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        {
            "id": 5070,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5070/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2023-02-06T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Nitrogen Dioxide Over the United States, 2005-2022",
            "description": "NO2 over the United States as measured by OMI, with labels || NO2_US_2005-2022.399_print.jpg (1024x576) [171.6 KB] || NO2_US_2005-2022.399_searchweb.png (320x180) [80.6 KB] || NO2_US_2005-2022.399_thm.png (80x40) [5.9 KB] || w_dates (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || NO2_US_2005-2022_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [20.0 MB] || NO2_US_2005-2022_2160p30.webm (3840x2160) [2.7 MB] || ",
            "hits": 263
        },
        {
            "id": 5043,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5043/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2022-11-02T08:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Methane Emissions over Canada and Alaska in the 2018",
            "description": "This 3D volumetric visualization shows the emission and transport of atmospheric methane over Canada and Alaska in September 2018 with the date and colorbar. || methane_withDate.0068_print.jpg (1024x576) [282.8 KB] || methane_withDate.0068_searchweb.png (320x180) [94.8 KB] || methane_withDate.0068_thm.png (80x40) [14.7 KB] || methane_withDate (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || methane_withDate_1080p30.webm (1920x1080) [1.3 MB] || methane_withDate_1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [131.3 MB] || methane_withDate_1080p30.mp4.hwshow || ",
            "hits": 61
        },
        {
            "id": 4959,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4959/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2021-12-13T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Reduction in Tropospheric NOx and Ozone Corresponding to Worldwide COVID-19 Lockdowns",
            "description": "When the world went into lockdown to slow the spread of COVID-19, air pollution emissions started to rapidly decrease leaving a global atmospheric fingerprint detected by a team of scientists at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory using satellite measurements. These traces provided an unexpected window into what low-emissions world could look like, thus providing a means for identifying effective environmental policies. While many countries in the last few decades have implemented environmental policies to reduce human health risk from air pollution by controlling emissions, the impacts of those policies have not always been clear. The global lockdowns in response to COVID-19 represent a well-observed “scenario-of-opportunity” that allows us to assess how atmospheric emission and composition responds to reduced human activity. COVID-19 lockdowns effectively showed how reducing NOx emissions affects the global atmosphere. Its identifying signature shows up as in the atmosphere’s altered ability to produce harmful ozone pollution and ozone’s reduced influence on Earth’s heat balance that affects climate. These effects are not uniform across the world and depend on the location and season of the emission reductions.The results of this research indicate that in order to design effective environmental policies which benefit both air quality and climate, decision-makers need to carefully consider the complex relationships between emissions and atmospheric composition. || ",
            "hits": 65
        },
        {
            "id": 14037,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14037/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2021-12-01T12:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Ozone 101: What Is the Ozone Hole?",
            "description": "Ozone 101 is the first in a series of explainer videos outlining the fundamentals of popular Earth science topics. Let’s back up to the basics and understand what caused the Ozone Hole, its effects on the planet, and what scientists predict will happen in future decades. || ",
            "hits": 113
        },
        {
            "id": 13871,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13871/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2021-06-09T13:30:00-04:00",
            "title": "NASA Finds Local Lockdowns Brought Global Ozone Reductions",
