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    "results": [
        {
            "id": 4885,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4885/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2021-08-24T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Antarctic Ocean Flows: an excerpt from Atlas of a Changing Earth (Dome Master format)",
            "description": "This visualization shows how the ocean circulation in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica flows around and under the floating ice shelves and glaciers. The ocean flows are colored by temperature with blue indicating colder and red showing warmer currents.  This version is in Dome Master format. || Antarctic_flows_v209.1700_print.jpg (1024x1024) [133.8 KB] || Antarctic_flows_v209.1700_searchweb.png (180x320) [56.2 KB] || Antarctic_flows_v209.1700_thm.png (80x40) [4.3 KB] || Antarctic_flows_v209_2048p30.mp4 (2048x2048) [153.2 MB] || Antarctic_flows_v209_4096p30_h265_3.webm (4096x4096) [47.5 MB] || 4096x4096_1x1_30p (4096x4096) [0 Item(s)] || Antarctic_flows_v209_4096p30_h265_3.mp4 (4096x4096) [186.8 MB] || ",
            "hits": 111
        },
        {
            "id": 4888,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4888/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2021-08-24T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Antarctic Ocean Flows: an excerpt from Atlas of a Changing Earth (4k format)",
            "description": "This visualization shows how the ocean circulation in the  Amundsen Sea, Antarctica flows around and under the floating ice shelves and glaciers.  The ocean flows are colored by temperature with blue indicating colder and red showing warmer currents.  This version includes a title, credits, narration and music.This video is also available on our YouTube channel. || Antarctic_flows_2021_flat_HD_Audio.00310_print.jpg (1024x576) [81.9 KB] || Antarctic_flows_2021_flat_HD_Audio.webm (1920x1080) [16.4 MB] || Antarctic_flows_2021_flat_HD_Audio.mp4 (1920x1080) [286.8 MB] || Antarctic_flows_2021_flat_4k_Audio.en_US.srt [1.3 KB] || Antarctic_flows_2021_flat_4k_Audio.en_US.vtt [1.3 KB] || Antarctic_flows_2021_flat_4k_Audio.mp4 (3840x2160) [1.1 GB] || Antarctic_flows_2021_flat_HD_Audio.mp4.hwshow [200 bytes] || ",
            "hits": 56
        },
        {
            "id": 4577,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4577/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2017-07-08T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Antarctic Sea Ice on August 28, 2016",
            "description": "This is an image of the Antarctic sea ice on August 28, 2016, the date on which the sea ice reached its maximum annual extent. The opacity of the sea ice is determined by the AMSR2 sea ice concentration. The blueish white color of the sea ice is a false color derived from the AMSR2 89 GHz brightness temperature. Over the Antarctic continent, the Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica data shown here has a resolution of 240 meters per pixel. || Antarctic_seaIce_max_2016_09_28_1080p_flat.11698_print.jpg (1024x576) [105.7 KB] || Antarctic_seaIce_max_2016_09_28_1080p_flat.11698_searchweb.png (320x180) [66.1 KB] || Antarctic_seaIce_max_2016_09_28_1080p_flat.11698_thm.png (80x40) [5.8 KB] || Antarctic_seaIce_max_2016_09_28_1080p_flat.11698.tif (1920x1080) [14.5 MB] || Antarctic_seaIce_max_2016_09_28_1080p_layers.11698.tif (1920x1080) [42.3 MB] || Antarctic_seaIce_max_2016_09_28_4k_flat.11698.tif (3840x2160) [55.8 MB] || Antarctic_seaIce_max_2016_09_28_4k_layers11698.tif (3840x2160) [167.0 MB] || ",
            "hits": 32
        },
        {
            "id": 4306,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4306/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2015-06-25T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "FROZEN: The Full Story",
            "description": "On March 27, 2009, NASA released FROZEN, a twelve-minute show about the Earth's frozen regions designed for Science On a Sphere.  Science On a Sphere was created by NOAA and displays movies on a spherical screen, which is ideal for a show about the Earth or the planets.  The audience can view the show from any side of the sphere and can see any part of the Earth.  Making a movie for this system is challenging, and FROZEN was an exciting project to create.  Until now, only the \"trailer\" for FROZEN has been available for viewing from our site.  Here, for the first time, is an on-line version of the complete show, presented in several different formats that show different aspects of the movie. || ",
            "hits": 45
        },
        {
            "id": 4168,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4168/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2014-05-29T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "West Antarctic Collapse",
            "description": "A new study by researchers at NASA and the University of California, Irvine, finds a rapidly melting section of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet appears to be in an irreversible state of decline, with nothing to stop the glaciers in this area from melting into the sea according to glaciologist and lead author Eric Rignot, of UC Irvine and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.Three major lines of evidence point to the glaciers' eventual demise: the changes in their flow speeds, how much of each glacier floats on seawater, and the slope and depth of the terrain they are flowing over.  In a paper in April, Rignot's research group discussed the steadily increasing flow speeds of these glaciers over the past 40 years. This new study examines the other two lines of evidence.As glaciers flow out from land to the ocean, large expanses of ice behind their leading edges float on the seawater. The point on a glacier where it first loses contact with land is called the grounding line. Nearly all glacier melt occurs on the underside of the glacier beyond the grounding line, on the section floating on seawater.  The Antarctic glaciers studied have thinned so much they are now floating above places where they used to sit solidly on land, which means their grounding lines are retreating inland.—><!——><!—Above: Move bar to compare the grounding line of the Smith Glacier from 1996 (left) to the location in 2011 (right) which has retreated inland 35 km during this time. The green line indicates the location of the 1996 grounding line.  