{
    "count": 22,
    "next": null,
    "previous": null,
    "results": [
        {
            "id": 3546,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3546/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2008-09-01T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Examining Hurricane Gustav's Cloud Structure",
            "description": "The MODIS instrument on Terra captures great details in the clouds surrounding Hurricane Gustav. Gustav may have been undergoing an eyewall replacement on its approach to the coast - with some weakening. Gustav's eye looks very small and measures less then 25 nautical miles.The National Hurricane Center indicates that hurricane force winds extended up to 70 miles from the center of the storm threatening much of the Gulf Coast Region. || ",
            "hits": 20
        },
        {
            "id": 3281,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3281/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2005-10-19T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Hurricane Wilma's Hot Towers seen by TRMM 10/17/2005 at 1754Z",
            "description": "On October 17, 2005 at 1754 Zulu, Wilma was classified as a Tropical Storm with sustained wind speeds of only 45 knots.   Forty hours later the storm had increased its intensity to category five status with sustained winds of 150 knots.  Spikes in the rain structure known as 'Hot Towers' indicate storm intensity.  'Hot Towers' refers to tall cumulonimbus clouds and has been seen as one of the mechanisms by which the intensity of a tropical cyclone is maintained.  Because of the size (1-20 km) and short duration (30 minute to 2 hours) of these hot towers, studies of these events have been limited to descriptive studies from aircraft observations, although a few have attempted to use the presence of hot towers in a predictive capacity.  Before TRMM, no data set existed that could show globally and definitively the presence of these hot towers in cyclone systems.  Aircraft radar studies of individual storms lack global coverage.  Global microwave or infrared sensor observations do not provide the needed spatial resolution.  With a ground resolution of 5 km, the TRMM Precipitation Radar provided the needed data set for examining the predictive value of hot towers in cyclone intensification. || ",
            "hits": 14
        },
        {
            "id": 3259,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3259/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2005-09-21T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Hurricane Rita's Hot Towers",
            "description": "NASA's TRMM spacecraft allows us to look under Hurricane Rita's clouds to see the rain structure on September 19, 2005 at 15Z. Spikes in the rain structure known as 'hot towers' indicate storm intensity. 'Hot Towers' refers to tall cumulonimbus clouds and has been seen as one of the mechanisms by which the intensity of a tropical cyclone is maintained. Because of the size (1-20 km) and short duration (30 minute to 2 hours) of these hot towers, studies of these events have been limited to descriptive studies from aircraft observations, although a few have attempted to use the presence of hot towers in a predictive capacity. Before TRMM, no data set existed that could show globally and definitively the presence of these hot towers in cyclone systems. Aircraft radar studies of individual storms lack global coverage. Global microwave or Infrared sensor observations do not provide the needed spatial resolution. With a ground resolution of 5 km, the TRMM Precipitation Radar provided the needed data set for examining the predictive value of hot towers in cyclone intensification. At the time the data was taken, this storm was classified as a Tropical Storm with winds off 55 knots and a pressure of 994mb. The existence of these 18 km towers in the eye wall alerted researchers that this storm was going to rapidly intensify. Within 48 hours of this data set, the storm was a very strong category 4 hurricane. || ",
            "hits": 30
        },
        {
            "id": 3253,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3253/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2005-09-15T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Hurricane Katrina Hot Towers",
            "description": "NASA's TRMM spacecraft allows us to look under Hurricane Katrina's clouds to see the rain structure on August 28, 2005 at 0324Z. Spikes in the rain structure known as 'hot towers' indicate storm intensity. 'Hot Towers' refers to tall cumulonimbus clouds and has been seen as one of the mechanisms by which the intensity of a tropical cyclone is maintained. Because of the size (1-20 km) and short duration (30 minute to 2 hours) of these hot towers, studies of these events have been limited to descriptive studies from aircraft observations, although a few have attempted to use the presence of hot towers in a predictive capacity. Before TRMM, no data set existed that could show globally and definitively the presence of these hot towers in cyclone systems. Aircraft radar studies of individual storms lack global coverage. Global microwave or Infrared sensor observations do not provide the needed spatial resolution. With a ground resolution of 5 km, the TRMM Precipitation Radar provided the needed data set for examining the predictive value of hot towers in cyclone intensification. || ",
            "hits": 450
        },
        {
            "id": 3220,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3220/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2005-08-31T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Behold, A Whirlwind Came: The Science of Tracking Hurricanes",