            "description": "This video can be freely shared and downloaded. While the video in its entirety can be shared without permission, some individual imagery is provided by pond5.com and is obtained through permission and may not be excised or remixed in other products. Specific details on stock footage may be found here. For more information on NASA’s media guidelines, visit https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/guidelines/index.html.Music Credit:Universal Production Music: Waiting For Results - Adam John Salkeld [PRS], Neil Pollard [PRS]Complete transcript available. || 13871_Still_Image.jpg (1920x1080) [626.3 KB] || 13871_Still_Image_searchweb.png (320x180) [77.2 KB] || 13871_Still_Image_thm.png (80x40) [7.0 KB] || 13871_COVIDNOx.mov (1920x1080) [1.9 GB] || 13871_COVIDNOx.mp4 (1920x1080) [199.0 MB] || 13871_COVIDNOx.webm (1920x1080) [15.2 MB] || COVIDNOX.en_US.srt [2.1 KB] || COVIDNOX.en_US.vtt [2.1 KB] || ",
            "hits": 19
        },
        {
            "id": 13807,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13807/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2021-02-17T11:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "NASA Helps Identify Uptick in Emissions of Ozone-Depleting Compounds",
            "description": "Music: \"Hidden Movement\" Universal Production Music Complete transcript available. || Screen_Shot_2021-02-10_at_9.41.20_AM_print.jpg (1024x569) [115.7 KB] || Screen_Shot_2021-02-10_at_9.41.20_AM.png (2267x1261) [3.1 MB] || Screen_Shot_2021-02-10_at_9.41.20_AM_searchweb.png (320x180) [87.6 KB] || Screen_Shot_2021-02-10_at_9.41.20_AM_thm.png (80x40) [6.9 KB] || CFC_11_RC_5.webm (1920x1080) [6.5 MB] || 13807_CFC11.mp4 (1920x1080) [389.2 MB] || CFC11RC5.en_US.srt [3.4 KB] || ",
            "hits": 195
        },
        {
            "id": 13753,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13753/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2020-11-17T11:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "NASA Studies How COVID-19 Shutdowns Affect Emissions",
            "description": "Music: \"Lab Analysis\" from Universal Production MusicComplete transcript available.Coming soon to our YouTube channel. || Screen_Shot_2020-11-13_at_1.08.17_PM_print.jpg (1024x572) [164.1 KB] || Screen_Shot_2020-11-13_at_1.08.17_PM.png (3568x1994) [6.4 MB] || Screen_Shot_2020-11-13_at_1.08.17_PM_searchweb.png (320x180) [85.1 KB] || Screen_Shot_2020-11-13_at_1.08.17_PM_thm.png (80x40) [9.8 KB] || NASA_Studies_How_COVID-19_Shutdowns_Affect_Emissions.mp4 (1920x1080) [442.5 MB] || NASA_Studies_How_COVID-19_Shutdowns_Affect_Emissions.webm (1920x1080) [25.9 MB] || COVIDNO2.en_US.srt [4.4 KB] || COVIDNO2.en_US.vtt [4.4 KB] || ",
            "hits": 77
        },
        {
            "id": 4799,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4799/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2020-07-09T14:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Sources of Methane",
            "description": "This 3D volumetric visualization shows the emission and transport of atmospheric methane around the globe between December 9, 2017 and December 1, 2018.Music:  \"Motion Blur\" by Sam Dobson [PRS]Complete transcript available.This video is also available on our YouTube channel. || Global_methane_narrated.1416_print.jpg (1024x576) [171.2 KB] || composite (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || MethaneNarrationSM.webm (1920x1080) [15.5 MB] || MethaneNarrationSM.mp4 (1920x1080) [171.1 MB] || MethaneCaptionsenUS.en_US.srt [2.0 KB] || MethaneCaptionsenUS.en_US.vtt [2.0 KB] || MethaneNarration.mov (1920x1080) [1.6 GB] || ",
            "hits": 609
        },
        {
            "id": 4835,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4835/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2020-06-18T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "NO<sub>2</sub> Decline Related to Restrictions Due to COVID-19 in South America",
            "description": "On June 1, the World Health Organization noted that Central and South American countries have become “the intense zones” for COVID-19 transmission. The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on board NASA’s Aura satellite provides data that indicate that restrictions on human activity have led to about a 36% decrease in NO2 levels in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, relative to previous years. Other large cities in South America show similar decreases in NO2: 36% in Santiago, Chile; 35% in São Paolo, Brazil; and 40% in Buenos Aires, Argentina. One notable exception is in Lima, Peru, showing a 69% decrease. The large decrease may partly be associated with natural variations in weather that can, for instance, disperse air pollution more quickly. Additional analysis is required to determine the amount of the decrease of NO2 in Lima that is associated with a decrease in human activity. A notable increase in NO2 occurred in northern South America, which is likely associated with increased agricultural burning in 2020 relative to previous years. || ",
            "hits": 50
        },
        {
            "id": 31142,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/31142/",
            "result_type": "Hyperwall Visual",
