work have led us to tweak the presentation of some of the material to make it clearer. Our thanks to Dr. Robert Bindschadler for suggesting and supporting this remake. || ",
            "hits": 61
        },
        {
            "id": 3592,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3592/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2009-04-05T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Fall Arctic Sea Ice Thickness Declining Rapidly",
            "description": "Using five years of data from NASA's Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), a team of NASA and university scientists made the first basin-wide estimate of the thickness and volume of the Arctic Ocean ice cover between 2003 and 2008. The scientists found that younger, thinner ice has replaced older, thicker ice as the dominant type over the past five years. Until recently, the majority of Arctic ice survived at least one summer and often several. That balance has now flipped. Seasonal ice, or ice that melts and re-freezes every year, now comprises about 70 percent of the Arctic sea ice in wintertime, up from 40 to 50 percent in the 1980s and 1990s. Thicker ice - surviving two or more years - now comprises just 10 percent of ice cover, down from 30 to 40 percent in years past.Sea ice thickness has been hard to measure directly so scientists have typically used estimates of ice age to approximate thickness. With ICESat, NASA scientists were for the first time able to monitor the ice thickness and volume changes over the entire Arctic Ocean. The Arctic ice cap grows each winter as the sun sets for several months and intense cold sets in. The total volume of winter Arctic ice is equal to the volume of fresh water in Lake Superior and Lake Michigan combined. Some of that ice is naturally pushed out of the Arctic by winds, while much of it melts in place. But not all of the ice in the Arctic melts each summer, and the thicker, older ice that survives one or more summers is more likely to persist through the next summer. This older, thicker ice is declining thinner ice that is more vulnerable to summer melt. Seasonal sea ice usually reaches about 2 meters (6 feet) in thickness, while ice that has lasted through more than one summer averages 3 meters (9 feet), though it can grow much thicker in some locations near the coast. From 2003 to 2008, multi-year ice has thinned by an average of 60 centimeters (2 feet). The total ice volume in winter has decreased by 6,300 cubic kilometers, or 40 percent. The maximum extent of multi-year ice is now one-third of what it was in the 1990s. || ",
            "hits": 63
        },
        {
            "id": 10403,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10403/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2009-03-12T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "FROZEN: A Spherical Movie About the Cryosphere",
            "description": "NASA's home for spherical films on Magic Planet.  Download the Magic Planet-ready movie file here.Released on March 27, 2009, FROZEN is NASA's second major production for the Science On a Sphere platform, a novel cinema-in-the-round technology developed by the Space Agency's sibling NOAA. Viewers see the Earth suspended in darkness as if it were floating in space. Moving across the planet's face, viewers see the undulating wisps of clouds, the ephemeral sweep of fallen snow, the churning crash of shifting ice, and more.FROZEN brings the Earth alive. Turning in space, the sphere becomes a portal onto a virtual planet, complete with churning, swirling depictions of huge natural forces moving below. FROZEN features the global cryosphere, those places on Earth where the temperature doesn't generally rise above water's freezing point. As one of the most directly observable climate gauges, the changing cryosphere serves as a proxy for larger themes.But just as thrilling as this unusual—and unusually realistic—look at the planet's structure and behavior is the sheer fun and fascination of looking at a spherically shaped movie. FROZEN bends the rules of cinema, revealing new ways to tell exciting, valuable stories of all kinds. The movie may be FROZEN, but the experience itself rockets along. || ",
            "hits": 57
        },
        {
            "id": 3589,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3589/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2009-03-05T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Winter Arctic Sea Ice Thickness Declining Rapidly",