            "description": "This documentary-style video shows how NASA computer modeling research is contributing to an improved understanding and forecasts of hurricanes. It weaves interviews of three Goddard Space Flight Center scientists with scientific visualizations and live-action footage of hurricanes and the scientists studying them. The video focuses on application of the NASA finite-volume General Circulation Model (fvGCM) to the 2004 Atlantic Ocean hurricane season. Over the last 20 years, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Hurricane Center and National Weather Service have produced enormous improvements in hurricane forecasting. However, by running at ~25-kilometer resolution (twice that of current operational forecasts), the NASA fvGCM has shown in some cases an accuracy of landfall prediction on the order of 100 kilometers up to 5 days in advance. Initial evaluation suggests that the potential exists for dramatic improvements in warning time and intensity forecasts for tropical cyclones around the globe. NASA has begun collaborating with the National Weather Service and other agencies worldwide to improve forecasts so that, among other advantages, local authorities can narrow areas for evacuation. The video was produced for the TerraLink exhibit at the Maryland Science Center in Baltimore.Winner of the 2005 Video Competition Crystal Award of Excellence. || ",
            "hits": 74
        },
        {
            "id": 3203,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3203/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2005-07-28T11:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Global High Altitude Wind Speed during Hurricane Frances (WMS)",
            "description": "The Earth's atmosphere exerts pressure based on the weight of the air above.  Differences in pressure from place-to-place cause winds to try to flow from high pressure to low pressure regions to even out the differences, but the Earth's rotation and wind friction with the surface act to slow or divert the winds.  This animation shows the high altitude wind speeds for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean.  At high altitudes, the difference between between high pressures from warm tropical air and low pressures from cold polar air try to force air from the tropics toward the poles, but the Earth's rotation diverts this flow to the east, resulting in the high velocity west-to-east jet stream flows at mid-latitudes.  The circular flows from Frances and Songda can barely be seen at this altitude. || ",
            "hits": 136
        },
        {
            "id": 3207,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3207/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2005-07-28T11:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Global 300 hPa Geopotential Height during Hurricane Frances (WMS)",
            "description": "The Earth's atmosphere exerts pressure based on the weight of the air above, so the pressure reduces with rising altitude.  This rate of pressure reduction with altitude is based on the temperature of the air, with the pressure of colder air reducing faster with altitude than warmer air.  Therefore, a surface of constant pressure has a lower altitude at the poles than the equator.  This animation shows the altitude above sea level (the geopotential height) of the 300 hectopascal (hPa) pressure surface for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean.  This pressure is about one-third of the normal pressure at sea level.  The largest downward slope of this surface occurs in the mid-latitudes and is shown in yellow in the animation.  At this region, air is trying to flow from the equator towards the poles to reduce the slope, but the rotation of the Earth forces the flow to divert to the east, forming the strong west-to-east jet stream flows in these regions.  Frances and Songda can be seen as sharp yellow dots of reduced height in their respective locations. || ",
            "hits": 130
        },
        {
            "id": 3208,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3208/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2005-07-28T11:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Global Cloud Cover during Hurricane Frances (WMS)",
            "description": "Water vapor is a small but significant constituent of the atmosphere, warming the planet due to the greenhouse effect and condensing to form clouds which both warm and cool the Earth in different circumstances.  Warm, moisture-laden air moving out from the tropics brings clouds and rainfall to the temperate zones.  This animation shows the cloud cover for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean.  The cloud cover in any region significantly affects the energy balance since sunlight reflected from the clouds is not available to heat the surface.  The motion of clouds in this animation clearly indicates the speed and direction of winds around the globe. || ",
            "hits": 35
        },
        {
            "id": 3209,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3209/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2005-07-28T11:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Global Convective Precipitation during Hurricane Frances (WMS)",
            "description": "Water vapor is a small but significant constituent of the atmosphere, warming the planet due to the greenhouse effect and condensing to form clouds.  As moisture-laden air rises, the relative humidity increases until it saturates the air, at which time precipitation occurs.  If the uplift of air is due to strong updrafts and unstable air systems, as in thunderstorms, then the precipitation is called convective.  This animation shows the convective precipitation for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean.  Convective precipitation is more intense but less long-lasting than large-scale precipitation. || ",
            "hits": 20
        },
        {
            "id": 3210,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3210/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2005-07-28T11:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Global Large-scale Precipitation during Hurricane Frances (WMS)",