            "release_date": "2020-05-18T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "COVID-19: NASA Satellite Data Show Drop in Air Pollution Over U.S.",
            "description": "Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 15-April 15 2015-2019 average vs. 2020, USA regions || 3-regions_1080p.00001_print.jpg (1024x576) [141.7 KB] || 3-regions_1080p.00001_searchweb.png (320x180) [62.9 KB] || 3-regions_1080p.00001_thm.png (80x40) [5.2 KB] || 3-regions_1080p.mp4 (1920x1080) [1.9 MB] || 3-regions_720p.mp4 (1280x720) [1.0 MB] || 3-regions_1080p.webm (1920x1080) [2.3 MB] || 3-regions_2160p.mp4 (3840x2160) [5.6 MB] || ",
            "hits": 124
        },
        {
            "id": 4798,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4798/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2020-04-21T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Earth Day 2020: Global Atmospheric Methane",
            "description": "This 3D volumetric visualization shows a global view of the methane emission and transport between December 1, 2017 and November 30, 2018. This visualizaion of the rotating global view is designed to be played in a continuous loop.This video is also available on our YouTube channel. || Earth_Day_Methane_loop.2919_print.jpg (1024x576) [102.0 KB] || Earth_Day_Methane_loop.2919_searchweb.png (320x180) [54.3 KB] || Earth_Day_Methane_loop.2919_thm.png (80x40) [5.0 KB] || loop_composite (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || Earth_Day_Methane_loop_1080p30.webm (1920x1080) [11.5 MB] || Earth_Day_Methane_loop_1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [355.8 MB] || captions_silent.29410.en_US.srt [43 bytes] || Earth_Day_Methane_loop_1080p30.mp4.hwshow [196 bytes] || ",
            "hits": 74
        },
        {
            "id": 4789,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4789/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2020-03-23T10:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Global Atmospheric Methane",
            "description": "This first 3D volumetric visualization focuses on several continents showing the emission and transport of atmospheric methane around the globe between January 1, 2017 and November 30, 2018.  This video is also available on our YouTube channel. || Global_methane_comp.1320_print.jpg (1024x576) [163.2 KB] || Global_methane_comp_1080p30.webm (1920x1080) [22.1 MB] || composite (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || captions_silent.29083.en_US.srt [43 bytes] || Global_methane_comp_1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [1.4 GB] || Global_methane_comp_1080p30.mp4.hwshow || ",
            "hits": 92
        },
        {
            "id": 13559,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13559/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2020-03-23T10:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "NASA Models Methane Sources and Movement Around the Globe",
            "description": "Complete transcript available.Music: \"Reported Missing\" by Andrew Michael Britton [PRS] and David Stephen Goldsmith [PRS]This video can be freely shared and downloaded. While the video in its entirety can be shared without permission, some individual imagery provided by Artbeats is obtained through permission and may not be excised or remixed in other products. Specific details on stock footage may be found here. For more information on NASA’s media guidelines, visit https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/guidelines/index.html. || Methane_Still.jpg (1920x1080) [408.5 KB] || Methane_Still_print.jpg (1024x576) [181.8 KB] || Methane_Still_searchweb.png (180x320) [71.4 KB] || Methane_Still_web.png (320x180) [71.4 KB] || Methane_Still_thm.png (80x40) [6.4 KB] || 13559_Methane_Final.webm (960x540) [62.2 MB] || TWITTER_720_13559_Methane_Final_twitter_720.mp4 (1280x720) [28.5 MB] || 13559_Methane_Final_lowres.mp4 (1280x720) [43.6 MB] || 13559_Methane_Final.mp4 (1920x1080) [272.5 MB] || Mathen_captions.en_US.srt [3.2 KB] || Mathen_captions.en_US.vtt [3.3 KB] || 13559_Methane_Final.mov (1920x1080) [3.4 GB] || ",
            "hits": 62
        },
        {
            "id": 4754,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4754/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2019-12-09T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "The Complex Chemistry of Surface Ozone Depicted in a New GEOS Simulation",
            "description": "96 chemical species are shown from a GEOS atmospheric simulation || gmao_chem_3x3_pass02_09.05630_no_overlay_print.jpg (1024x576) [126.9 KB] || gmao_chem_3x3_pass02_09.05630_no_overlay.png (5760x3240) [2.5 MB] || gmao_chem_3x3_pass02_09.05630_no_overlay_searchweb.png (320x180) [82.3 KB] || gmao_chem_3x3_pass02_09.05630_no_overlay_thm.png (80x40) [6.8 KB] || 1920x1080_16x9_p30 (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || gmao_chem_HD_1080p30.webm (1920x1080) [36.0 MB] || gmao_chem_HD_1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [267.3 MB] || 9600x3240_16x9_30p (9600x3240) [0 Item(s)] || 3840x2160_16x9_p30 (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || gmao_chem_5x3_preview.mp4 (3200x1080) [429.0 MB] || gmao_chem_4k_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [762.1 MB] || gmao_chem_HD_1080p30.mp4.hwshow [212 bytes] || ",