            "description": "Using five years of data from NASA's Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), a team of NASA and university scientists made the first basin-wide estimate of the thickness and volume of the Arctic Ocean ice cover between 2003 and 2008. The scientists found that younger, thinner ice has replaced older, thicker ice as the dominant type over the past five years. Until recently, the majority of Arctic ice survived at least one summer and often several. That balance has now flipped. Seasonal ice, or ice that melts and re-freezes every year, now comprises about 70 percent of the Arctic sea ice in wintertime, up from 40 to 50 percent in the 1980s and 1990s. Thicker ice - surviving two or more years - now comprises just 10 percent of ice cover, down from 30 to 40 percent in years past.Sea ice thickness has been hard to measure directly so scientists have typically used estimates of ice age to approximate thickness. With ICESat, NASA scientists were for the first time able to monitor the ice thickness and volume changes over the entire Arctic Ocean. The Arctic ice cap grows each winter as the sun sets for several months and intense cold sets in. The total volume of winter Arctic ice is equal to the volume of fresh water in Lake Superior and Lake Michigan combined. Some of that ice is naturally pushed out of the Arctic by winds, while much of it melts in place. But not all of the ice in the Arctic melts each summer, and the thicker, older ice that survives one or more summers is more likely to persist through the next summer. This older, thicker ice is declining thinner ice that is more vulnerable to summer melt. Seasonal sea ice usually reaches about 2 meters (6 feet) in thickness, while ice that has lasted through more than one summer averages 3 meters (9 feet), though it can grow much thicker in some locations near the coast. From 2003 to 2008, multi-year ice has thinned by an average of 60 centimeters (2 feet). The total ice volume in winter has decreased by 6,300 cubic kilometers, or 40 percent. The maximum extent of multi-year ice is now one-third of what it was in the 1990s. || ",
            "hits": 1197
        },
        {
            "id": 3593,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3593/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2009-03-05T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Fall and Winter Arctic Sea Ice Thickness Declining Rapidly",
            "description": "Using five years of data from NASA's Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), a team of NASA and university scientists made the first basin-wide estimate of the thickness and volume of the Arctic Ocean ice cover between 2003 and 2008. The scientists found that younger, thinner ice has replaced older, thicker ice as the dominant type over the past five years. Until recently, the majority of Arctic ice survived at least one summer and often several. That balance has now flipped. Seasonal ice, or ice that melts and re-freezes every year, now comprises about 70 percent of the Arctic sea ice in wintertime, up from 40 to 50 percent in the 1980s and 1990s. Thicker ice - surviving two or more years - now comprises just 10 percent of ice cover, down from 30 to 40 percent in years past.Sea ice thickness has been hard to measure directly so scientists have typically used estimates of ice age to approximate thickness. With ICESat, NASA scientists were for the first time able to monitor the ice thickness and volume changes over the entire Arctic Ocean. The Arctic ice cap grows each winter as the sun sets for several months and intense cold sets in. The total volume of winter Arctic ice is equal to the volume of fresh water in Lake Superior and Lake Michigan combined. Some of that ice is naturally pushed out of the Arctic by winds, while much of it melts in place. But not all of the ice in the Arctic melts each summer, and the thicker, older ice that survives one or more summers is more likely to persist through the next summer. This older, thicker ice is declining thinner ice that is more vulnerable to summer melt. Seasonal sea ice usually reaches about 2 meters (6 feet) in thickness, while ice that has lasted through more than one summer averages 3 meters (9 feet), though it can grow much thicker in some locations near the coast. From 2003 to 2008, multi-year ice has thinned by an average of 60 centimeters (2 feet). The total ice volume in winter has decreased by 6,300 cubic kilometers, or 40 percent. The maximum extent of multi-year ice is now one-third of what it was in the 1990s. || ",
            "hits": 118
        },
        {
            "id": 10371,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10371/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2009-01-17T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Climate Change and Polar Ice: Are We Waking Sleeping Giants w/ Dr. Waleed Abdalati",
            "description": "Water covers more than 70% of our planet's surface and largely governs so many things from climate change to the sustenance of life on earth. What you may not realize is the vital importance played by the solid part of our planet's water inventory. || ",
            "hits": 15
        },
        {