            "description": "Water vapor is a small but significant constituent of the atmosphere, warming the planet due to the greenhouse effect and condensing to form clouds.  As moisture-laden air rises, the relative humidity increases until it saturates the air, at which time precipitation occurs.  If the uplift of air is due to large-scale atmospheric motion, then the precipitation is called large-scale, or dynamic.  This animation shows the large-scale precipitation for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean.  Large-scale precipitation tends to be continuous and to come from decks of stratus clouds rather than from thunderstorms. || ",
            "hits": 12
        },
        {
            "id": 3182,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3182/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2005-07-27T11:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Global Atmospheric Sea Level Pressure during Hurricane Frances (WMS)",
            "description": "The weight of the Earth's atmosphere exerts pressure on the surface of the Earth.  This pressure varies from place-to-place due the variations in the Earth's surface since higher altitudes have less atmosphere above them than lower altitudes.  Atmospheric pressure also varies from time-to-time due to the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun and the rotation of the Earth, causing weather.  In order to see the changes in pressure which affect the weather, the variation due to altitude is removed from the surface pressure, creating a quantity called sea level pressure.  This animation shows the atmospheric sea level pressure for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean.  The sharp, moving low pressures areas for Frances and Songda can be clearly seen in the oceans.  Even with the direct effect of altitude removed, cold high-altitude regions such as the South Pole and the Himalayan Plateau still exhibit lower-than-normal pressures, probably due to the interaction of cold air over those regions with the warmer air in the surrounding regions. || ",
            "hits": 66
        },
        {
            "id": 3197,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3197/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2005-07-27T11:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Global Atmospheric Surface Pressure during Hurricane Frances (WMS)",
            "description": "The weight of the Earth's atmosphere exerts pressure on the surface of the Earth.  This pressure varies from place-to-place due the variations in the Earth's surface since higher altitudes have less atmosphere above them than lower altitudes.  Atmospheric pressure also varies from time-to-time due to the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun and the rotation of the Earth, causing weather.  This animation shows the atmospheric surface pressure for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean.  The major changes in pressure occur over land where the surface altitude varies, but the sharp, moving low pressures areas for Frances and Songda can be clearly seen in the oceans.  Since changing surface pressure areas over land are hard to see in these images due to the strong altitude variations, plots of the atmospheric surface pressure are almost never used to study the weather.  A different plot, of sea-level pressure, is used instead. || ",
            "hits": 56
        },
        {
            "id": 3198,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3198/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2005-07-27T11:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Global Surface Air Temperature during Hurricane Frances (WMS)",
            "description": "As the Sun's energy reaches the Earth, it is either reflected, absorbed by the clouds, or absorbed by the Earth's surface. The part absorbed by the Earth's surface heats the Earth, which then heats the air just above the surface. This process occurs rapidly in the case of dry land and slowly in the case of the oceans. This animation shows the surface air temperature at an altitude of 2 meters for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. The animation clearly shows the air over land reacting rapidly to solar heating during the day and cooling at night, while the daily solar cycle is not visible in the temperature of the air over the ocean. A very dynamic region of changing air temperature is visible in the interaction between the cold air over Antarctica and the warmer mid-latitude air over the southern oceans during this region of polar night. Hurricane Frances and Typhhon Songda are just barely visible as circulating temperature patterns in the western Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. || ",
            "hits": 18
        },
        {
            "id": 3199,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3199/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2005-07-27T11:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Global Surface Latent Heat Flux during Hurricane Frances (WMS)",
            "description": "As the Sun's energy reaches the Earth, it is either reflected, absorbed by the clouds, or absorbed by the Earth's surface.  The part absorbed by the surface heats the Earth, which causes surface water to evaporate to the air, particularly over oceans or moist land.  Similarly, a cold surface causes water to condense from the air onto the land or ocean.  Latent heat flux is the amount of energy moving from the surface to the air due to evaporation (positive values) or from the air to the land due to condensation (negative values).  This animation shows the latent heat flux for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean.  The animation clearly shows the evaporation over land only during the heat of the day, while the evaporation over the ocean is continuous throughout the day.  The highest positive latent heat flux occurs during hurricanes and typhoons, as these events are powered by the movement of heat energy from the warm ocean to the atmosphere, seen here in Hurricane Frances and Typhoon Songda.  Significant negative latent heat flux is somewhat rare and occurs over the ocean only during certain configurations of air and surface conditions. || ",