Download HTML to embed this in your web page.The bedrock topography is another key to the fate of the ice in this basin. All the glacier beds slope deeper below sea level as they extend farther inland. As the glaciers retreat, they cannot escape the reach of the ocean, and the warm water will keep melting them even more rapidly.Below are two edited versions of narrated stories released by JPL to explain this research.  In addition are the two versions of the unedited animations provided to JPL to support the release.  The unedited animations show the region of study by the JPL researchers, identifying by name the glaciers that terminate in the Amundsen Sea. One of the animations includes data showing the velocity of the glaciers in the region, flow vectors showing the movement of the glaciers colored by their velocity and a difference image showing the change in velocity between 1996 and 2008.  The second animation does not include these datasets.  Both versions of the animation draw close to the Smith Glacier and show how the grounding line of this glacier has moved inland 35 kilometers between 1996 and 2011.  As the surface of the ice sheet is peeled away, showing the height and depth of the bedrock topography.   Regions below sea level are shown in shades of brown while areas above sea level are shown in green.  Sea level is shown in yellow. || ",
            "hits": 88
        },
        {
            "id": 4103,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4103/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2013-09-19T16:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Measuring beneath the Pine Island Ice Shelf",
            "description": "On the margins of Antarctica, an ice shelve acts as a dam slowing the movement of outlet glaciers flowing toward the sea. However, the ice shelves are exposed to the underlying ocean and may weaken as a result of warm ocean currents. Scientists recently completed an expedition to the ice shelf buffering the Pine Island glacier, a major outlet of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet that has rapidly thinned and accelerated in recent decades. Drilling a shaft through the ice shelf, they submerged instruments beneath the ice to measure ocean velocity, temperature, and salinity. Their observations revealed a 600-m-wide 80-m-deep channel cut into the underside of the ice-shelf that incurs melting beneath the ice shelf of 0.06 m per day. See the paper here for details.This animation shows the ocean currents colored by their velocity circulating around and under the Pine Island ice shelf. Orange and yellow indicate faster currents while green and blue depict slower. A small red marker indicates the location of the drill site. In this animation, the Pine Island ice shelf is temporarily sliced away to reveal the ocean flows under the ice and subsequently restored up to the location of the drill site. A shaft penetrates through the ice sheet and the instrument is lowered through the shaft into the water that flows beneath the ice shelf. In this animation, the topography and ice shelf thickness is exaggerated by 15 times. || ",
            "hits": 15
        },
        {
            "id": 3813,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3813/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2013-03-01T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice for the Dynamic Earth Dome Show",
            "description": "Sea ice is frozen seawater floating on the surface of the ocean. Some sea ice is semi-permanent, persisting from year to year, and some is seasonal, melting and refreezing from season to season. The sea ice cover reaches its minimum extent at the end of each summer and the remaining ice is called the perennial ice cover. This animation first shows the advance and retreat of the Arctic sea ice followed by same for the Antarctic sea ice. The sea ice changes from day to day showing a running 3-day average sea ice concentration in the region where the concentration is greater than 15%. The blueish white color of the sea ice is derived from a 3-day running miniimum of the AMSR-E 89 GHz brightness temperature. The animation ends by flying over the Antarctic Peninsula.This was created for a planetarium dome show called Dynamic Earth and is produced in 'domemaster format'. The domemaster format was created by rendering 7 separate 2048x2048 camera tiles. The tiles were then stitched together to form final domemaster at 4096x4096 resolution. Both the tiles and the domemaster were rendered with 16 bits per channel with no gamma correction. Two domemaster layers were generated for this animation: the Earth showing sea ice advancing or retreating rendered with transparency and the star background without transparency.This visualization was shown in the \"VR Village\" at SIGGRAPH 2015. || ",
            "hits": 51
        },
        {
            "id": 10923,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10923/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2012-03-06T12:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Flying through the Rift: An update on the crack in the P.I.G.",
            "description": "NASA's DC-8 flew over the Pine Island Glacier Ice Shelf on Oct. 14, 2011, as part of Operation IceBridge. A large, long-running crack was plainly visible across the ice shelf. The DC-8 took off on Oct. 26, 2011, to collect more data on the ice shelf and the crack. The area beyond the crack that could calve in the coming months covers about 310 square miles (800 sq. km). || ",
            "hits": 19
        },
        {
            "id": 3889,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3889/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2011-11-28T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Pine Island Glacier Ice Flows and Elevation Change",
            "description": "This animation shows glacier changes detected by ATM, ICESat and ice bridge data in the highly dynamic Pine Island Glacier. We know that ice speeds in this area have increased dramatically from the late 1990s to the present as the ice shelves in this area have thinned and the bottom of the ice has lost contact with the bed beneath. As the ice has accelerated, ice upstream of the coast must be stretched more vigorously, causing it to thin. NASA-sponsored aircraft missions first measured the ice surface height in this region in 2002, followed by ICESat data between 2002 and 2009. Ice Bridge aircraft have measured further surface heights in 2009 and 2010, and these measurements continue today. Integrating these altimetry sources allows us to estimate surface height changes throughout the drainage regions of the most important glaciers in the region. We see large and accelerating elevation changes extending inland from the coast on Pine Island glacier shown centered here. The changes on Pine Island mark these as potential continuing sources of ice to the sea, and has been surveyed in 2011 by Ice Bridge aircraft and targeted for repeat measurements in coming years. || ",