            "id": 3460,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3460/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2007-09-21T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Change in Elevation over Greenland with Alternate Color Scale",
            "description": "Changes in the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are critical in quantifying forecasts for sea level rise. Since its launch in January 2003, the ICESat elevation satellite has been measuring the change in thickness of these ice sheets. This image of Greenland shows the changes in elevation over the Greenland ice sheet between 2003 and 2006, The white regions indicate a slight thickening, while the blue shades indicate a thinning of the ice sheet. Gray indicates areas where no change in elevation was measured. || ",
            "hits": 54
        },
        {
            "id": 3455,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3455/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2007-09-17T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Nadir View of Change in Elevation over Greenland with  a Blue/Yellow Color Scale",
            "description": "Changes in the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are critical in quantifying forecasts for sea level rise. Since its launch in January 2003, the ICESat elevation satellite has been measuring the change in thickness of these ice sheets. This image of Greenland shows the changes in elevation over the Greenland ice sheet between 2003 and 2006. Gray areas indicate no change in elevation. The white regions indicate a slight thickening, while the blue and purple shades indicate a thinning of the ice sheet. || ",
            "hits": 15
        },
        {
            "id": 20116,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20116/",
            "result_type": "Animation",
            "release_date": "2007-09-17T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Global Ice Albedo ALTERNATE",
            "description": "This is a conceptual animation showing how polar ice reflects light from the sun.  As this ice begins to melt, less sunlight gets reflected into space.  It is instead absorbed into the oceans and land, raising the overall temperature, and fueling further melting. || icealbedoGalt_512x28800077_print.jpg (1024x576) [67.8 KB] || icealbedoGalt_512x288_web.png (320x180) [175.8 KB] || icealbedoGalt_512x288_thm.png (80x40) [14.0 KB] || 1280x720_16x9_60p (1280x720) [128.0 KB] || icealbedoGalt_720p.m2v (1280x720) [36.5 MB] || icealbedoGalt_720p.webmhd.webm (960x540) [4.7 MB] || a010160_icealbedoGalt_720p.mp4 (640x360) [3.2 MB] || icealbedoGalt_512x288.m1v (512x288) [6.3 MB] || ",
            "hits": 255
        },
        {
            "id": 20110,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20110/",
            "result_type": "Animation",
            "release_date": "2007-08-29T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Greenland Ice Mass Balance",
            "description": "This cut away of the Greenland ice sheet shows the high altitude accumulation region and the low altitude ablation (melt) zones.  In a warming climate, both melting around the margins and precipitation in the interior increase, causing the ice sheet to grow in the middle and shrink at the edges. || ",
            "hits": 103
        },
        {
            "id": 3355,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3355/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2006-05-20T23:55:00-04:00",
            "title": "A Short Tour of the Cryosphere",
            "description": "A newer version of this animation is available here.This narrated, 5-minute animation shows a wealth of data collected from satellite observations of the cryosphere and the impact that recent cryospheric changes are making on our planet. This is a shorter version of a narrated, 7 1/2 minute animation entitled  'A Tour of the Cryosphere'.See the above link for a detailed description of the full animation.Two sections have been removed from the original animation: one showing a flyby of the South Pole station and glaciers feeding the Ross Ice Shelf and one showing solar data related to the Earth's energy balance.For more information on the data sets used in this visualization, visit NASA's EOS DAAC website. || ",
            "hits": 17
        },
        {
            "id": 3181,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3181/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2005-12-04T23:55:00-05:00",
            "title": "A Tour of the Cryosphere",