            "hits": 159
        },
        {
            "id": 4764,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4764/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2019-11-07T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Simulation of Surface Ozone",
            "description": "Global surface ozone from a GEOS model run || ozone_only_4k.00000_print.jpg (1024x576) [65.8 KB] || ozone_only_4k.00000_searchweb.png (320x180) [58.9 KB] || ozone_only_4k.00000_thm.png (80x40) [5.1 KB] || ozone_only_1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [24.5 MB] || ozone_only_1080p30.webm (1920x1080) [7.2 MB] || ozone_only_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [70.8 MB] || ozone_only (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || ozone_only (5760x3240) [0 Item(s)] || ozone_only_1080p30.mp4.hwshow [208 bytes] || ",
            "hits": 53
        },
        {
            "id": 30781,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30781/",
            "result_type": "Hyperwall Visual",
            "release_date": "2017-05-31T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "The Earth Observing Fleet by Theme",
            "description": "The current Earth Observing Fleet with all satellites capturing data related to Sea Ice Cover highlighted, combined with key visualizations showing the significance of the data || fleet_data_precipitation_1080p.00001_print.jpg (1024x576) [227.2 KB] || fleet_data_precipitation_720p.mp4 (1280x720) [51.9 MB] || fleet_data_precipitation_1080p.webm (1920x1080) [3.7 MB] || fleet_data_precipitation_1080p.mp4 (1920x1080) [95.8 MB] || fleet_precipitation (4104x2304) [0 Item(s)] || fleet_data_precipitation_2304p.mp4 (4096x2304) [281.0 MB] || ",
            "hits": 43
        },
        {
            "id": 12561,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12561/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2014-12-16T10:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Possible Methane Sources and Sinks on Mars",
            "description": "There are several possible ways that methane can be created, stored, and released on Mars, including both biological and non-biological pathways. || Mars_Methane_Sources_Sinks_PIA19088.jpg (1440x1080) [227.6 KB] || Mars_Methane_Sources_Sinks_PIA19088_searchweb.png (320x180) [108.1 KB] || Mars_Methane_Sources_Sinks_PIA19088_thm.png (80x40) [6.9 KB] || Mars_Methane_Sources_Sinks_PIA19088.tif (1440x1080) [4.5 MB] || ",
            "hits": 247
        },
        {
            "id": 30548,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30548/",
            "result_type": "Hyperwall Visual",
            "release_date": "2014-11-18T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Montage of early data from Aura's Microwave Limb Sounder",
            "description": "Montage of six measurements made by MLS || montage_early_data_aura_microwave_limb_sounder_print.jpg (1024x576) [59.6 KB] || montage_early_data_aura_microwave_limb_sounder_web.png (320x180) [40.8 KB] || montage_early_data_aura_microwave_limb_sounder_web.jpg (320x180) [11.6 KB] || montage_early_data_aura_microwave_limb_sounder_searchweb.png (180x320) [40.8 KB] || montage_early_data_aura_microwave_limb_sounder_thm.png (80x40) [4.4 KB] || mls_montage_720p.webm (1280x720) [1.3 MB] || mls_montage_720p.mp4 (1280x720) [1.3 MB] || mls_montage_1080p.mp4 (1920x1080) [2.3 MB] || montage_early_data_aura_microwave_limb_sounder.tif (5760x3240) [19.2 MB] || mls_montage_360p.mp4 (640x360) [523.1 KB] || mls_montage_2304p.mp4 (4096x2304) [6.4 MB] || Montage_early_data_Aura_Microwave_Limb_S.pptx [1.9 MB] || Montage_early_data_Aura_Microwave_Limb_S.key [4.3 MB] || ",
            "hits": 49
        },
        {
            "id": 11626,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11626/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2014-08-20T11:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Ozone-Depleting Compound Persists",