            "hits": 166
        },
        {
            "id": 3201,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3201/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2005-07-27T11:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Global Surface Wind Speed during Hurricane Frances (WMS)",
            "description": "The weight of the Earth's atmosphere exerts pressure on the surface of the Earth.  This pressure varies from place-to-place and from time-to-time due to surface irregularities, uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, and the Earth's rotation.  Differences in pressure from place-to-place cause winds to try to flow from high pressure to low pressure regions to even out the differences, but the Earth's rotation and wind friction with the surface act to slow or divert the winds.  This animation shows the surface wind speeds for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean.  The highest, smoothest winds occur over the oceans where there are no surface irregularities to break up the flow, while flows over land tend to be irregular and highly variable.  The highest winds occur in Hurricane Frances and Typhoon Songda, but note that the hurricane's wind speeds reduce dramatically when crossing Florida. || ",
            "hits": 53
        },
        {
            "id": 3202,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3202/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2005-07-27T11:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Global Atmospheric Water Vapor during Hurricane Frances (WMS)",
            "description": "Water vapor is a small but significant constituent of the atmosphere, warming the planet due to the greenhouse effect and condensing to form clouds which both warm and cool the Earth in different circumstances. Warm, moisture-laden air moving out from the tropics brings rainfall to the temperate zones. This animation shows the atmospheric water vapor for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. The band of water vapor over the tropics is the intertropical convergence zone, where converging trade winds and high temperatures force large amounts of water high into the atmosphere. Both Hurricane Frances and Typhoon Songda exhibit significant spiral bands of high water vapor. || ",
            "hits": 43
        },
        {
            "id": 3145,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3145/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2005-04-11T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Hurricane Frances Rain Towers",
            "description": "NASA's TRMM spacecraft allows us to look under Hurricane Frances' clouds to see the rain structure.  Spikes in the rain structure known as 'Hot Towers' indicate storm intensity.   The 'hot towers' which refers to the tall cumulonimbus, has been seen as one of the mechanisms by which the intensity of a tropical cyclone is maintained.  Because of the size (1-5 km) and short duration (30 minute to 2 hours) of these hot towers, studies of these events have been limited to descriptive studies from aircraft observations, although a few have attempted to use the presence of hot towers in a predictive capacity.  Before TRMM, no data set exists that can show globally and definitively the presence of these hot towers in cyclone systems.  Aircraft radar studies of individual storms lack global coverage.  Global microwave or Infrared sensor observations do not provide the needed spatial resolution.  With a ground resolution of 5 km, the TRMM Precipitation Radar provided the needed data set for examining the predictive value of hot towers in cyclone intensification. || ",
            "hits": 12
        },
        {
            "id": 2994,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2994/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2004-09-08T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Flying Along with Hurricane Frances",
            "description": "Two Earth Observing Fleet Satellites, Aqua and Terra have been monitoring the progress of Hurricane Frances. || ",
            "hits": 15
        },
        {
            "id": 2975,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2975/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2004-09-03T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Hurricane Frances on September 1, 2004",
            "description": "The Terra satellite gets a bird's eye view of Hurricane Frances, with the help of the MODIS instrument. || ",
            "hits": 13
        },
        {
            "id": 2976,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2976/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2004-09-03T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Examining Hurricane Frances' Cloud Structure",
            "description": "The MODIS instrument on Terra captures great details in the beautiful clouds surrounding Hurricane Frances. || ",
            "hits": 10
        },
        {
            "id": 2977,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2977/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2004-09-03T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Hurricane Frances Progression with Fixed View",
            "description": "Hurricane Frances races towards Florida and both the Terra and Aqua satellite are spectators. || ",
            "hits": 16
        },
        {
            "id": 2974,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2974/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2004-09-01T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Hurricane Frances Progression",
            "description": "NASA satellites are keeping an eye on Hurricane Frances journey across the Atlantic Ocean. MODIS Instrument on board NASA's Aqua and Terra satellites captured a series of high resolution images of Hurricane Frances. || ",
            "hits": 20
        }
    ]
}