            "description": "A new HD version of this animation is available here.Click here to go to the media download section.The cryosphere consists of those parts of the Earth's surface where water is found in solid form, including areas of snow, sea ice, glaciers, permafrost, ice sheets, and icebergs. In these regions, surface temperatures remain below freezing for a portion of each year. Since ice and snow exist relatively close to their melting point, they frequently change from solid to liquid and back again due to fluctuations in surface temperature. Although direct measurements of the cryosphere can be difficult to obtain due to the remote locations of many of these areas, using satellite observations scientists monitor changes in the global and regional climate by observing how regions of the Earth's cryosphere shrink and expand.This animation portrays fluctuations in the cryosphere through observations collected from a variety of satellite-based sensors. The animation begins in Antarctica, showing ice thickness ranging from 2.7 to 4.8 kilometers thick along with swaths of polar stratospheric clouds. In a tour of this frozen continent, the animation shows some unique features of the Antarctic landscape found nowhere else on earth. Ice shelves, ice streams, glaciers, and the formation of massive icebergs can be seen. A time series shows the movement of iceberg B15A, an iceberg 295 kilometers in length which broke off of the Ross Ice Shelf in 2000. Moving farther along the coastline, a time series of the Larsen ice shelf shows the collapse of over 3,200 square kilometers ice since January 2002. As we depart from the Antarctic, we see the seasonal change of sea ice and how it nearly doubles the size of the continent during the winter.From Antarctica, the animation travels over South America showing areas of permafrost over this mostly tropical continent. We then move further north to observe daily changes in snow cover over the North American continent. The clouds show winter storms moving across the United States and Canada, leaving trails of snow cover behind. In a close-up view of the western US, we compare the difference in land cover between two years: 2003 when the region received a normal amount of snow and 2002 when little snow was accumulated. The difference in the surrounding vegetation due to the lack of spring melt water from the mountain snow pack is evident.As the animation moves from the western US to the Arctic region, the areas effected by permafrost are visible. In December, we see how the incoming solar radiation primarily heats the Southern Hemisphere. As time marches forward from December to June, the daily snow and sea ice recede as the incoming solar radiation moves northward to warm the Northern Hemisphere.Using satellite swaths that wrap the globe, the animation shows three types of instantaneous measurements of solar radiation observed on June 20, 2003: shortwave (reflected) radiation, longwave (thermal) radiation and net flux (showing areas of heating and cooling). Correlation between reflected radiation and clouds are evident. When the animation fades to show the monthly global average net flux, we see that the polar regions serve to cool the global climate by radiating solar energy back into space throughout the year.The animation shows a one-year cycle of the monthly average Arctic sea ice concentration followed by the mean September minimum sea ice for each year from 1979 through 2004. A red outline indicates the mean sea ice extent for September over 22 years, from 1979 to 2002. The minimum Arctic sea ice animation clearly shows how over the last 5 years the quantity of polar ice has decreased by 10 - 14% from the 22 year average.While moving from the Arctic to Greenland, the animation shows the constant motion of the Arctic polar ice using daily measures of sea ice activity. Sea ice flows from the Arctic into Baffin Bay as the seasonal ice expands southward. As we draw close to the Greenland coast, the animation shows the recent changes in the Jakobshavn glacier. Although Jakobshavn receded only slightly from 1042 to 2001, the animation shows significant recession over the past three years, from 2002 through 2004.This animation shows a wealth of data collected from satellite observations of the cryosphere and the impact that recent cryospheric changes are making on our planet.For more information on the data sets used in this visualization, visit NASA's EOS DAAC website. || ",
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        {
            "id": 669,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/669/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "1999-06-10T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Greenland: Panning Over Ice Sheets",
            "description": "Shot in Wide-Screen || Animation panning over Greenlands Ice Sheets || a000669.00010_print.png (720x480) [449.1 KB] || a000669_thm.png (80x40) [7.0 KB] || a000669_pre.jpg (320x242) [10.3 KB] || a000669_pre_searchweb.jpg (320x180) [76.7 KB] || a000669.webmhd.webm (960x540) [6.7 MB] || a000669.dv (720x480) [116.5 MB] || a000669.mp4 (640x480) [6.3 MB] || a000669.mpg (352x240) [4.9 MB] || ",
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}