            "description": "Earth's atmosphere contains an unexpectedly large amount of an ozone-depleting compound from an unknown source decades after the compound was banned worldwide.The compound, carbon tetrachloride, was used in applications such as dry cleaning and as a fire-extinguishing agent, until its regulation in 1987 under the Montreal Protocol along with other chlorofluorocarbons that destroy ozone and contribute to the ozone hole over Antarctica. Parties to the Montreal Protocol reported zero new emissions between 2007-2012.However, new research led by Qing Liang at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, shows that worldwide emissions of carbon tetrachloride average 39 kilotons per year – approximately 30 percent of peak emissions prior to the international treaty going into effect. Now that scientists have quantified the emissions they can begin investigating where they are coming from. Are there industrial leakages, large emissions from contaminated sites, or some other unknown source? || ",
            "hits": 72
        },
        {
            "id": 4184,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4184/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2014-06-30T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "2014 Update Aqua/AIRS Carbon Dioxide with Mauna Loa Carbon Dioxide",
            "description": "This visualization is a time-series of the global distribution and variation of the concentration of mid-tropospheric carbon dioxide observed by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the NASA Aqua spacecraft. For comparison, it is overlain by a graph of the seasonal variation and interannual increase of carbon dioxide observed at the Mauna Loa, Hawaii observatory.The graph shows data, commonly called the Keeling Curve, from the Scripps measurements of monthly carbon dioxide concentration at Mauna Loa Observatory. The collection of this data was started by C. David Keeling of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in March of 1958 at a facility of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [Keeling, 1976]. The two most notable features of this visualization are the seasonal variation of carbon dioxide and the trend of increase in its concentration from year to year. The global map clearly shows that the carbon dioxide in the Northern Hemisphere peaks in April-May and then drops to a minimum in September-October. Although the seasonal cycle is less pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere it is opposite to that in the Northern Hemisphere. This seasonal cycle is governed by the growth cycle of plants. The Northern Hemisphere has the majority of the land masses, and so the amplitude of the cycle is greater in that hemisphere. The overall color of the map shifts toward the red with advancing time due to the annual increase of carbon dioxide.The concentration of carbon dioxide in the mid-troposphere lags the concentration found at the surface as mixing from the lower to upper altitudes usually takes days to weeks.More information about AIRS can be found at http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov.  More information about the carbon dioxide concentration at Mauna Loa Observatory can be found at http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/ || ",
            "hits": 33
        },
        {
            "id": 3685,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3685/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2010-03-15T23:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Aqua/AIRS Carbon Dioxide, 2002-2009, With Mauna Loa Carbon Dioxide Graph",
            "description": "This visualization is a time-series of the global distribution and variation of the concentration of mid-tropospheric carbon dioxide observed by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the NASA Aqua spacecraft. For comparison, it is overlain by a graph of the seasonal variation and interannual increase of carbon dioxide observed at the Mauna Loa, Hawaii observatory. The AIRS data show the average concentration (parts per million) over an altitude range of 3 km to 13 km, whereas the Mauna Loa data show the concentration at an altitude of 3.4 km and its annual increase at a rate of approximately 2 parts per million (ppm) per year. The two most notable features of this visualization are the seasonal variation of CO2 and the trend of increase in its concentration from year to year. The global map clearly shows that the CO2 in the northern hemisphere peaks in April-May and then drops to a minimum in September-October. Although the seasonal cycle is less pronounced in the southern hemisphere it is opposite to that in the northern hemisphere. This seasonal cycle is governed by the growth cycle of plants. The northern hemisphere has the majority of the land masses, and so the amplitude of the cycle is greater in that hemisphere. The overall color of the map shifts toward the red with advancing time due to the annual increase of CO2. Although the mid-latitude jet streams are not visible in the map, we can see their influence upon the distribution of CO2 around the globe. These rivers of air occur at an altitude of about 5 km and rapidly transport CO2 around the globe at that altitude. In the northern hemisphere, the mid-latitude jet stream squirms like a released garden hose over the period of a few days due to the continental landmasses. In the southern hemisphere the jet stream flow is more directly West to East, and during the period from July to October the CO2 concentration is enhanced in a belt delineated by the jet stream and lofting of CO2 into the free troposphere by the high Andes is visible in this period. The zonal flow of CO2 around the globe at the latitude of South Africa, southern Australia and southern South America is readily apparent. Eastward flow of CO2 from Indonesia and the Celebes sea can be seen in the November to February time frame. || ",