            "hits": 20
        },
        {
            "id": 3875,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3875/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2011-11-02T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "West Antarctic Glacier Ice Flows and Elevation Change",
            "description": "This animation shows glacier changes detected by ATM, ICESat and ice bridge data in the highly dynamic Amundsen Embayment of West Antarctica. We know that ice speeds in this area have increased dramatically from the late 1990s to the present as the ice shelves in this area have thinned and the bottom of the ice has lost contact with the bed beneath. As the ice has accelerated, ice upstream of the coast must be stretched more vigorously, causing it to thin. NASA-sponsored aircraft missions first measured the ice surface height in this region in 2002, followed by ICESat data between 2002 and 2009. Ice Bridge aircraft have measured further surface heights in 2009 and 2010, and these measurements continue today. Integrating these altimetry sources allows us to estimate surface height changes throughout the drainage regions of the most important glaciers in the region. We see large elevation changes at the coast on Thwaites glacier, at the center of the images, and large and accelerating elevation changes extending inland from the coast on Pine Island and Smith glaciers, to the left and right of the images, respectively. The changes on Pine Island and Smith glaciers mark these as potential continuing sources of ice to the sea, and they have been surveyed in 2011 by Ice Bridge aircraft and targeted for repeat measurements in coming years. || ",
            "hits": 39
        },
        {
            "id": 3854,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3854/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2011-10-24T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "AMSR-E Antarctic Sea Ice",
            "description": "Sea ice is frozen seawater floating on the surface of the ocean. Some sea ice is semi-permanent, persisting from year to year, and some is seasonal, melting and refreezing from season to season. The sea ice cover reaches its minimum extent at the end of each summer and the remaining ice is called the perennial ice cover.In this animation, the Antarctic sea ice progresses through time from May 26, 2009 through July 31, 2010. Over the water, Arctic sea ice changes from day to day showing a running 3-day average sea ice concentration in the region where the concentration is greater than 15%. The blueish white color of the sea ice is derived from a 3-day running minimum of the AMSR-E 89 GHz brightness temperature. Over the Antarctic continent, the LIMA data shown here uses the pan-chromatic band and has a resolution of 240 meters per pixel. The Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA) is a data product funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and jointly produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). || ",
            "hits": 48
        },
        {
            "id": 3862,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3862/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2011-09-29T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Seasonal Antarctic Sea Ice",
            "description": "Antarctica is a land mass surrounded by an ocean which allows the sea ice here to move more freely than it does in the Northern Hemisphere. Because there are no surrounding continents to limit its movement, the sea ice is free to float northward into warmer waters where it eventually melts. As a result, almost all of the sea ice that forms during the Antarctic winter melts during the summer. During the winter, up to 18 million square kilometers (6.9 million square miles) of ocean is covered by sea ice, but by the end of summer, only about 3 million square kilometers (1.1 million square miles) of sea ice remain. Antarctic sea ice extent are characterized by fairly large variations from year to year. The monthly average extent can vary by as much as 1 million square kilometers (386,102 square miles) from the year-to-year monthly average. The AMSR-E instrument on the Aqua satellite acquires high resolution measurements of the 89 GHz brightness temperature near the poles. Because this is a passive microwave sensor which is not so sensitive to atmospheric effects, this sensor is able to observe the entire polar region every day, even through clouds and snowfall. The false color in this animation of sea ice surrounding the South Pole is derived from the daily AMSR-E 6.25 km 89 GHz brightness temperature while the sea ice extent is derived from the daily AMSR-E 12.5 km sea ice concentration. The sea ice extent shown is generated using a three day moving average where the daily sea ice concentration is at least 15%. This animation portrays the changes in the sea ice from May 26, 2009 through July 29, 2010. || ",
            "hits": 301
        },
        {
            "id": 3848,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3848/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2011-08-18T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "NASA Research Leads to First Complete Map of Antarctic Ice Flow",
            "description": "This animation shows the motion of ice in Antarctica as measured by satellite data from CSA, JAXA and ESA processed by a NASA Research Team at UC Irvine. The background image from Landsat (visible imagery) is progressively replaced by a map of ice velocity color coded on a logarithmic scale, with values varying from 1 m/yr (brown to green) to 3,000 m/yr (green to blue and red). The animation does not show where ice is melting but how ice is naturally transported from the interior regions where it accumulates from snowfall to the coastal regions where it is discharged into the ocean as tabular icebergs and ice-shelf melt water. For the purpose of the animation, we are representing hundreds to thousands of years of motion. In the first animation, the dynamic range of the flow has been compressed, with slower flows scaled up in velocity to make visible how the flows feed from the interior of the continent. In the second, the flows speeds are in scale to each other.The result illustrates that zones of enhanced motion take their source far into the interior regions of Antarctica, at the foothills of the ridges formed by the ice tops of the continent. This pattern of motion has never been observed on that scale before. These observations have vast implications on our understanding of the flow of ice sheets and how they might respond to climate change in the future and contribute to sea level change. || ",