            "hits": 127
        },
        {
            "id": 3562,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3562/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2008-10-08T23:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Aqua/AIRS Carbon Dioxide with Mauna Loa Carbon Dioxide Overlaid",
            "description": "A NASA/university study of the first-ever global satellite maps of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere has revealed new information on how this key greenhouse gas linked to climate change is distributed and moves around our world. Moustafa Chahine, lead study author and AIRS science team leader at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., said the maps, which cover from September 2002 to July 2008, will be used by scientists to refine how climate models represent the processes that transport carbon dioxide within Earth's atmosphere. 'These data capture global variations in the distribution of carbon dioxide over time that are not represented in the existing models used to determine where carbon dioxide is created and stored,' he said. Chahine said the previous scientific consensus was that carbon dioxide was evenly mixed in the free troposphere, decreasing as you move farther south of the equator. 'Our results show carbon dioxide there can vary by nearly one percent and that the free troposphere is like international waters-what's produced in one place is free to travel elsewhere,' he said.This visualization is a time-series of the global distribution and variation of the concentration of mid-tropospheric carbon dioxide observed by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the NASA Aqua spacecraft. For comparison, it is overlain by a graph of the seasonal variation and interannual increase of carbon dioxide observed at the Mauna Loa, Hawaii observatory. The AIRS data show the average concentration (parts per million) over an altitude range of 3 km to 13 km, whereas the Mauna Loa data show the concentration at an altitude of 3.4 km and its annual increase at a rate of approximately 2 parts per million (ppmv) per year. The two most notable features of this visualization are the seasonal variation of CO2 and the trend of increase in its concentration from year to year. The global map clearly shows that the CO2 in the northern hemisphere peaks in April-May and then drops to a minimum in September-October. Although the seasonal cycle is less pronounced in the southern hemisphere it is opposite to that in the northern hemisphere. This seasonal cycle is governed by the growth cycle of plants. The northern hemisphere has the majority of the land masses, and so the amplitude of the cycle is greater in that hemisphere. The overall color of the map shifts toward the red with advancing time due to the annual increase of CO2. Although the mid-latitude jet streams are not visible in the map, we can see their influence upon the distribution of CO2 around the globe. These rivers of air occur at an altitude of about 5 km and rapidly transport CO2 around the globe at that altitude. In the northern hemisphere, the mid-latitude jet stream squirms like a released garden hose over the period of a few days due to the continental landmasses. In the southern hemisphere the jet stream flow is more directly West to East, and during the period from July to October the CO2 concentration is enhanced in a belt delineated by the jet stream and lofting of CO2 into the free troposphere by the high Andes is visible in this period. The zonal flow of CO2 around the globe at the latitude of South Africa, southern Australia and southern South America is readily apparent. Eastward flow of CO2 from Indonesia and the Celebes sea can be seen in the November to February time frame. || ",
            "hits": 85
        },
        {
            "id": 3555,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3555/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2008-10-08T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Aqua/AIRS Sees Belt of Carbon Dioxide in Southern Hemisphere with Winds",
            "description": "Although originally designed to measure atmospheric water vapor and temperature profiles for weather forecasting, data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument on NASA's Aqua spacecraft are now also being used by scientists to observe atmospheric carbon dioxide. This visualization shows Aqua/AIRS mid-tropospheric carbon dioxide from July 2003. Low concentrations, 360 ppm, are shown in blue and high concentrations, 385 ppm, are shown in red. Notice that despite carbon dioxide's high degree of mixing, the regional patterns of atmospheric sources and sinks are still apparent in mid-troposphere carbon dioxide concentrations.  In the southern hemisphere the jet stream flow is more directly West to East, and during the period from July to October the CO2 concentration is enhanced in a belt delineated by the jet stream and lofting of CO2 into the free troposphere by the high Andes is visible in this period. The zonal flow of CO2 around the globe at the latitude of South Africa, southern Australia and southern South America is readily apparent.For more information on AIRS, visit the AIRS Project Web Site: http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov. The AIRS data products are available at http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/AIRS/index.shtml. || ",
            "hits": 24
        },
        {
            "id": 3554,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3554/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2008-10-07T16:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Aqua/AIRS Sees Belt of Carbon Dioxide in Southern Hemisphere",
            "description": "Although originally designed to measure atmospheric water vapor and temperature profiles for weather forecasting, data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument on NASA's Aqua spacecraft are now also being used by scientists to observe atmospheric carbon dioxide. In the southern hemisphere, a belt of mid-tropospheric air containing enhanced concentrations of carbon dioxide emerged between 30 and 40 degrees south latitude. This belt had not previously been seen in any chemistry transport model. Subtropical storms track through this region, as do the cloud bands of the intertropical convergence zone near the equator, an area of low atmospheric pressure that forms where northeast and southeast trade winds meet.The researchers believe strong convection (thunderstorms) in this belt, and South America's high Andes Mountains, lift carbon dioxide from major sources on Earth's surface, such as the respiration of plants, forest fires and facilities for producing synthetic fuels and generating power. This carbon dioxide is then carried into the 'free troposphere,' the part of the troposphere that is too high to be influenced by Earth's surface. There, it becomes trapped in the mid-latitude jet stream, which transports it rapidly around the world. For more information on AIRS, visit the AIRS Project Web Site: http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov. The AIRS data products are available at http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/AIRS/index.shtml. || ",
            "hits": 24
        },
        {
            "id": 3440,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3440/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2007-12-30T12:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Aqua/AIRS Global Carbon Dioxide",
            "description": "Although originally designed to measure atmospheric water vapor and temperature profiles for weather forecasting, data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument on NASA's Aqua spacecraft are now also being used by scientists to observe atmospheric carbon dioxide. Scientists from NASA; the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts; the University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; and the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, Calif., are using several different methods to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide in the mid-troposphere (about eight kilometers, or five miles, above the surface).  This visualization shows Aqua/AIRS mid-tropospheric carbon dioxide from July 2003.  Low concentrations, 360 ppm,  are shown in blue and high concentrations, 385 ppm, are shown in red.   Notice that despite carbon dioxide's  high degree of mixing, the regional patterns of atmospheric sources and sinks are still apparent in mid-troposphere carbon dioxide concentrations. This pattern of high carbon dioxide in the Northern Hemisphere (North America, Atlantic Ocean, and Central Asia) is consistent with model predictions.For more information on AIRS, visit the AIRS Project Web Site: http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov. The AIRS data products are available at http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/AIRS/index.shtml. || ",
            "hits": 16
        },
        {
            "id": 3441,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3441/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2007-12-30T12:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Aqua/AIRS Carbon Dioxide with Winds",