            "hits": 270
        },
        {
            "id": 3782,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3782/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2010-10-20T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Operation IceBridge Flight Paths - Antarctica Fall 2010 Campaign",
            "description": "Operation IceBridge — a NASA airborne mission to observe changes in Earth's rapidly changing polar land ice and sea ice — is soon to embark on its fourth field season in October. The mission is now paralleled by a campaign to bring data to researchers as quickly as possible and to accelerate the analysis of those changes and how they may affect people and climate systems.Data from campaigns flown prior to the inception of IceBridge will also be archived at NSIDC. These include data from the Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) instrument; mountain glacier data from the University of Alaska Fairbanks; and deep radar bedmap data from University of Kansas radar instruments. Combined with NSIDC's existing complete archive of data from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) instrument aboard ICESat, researchers will be able to access a rich repository of complementary measurements.IceBridge, a six-year NASA mission, is the largest airborne survey of Earth's polar ice ever flown. It will yield an unprecedented three-dimensional view of Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets, ice shelves and sea ice. These flights will provide a yearly, multi-instrument look at the behavior of the rapidly changing features of the Greenland and Antarctic ice.Data collected during IceBridge will help scientists bridge the gap in polar observations between NASA's ICESat — in orbit since 2003 — and ICESat-2, planned for late 2015. ICESat stopped collecting science data in 2009, making IceBridge critical for ensuring a continuous series of observations. || ",
            "hits": 45
        },
        {
            "id": 3688,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3688/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2010-03-17T23:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Shrimp-Like Creature Discovered at Windless Bight, Antarctica - 600 Feet Beneath  Ice Sheet",
            "description": "At a depth of 600 feet beneath the West Antarctic ice sheet, a small shrimp-like creature managed to brighten up an otherwise gray polar day in late November 2009. This critter is a three-inch long Lyssianasid amphipod found beneath the Ross Ice Shelf, about 12.5 miles away from open water in the region called Windless Bight. NASA scientists were using a borehole camera to look back up towards the ice surface when they spotted this pinkish-orange creature swimming beneath the ice. || ",
            "hits": 80
        },
        {
            "id": 3669,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3669/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2010-02-16T02:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Norwegian-U.S. Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica",
            "description": "A massive, largely unexplored region, the East Antarctic ice sheet looms large in the global climate system, yet relatively little is known about its climate variability or the contribution it makes to sea level changes. The field expedition for this international partnership involves scientific investigations along two overland traverses in East Antarctica: one going from the Norwegian Troll Station to the United States South Pole Station in 2007-2008; and a return traverse by a different route in 2008-2009. This project will investigate climate change in East Antarctica.One of the most pressing environmental issues of our time is the need to understand the mechanisms of current global climate change and the associated impacts on global economic and political systems. In order to predict the future with confidence, we need a clear understanding of past and present changes in the Polar Regions and the role these changes play in the global climate system.For more information about this project go to http://traverse.npolar.no || ",
            "hits": 41
        },
        {
            "id": 3647,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3647/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2009-10-02T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Operation IceBridge Flight Paths - Antarctica Fall 2009 Campaign",
            "description": "Early in the 20th century, a succession of adventurers and scientists pioneered the exploration of Antarctica. A century later, they're still at it, albeit with a different set of tools. This fall, a team of modern explorers will fly over Earth's southern ice-covered regions to study changes to its sea ice, ice sheets, and glaciers as part of NASA's Operation Ice Bridge.Operation Ice Bridge is a six-year campaign of annual flights to each of Earth's polar regions. The first flights in March and April carried researchers over Greenland and the Arctic Ocean. This fall's Antarctic campaign, led by principal investigator Seelye Martin of the University of Washington, will begin the first sustained airborne research effort of its kind over the continent. Data collected by researchers will help scientists bridge the gap between NASA's Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) — which is operating the last of its three lasers — and ICESat-II, scheduled to launch in 2014.The Ice Bridge flights will help scientists maintain the record of changes to sea ice and ice sheets that have been collected since 2003 by ICESat. The flights will lack the continent-wide coverage that can be achieved by satellite, so researchers carefully select key target locations. But the flights will also turn up new information not possible from orbit, such as the shape of the terrain below the ice.Six flights are scheduled along Antarctica's peninsula, one along the Getz Ice Shelf, two over the Pine Island Glacier, and two others along the Amundsen coast to include the Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers. || ",
            "hits": 20
        },
        {