            "description": "Although originally designed to measure atmospheric water vapor and temperature profiles for weather forecasting, data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument on NASA's Aqua spacecraft are now also being used by scientists to observe atmospheric carbon dioxide. Scientists from NASA; the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts; the University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; and the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, Calif., are using several different methods to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide in the mid-troposphere (about eight kilometers, or five miles, above the surface). This visualization shows Aqua/AIRS mid-tropospheric carbon dioxide from July 2003. Low concentrations, 360 ppm, are shown in blue and high concentrations, 385 ppm, are shown in red. Notice that despite carbon dioxide's high degree of mixing, the regional patterns of atmospheric sources and sinks are still apparent in mid-troposphere carbon dioxide concentrations. This pattern of high carbon dioxide in the Northern Hemisphere (North America, Atlantic Ocean, and Central Asia) is consistent with model predictions.For more information on AIRS, visit the AIRS Project Web Site: http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov. The AIRS data products are available at http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/AIRS/index.shtml. || ",
            "hits": 16
        },
        {
            "id": 10133,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10133/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2007-07-03T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "The Helium Atom",
            "description": "Helium nuclei were created in the Big Bang and contain two protons and two neutrons each. Helium is the second most abundant element, comprising roughly one quarter of the mass of the Universe. This animation zooms into a standard helium atom, showing its protons (green), neutrons (white), and electrons (blue). || ",
            "hits": 295
        },
        {
            "id": 2940,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2940/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2004-05-17T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "TOMS Ozone Holds Key to Ozone Trends",
            "description": "Chemicals and transport process have led to changes in the stratospheric ozone.  Scientists need measurements of many different chemical species to puzzle out the observed changes.  Aura data will improve our capability to predict ozone changes and help untangle the roles of transport and chemistry in determining ozone trends.  This sequence starts with the actual size of our thin fragile part of our atmosphere that carries ozone.  Then, the atmosphere is magnified.  Inside, is a dynamic and active system of chemicals that moves ozone throughout our atmosphere. || ",
            "hits": 12
        },
        {
            "id": 2941,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2941/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2004-05-17T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "TOMS Ozone Holds Key to Ozone Trends (with Height Indicator)",
            "description": "Chemicals and transport process have led to changes in the stratospheric ozone. Scientists need measurements of many different chemical species to puzzle out the observed changes. Aura data will improve our capability to predict ozone changes and help untangle the roles of transport and chemistry in determining ozone trends. This sequence starts with the actual size of our thin fragile part of our atmosphere that carries ozone. Then, the atmosphere is magnified. Inside, is a dynamic and active system of chemicals that moves ozone throughout our atmosphere. || ",
            "hits": 17
        },
        {
            "id": 2942,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2942/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2004-05-17T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "TOMS Ozone Holds Key to Ozone Trends (with Dates)",
            "description": "Chemicals and transport process have led to changes in the stratospheric ozone. Scientists need measurements of many different chemical species to puzzle out the observed changes. Aura data will improve our capability to predict ozone changes and help untangle the roles of transport and chemistry in determining ozone trends. This sequence starts with the actual size of our thin fragile part of our atmosphere that carries ozone. Then, the atmosphere is magnified. Inside, is a dynamic and active system of chemicals that moves ozone throughout our atmosphere. || ",
            "hits": 12
        }
    ]
}