            "id": 3619,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3619/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2009-09-01T18:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "A Tour of the Cryosphere 2009",
            "description": "The cryosphere consists of those parts of the Earth's surface where water is found in solid form, including areas of snow, sea ice, glaciers, permafrost, ice sheets, and icebergs. In these regions, surface temperatures remain below freezing for a portion of each year. Since ice and snow exist relatively close to their melting point, they frequently change from solid to liquid and back again due to fluctuations in surface temperature. Although direct measurements of the cryosphere can be difficult to obtain due to the remote locations of many of these areas, using satellite observations scientists monitor changes in the global and regional climate by observing how regions of the Earth's cryosphere shrink and expand.This animation portrays fluctuations in the cryosphere through observations collected from a variety of satellite-based sensors. The animation begins in Antarctica, showing some unique features of the Antarctic landscape found nowhere else on earth. Ice shelves, ice streams, glaciers, and the formation of massive icebergs can be seen clearly in the flyover of the Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica. A time series shows the movement of iceberg B15A, an iceberg 295 kilometers in length which broke off of the Ross Ice Shelf in 2000. Moving farther along the coastline, a time series of the Larsen ice shelf shows the collapse of over 3,200 square kilometers ice since January 2002. As we depart from the Antarctic, we see the seasonal change of sea ice and how it nearly doubles the apparent area of the continent during the winter.From Antarctica, the animation travels over South America showing glacier locations on this mostly tropical continent. We then move further north to observe daily changes in snow cover over the North American continent. The clouds show winter storms moving across the United States and Canada, leaving trails of snow cover behind. In a close-up view of the western US, we compare the difference in land cover between two years: 2003 when the region received a normal amount of snow and 2002 when little snow was accumulated. The difference in the surrounding vegetation due to the lack of spring melt water from the mountain snow pack is evident.As the animation moves from the western US to the Arctic region, the areas affected by permafrost are visible. As time marches forward from March to September, the daily snow and sea ice recede and reveal the vast areas of permafrost surrounding the Arctic Ocean.The animation shows a one-year cycle of Arctic sea ice followed by the mean September minimum sea ice for each year from 1979 through 2008. The superimposed graph of the area of Arctic sea ice at this minimum clearly shows the dramatic decrease in Artic sea ice over the last few years.While moving from the Arctic to Greenland, the animation shows the constant motion of the Arctic polar ice using daily measures of sea ice activity. Sea ice flows from the Arctic into Baffin Bay as the seasonal ice expands southward. As we draw close to the Greenland coast, the animation shows the recent changes in the Jakobshavn glacier. Although Jakobshavn receded only slightly from 1964 to 2001, the animation shows significant recession from 2001 through 2009. As the animation pulls out from Jakobshavn, the effect of the increased flow rate of Greenland costal glaciers is shown by the thinning ice shelf regions near the Greenland coast.This animation shows a wealth of data collected from satellite observations of the cryosphere and the impact that recent cryospheric changes are making on our planet.For more information on the data sets used in this visualization, visit NASA's EOS DAAC website.Note: This animation is an update of the animation 'A Short Tour of the Cryosphere', which is itself an abridged version of the animation 'A Tour of the Cryosphere'. The popularity of the earlier animations and their continuing relevance prompted us to update the datasets in parts of the animation and to remake it in high definition. In certain cases, our experiences in using the earlier work have led us to tweak the presentation of some of the material to make it clearer. Our thanks to Dr. Robert Bindschadler for suggesting and supporting this remake. || ",
            "hits": 39
        },
        {
            "id": 10416,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10416/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2009-04-07T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Guided Tour of LIMA Flyover",
            "description": "In 2007, more than 1,100 Landsat 7 images were used to create the first ever, high-resolution, true color map of Antarctica.  The Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA) is a virtually cloud-free, 3-D view of Antarctica's frozen landscape produced by NASA, working with the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Geological Survey and the British Antarctic Survey.Visualizers stitched together Landsat 7 satellite imagery acquired in 1999 and 2001 with a digital elevation model and field data measurements. || ",
            "hits": 137
        },
        {
            "id": 3588,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3588/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2009-03-26T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica Graphic",
            "description": "This large resolution graphic was created to display a 10 foot by 7 foot exhibition for the Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA) project at the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) in Baltimore, Maryland on April 16-17, 2009. This meeting marks the 50th Anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty. After this meeting, the printed image will be displayed in building 33 of Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.The Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA) is a data product funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and jointly produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The LIMA data shown here uses the pan-chromatic band and has a resolution of 15 meters per pixel. The LandSat satellite does not fly over the South Pole so the hole has been filled with data from NASA's MODIS Mosaic of Antarctica (MOA). || ",
            "hits": 234
        },
        {
            "id": 10403,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10403/",
            "result_type": "Produced Video",
            "release_date": "2009-03-12T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "FROZEN: A Spherical Movie About the Cryosphere",
            "description": "NASA's home for spherical films on Magic Planet.  Download the Magic Planet-ready movie file here.Released on March 27, 2009, FROZEN is NASA's second major production for the Science On a Sphere platform, a novel cinema-in-the-round technology developed by the Space Agency's sibling NOAA. Viewers see the Earth suspended in darkness as if it were floating in space. Moving across the planet's face, viewers see the undulating wisps of clouds, the ephemeral sweep of fallen snow, the churning crash of shifting ice, and more.FROZEN brings the Earth alive. Turning in space, the sphere becomes a portal onto a virtual planet, complete with churning, swirling depictions of huge natural forces moving below. FROZEN features the global cryosphere, those places on Earth where the temperature doesn't generally rise above water's freezing point. As one of the most directly observable climate gauges, the changing cryosphere serves as a proxy for larger themes.But just as thrilling as this unusual—and unusually realistic—look at the planet's structure and behavior is the sheer fun and fascination of looking at a spherically shaped movie. FROZEN bends the rules of cinema, revealing new ways to tell exciting, valuable stories of all kinds. The movie may be FROZEN, but the experience itself rockets along. || ",
            "hits": 39
        },
        {
            "id": 3537,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3537/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2008-10-31T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica Flyover of Western Antarctica",
            "description": "The Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA) is a data product funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and jointly produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The LIMA data shown here uses the pan-chromatic band and has a resolution of 15 meters per pixel. The 13 swaths used to generate this sample mosaic where acquired between December 25, 1999 and December 31, 2001. The elevation data shown has no vertical exaggeration (1x) and is courtesy of the Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMP) Digital Elevation Model (DEM). || ",
            "hits": 29
        },
        {
            "id": 3538,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3538/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2008-10-31T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica Flyover of Pine Island Glacier",
            "description": "The Pine Island Glacier is the largest discharger of ice in Antarctica and the continent's fastest moving glacier. This area of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is also believed to be the most susceptible to collapse. The evolution of this glacier is therefore of great interest to the scientific community. It is an area of Antarctica which is experiencing rapid changes. The grounding line of Pine Island Glacier is retreating, the glacier is thinning rapidly, and its ice flow is accelerating. Additionally, the sea ice cover in front of the glacier has been decreasing steadily for several decades. The Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA) is a data product funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and jointly produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The LIMA data shown here uses the pan-chromatic band and has a resolution of 15 meters per pixel. The 13 swaths used to generate this sample mosaic where acquired between December 25, 1999 and December 31, 2001. The elevation data shown has no vertical exaggeration (1x) and is courtesy of the Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMP) Digital Elevation Model (DEM). || ",
            "hits": 31
        },
        {
            "id": 3539,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3539/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2008-08-29T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Blue Marble Next Generation Images from Terra/MODIS",
            "description": "The Blue Marble Next Generation (BMNG) data set provides a monthly global cloud-free true-color picture of the Earth's landcover at a 500-meter spatial resolution. This data set, shown on a globe, is derived from monthly data collected in 2004. The ocean color is derived from applying a depth shading to the bathymetry data. The Antarctica coverage snown is the Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica. Behind the Earth is a skymap from the Tycho and Hipparcos star catalogs. This skymap is plotted in plate carrée projection (Cylindrical-Equidistant) using celestial coordinates making them suitable for mapping onto spheres in many popular animation programs. The stars are plotted as gaussian point-spread functions (PSF) so the size and amplitude of the stars corresponds to their relative intensity. The stars are also elongated in Right Ascension (celestial longitude) based on declination (celestial latitude) so stars in the polar regions will still be round when projected on a sphere. Stars fainter than the threshold magnitude, usually selected as 5th magnitude, have their magnitude-intensity curve adjusted so they appear brighter than they really are. This makes the band of the Milky Way more visible. Stellar colors are assigned based on B and V magnitudes (B and V are stellar magnitudes measured through different filters). If Tycho B and V magnitudes are unavailable, Johnson B and V magnitudes are used instead. From these, an effective stellar temperature is derived using the algorithms described in Flower (ApJ 469, 355 1996). Corrections were noted from Siobahn Morgan (UNI). The effective temperature was then converted to CIE tristimulus X,Y,Z triples assuming a black-body emission distribution. The X,Y,Z values are then converted to red-green-blue color pixels. About 2.4 million stars are plotted, but many may be below the pixel intensity resolution. The three most conspicuously missing objects on these maps are the Andromeda galaxy (M31) and the two Magellanic Clouds. || ",
            "hits": 264
        },
        {
            "id": 3540,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3540/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2008-08-22T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Compare the Size of Antarctica to the Continental United States",
            "description": "Antarctica is the highest, driest, coldest, windiest and brightest of the seven continents. It is roughly the size of the United States and Mexico combined and is almost completely covered by a layer of ice that averages more than one mile in thickness, but is nearly three miles thick in places. This ice accumulated over millions of years through snowfall. Presently, the Antarctic ice sheet contains 90% of the ice on Earth and would raise sea levels worldwide by over 200 feet were it to melt. The total surface area is about 14.2 million sq km (about 5.5 million sq mls) in summer, much larger then the continental United States, approximately twice the size of Australia, and fifty times the size of the UK. In this still image, Antarctica is shown using the Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA) data with the continental United States overlaid on top for size comparison. The Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA) is a data product funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and jointly produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The LIMA data shown here uses the pan-chromatic band and has a resolution of 15 meters per pixel. The 13 swaths used to generate this sample mosaic where acquired between December 25, 1999 and December 31, 2001. The elevation data shown has no vertical exaggeration (1x) and is courtesy of the Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMP) Digital Elevation Model (DEM). || ",
            "hits": 1120
        },
        {
            "id": 3497,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3497/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2008-03-18T00:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "AMSR-E Antarctic Sea Ice",
            "description": "Antarctica is a land mass surrounded by an ocean which allows the sea ice here to move more freely than it does in the Northern Hemisphere. Because there are no surrounding continents to limit its movement, the sea ice is free to float northward into warmer waters where it eventually melts. As a result, almost all of the sea ice that forms during the Antarctic winter melts during the summer. During the winter, up to 18 million square kilometers (6.9 million square miles) of ocean is covered by sea ice, but by the end of summer, only about 3 million square kilometers (1.1 million square miles) of sea ice remain. Both Arctic and Antarctic sea ice extent are characterized by fairly large variations from year to year. The monthly average extent can vary by as much as 1 million square kilometers (386,102 square miles) from the year-to-year monthly average. The area covered by Antarctic sea ice has shown a small increasing trend.The AMSR-E instrument on the Aqua satellite acquires high resolution measurements of the 89 GHz brightness temperature near the poles. Because this is a passive microwave sensor which is not so sensitive to atmospheric effects, this sensor is able to observe the entire polar region every day, even through clouds and snowfall. The false color in this animation of sea ice surrounding the South Pole is derived from the daily AMSR-E 6.25 km 89 GHz brightness temperature while the sea ice extent is derived from the daily AMSR-E 12.5 km sea ice concentration. The sea ice extent shown is generated using a three day moving average where the daily sea ice concentration is at least 15%. This animation progresses at a rate of four frames per day from June 4, 2005 through November 18, 2005. || ",
            "hits": 57
        },
        {
            "id": 3523,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3523/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2008-01-07T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Seasonal Landcover for Science On a Sphere",
            "description": "The Blue Marble Next Generation (BMNG) data set provides a monthly global cloud-free true-color picture of the Earth's land cover at a 500-meter spatial resolution. This series of images fades from month to month showing seasonal variations such as snowfall, spring greening and droughts in a seamless fashion. The data set,derived from monthly data collected in 2004, is shown on a flat cartesian grid. The ocean color is derived from applying a depth shading to the bathymetry data. Where available, the Antarctica coverage shown is the Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA). || ",
            "hits": 49
        },
        {
            "id": 3482,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3482/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2007-07-27T12:00:00-04:00",
            "title": "Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica Flyover of McMurdo Station and Dry Valleys",
            "description": "The Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA) is a data product funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and jointly produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The LIMA data shown here uses the pan-chromatic band and has a resolution of 15 meters per pixel. The 13 swaths used to generate this sample mosaic where acquired between December 25, 1999 and December 31, 2001. The elevation data shown is courtesy of the Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMP) Digital Elevation Model (DEM). It has no vertical exaggeration (1x).A narrated version of this visualization can be found at #10416: Guided Tour of LIMA Flyover. || ",
            "hits": 176
        },
        {
            "id": 3414,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3414/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2007-03-08T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Sample LIMA Data versus MOA Data of Ferrar Glacier",
            "description": "The Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA) is a data product funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and jointly produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The images shown here are compared to what is currently the best mosaic of Antarctica called the MODIS Mosaic of Antarctica (MOA). MOA is a composite of 260 swaths comprised of both Terra and Aqua MODIS images acquired between November 20, 2003 and February 29, 2004. MOA's data resolution is approximately 150 meters per pixel. From large continental views of Antarctica, MOA is more than adequate. However, as we get closer in to the surface, the resolution of the MOA data begins to show, thus highlighting the value of the LIMA product once it is complete. The LIMA data shown here uses the pan-chromatic band which translates to a resolution of 15 meters per pixel (opposed to MOA's 150 meters per pixel resolution). The 13 swaths used to generate this sample mosaic where acquired between December 25, 1999 and December 31, 2001. The elevation shown is actual (1x). Comparing this sample LIMA data set alongside MOA data over the same region shows the value of having a higher resolution view of Antarctica. || ",
            "hits": 22
        },
        {
            "id": 3415,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3415/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2007-03-08T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Sample LIMA Data versus MOA Data of Koettlitz Glacier",
            "description": "The Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA) is a data product funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and jointly produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The images shown here are compared to what is currently the best mosaic of Antarctica called the MODIS Mosaic of Antarctica (MOA). MOA is a composite of 260 swaths comprised of both Terra and Aqua MODIS images acquired between November 20, 2003 and February 29, 2004. MOA's data resolution is approximately 150 meters per pixel. From large continental views of Antarctica, MOA is more than adequate. However, as we get closer in to the surface, the resolution of the MOA data begins to show, thus highlighting the value of the LIMA product once it is complete. The LIMA data shown here uses the pan-chromatic band which translates to a resolution of 15 meters per pixel (opposed to MOA's 150 meters per pixel resolution). The 13 swaths used to generate this sample mosaic where acquired between December 25, 1999 and December 31, 2001. The elevation shown is actual (1x). Comparing this sample LIMA data set alongside MOA data over the same region shows the value of having a higher resolution view of Antarctica. || ",
            "hits": 16
        },
        {
            "id": 3416,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3416/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2007-03-08T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Sample LIMA Data versus MOA Data of the Area Surrounding McMurdo Station",
            "description": "The Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA) is a data product funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and jointly produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The images shown here are compared to what is currently the best mosaic of Antarctica called the MODIS Mosaic of Antarctica (MOA). MOA is a composite of 260 swaths comprised of both Terra and Aqua MODIS images acquired between November 20, 2003 and February 29, 2004. MOA's data resolution is approximately 150 meters per pixel. From large continental views of Antarctica, MOA is more than adequate. However, as we get closer in to the surface, the resolution of the MOA data begins to show, thus highlighting the value of the LIMA product once it is complete. The LIMA data shown here uses the pan-chromatic band which translates to a resolution of 15 meters per pixel (opposed to MOA's 150 meters per pixel resolution). The 13 swaths used to generate this sample mosaic where acquired between December 25, 1999 and December 31, 2001. The elevation shown is actual (1x). Comparing this sample LIMA data set alongside MOA data over the same region shows the value of having a higher resolution view of Antarctica. || ",
            "hits": 18
        },
        {
            "id": 3417,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3417/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2007-03-08T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Sample LIMA Data versus MOA Data of McMurdo Station",
            "description": "The Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA) is a data product funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and jointly produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The images shown here are compared to what is currently the best mosaic of Antarctica called the MODIS Mosaic of Antarctica (MOA). MOA is a composite of 260 swaths comprised of both Terra and Aqua MODIS images acquired between November 20, 2003 and February 29, 2004. MOA's data resolution is approximately 150 meters per pixel. From large continental views of Antarctica, MOA is more than adequate. However, as we get closer in to the surface, the resolution of the MOA data begins to show, thus highlighting the value of the LIMA product once it is complete. The LIMA data shown here uses the pan-chromatic band which translates to a resolution of 15 meters per pixel (opposed to MOA's 150 meters per pixel resolution). The 13 swaths used to generate this sample mosaic where acquired between December 25, 1999 and December 31, 2001. The elevation shown is actual (1x). Comparing this sample LIMA data set alongside MOA data over the same region shows the value of having a higher resolution view of Antarctica. || ",
            "hits": 22
        },
        {
            "id": 3418,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3418/",
            "result_type": "Visualization",
            "release_date": "2007-03-08T00:00:00-05:00",
            "title": "Sample LIMA Data versus MOA Data of Ross Island",
            "description": "The Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA) is a data product funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and jointly produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The images shown here are compared to what is currently the best mosaic of Antarctica called the MODIS Mosaic of Antarctica (MOA). MOA is a composite of 260 swaths comprised of both Terra and Aqua MODIS images acquired between November 20, 2003 and February 29, 2004. MOA's data resolution is approximately 150 meters per pixel. From large continental views of Antarctica, MOA is more than adequate. However, as we get closer in to the surface, the resolution of the MOA data begins to show, thus highlighting the value of the LIMA product once it is complete. The LIMA data shown here uses the pan-chromatic band which translates to a resolution of 15 meters per pixel (opposed to MOA's 150 meters per pixel resolution). The 13 swaths used to generate this sample mosaic where acquired between December 25, 1999 and December 31, 2001. The elevation shown is actual (1x). Comparing this sample LIMA data set alongside MOA data over the same region shows the value of having a higher resolution view of Antarctica. || ",
            "hits": 16
        }
    ]
}