{
"id": 5344,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5344/",
"page_type": "Visualization",
"title": "Solar Cycle 25 - the Solar Magnetic Field from Solar Minimum to Pole Flip",
"description": "One advantage of long-lived missions like Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) is the ability to see slow but significant changes over long periods of time.This view from SDO's Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) shows the evolution of sunspots on the solar disk starting from solar minimum (around December 2019) and into the maximum solar activity phase. The video ends in September 2024, however this maximum phase is expected to continue into 2025.",
"release_date": "2024-10-15T14:00:00-04:00",
"update_date": "2025-05-15T11:41:27.185270-04:00",
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"id": 1098519,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a005300/a005344/PFSSbasicView_inertial.HD1080i.1600_print.jpg",
"filename": "PFSSbasicView_inertial.HD1080i.1600_print.jpg",
"media_type": "Image",
"alt_text": "The solar magnetic field, propagated from the photospheric magnetograms using the PFSS (Potential-Field Source Surface) model. This covers the time frame from December 2019 through September 2024. This view uses a camera that rotates with the Sun so the view is over the same equatorial longitude.",
"width": 1024,
"height": 576,
"pixels": 589824
},
"main_video": null,
"main_credits": {
"Visualizations by": [
{
"name": "Tom Bridgman",
"employer": "Global Science and Technology, Inc."
}
],
"Produced by": [
{
"name": "Joy Ng",
"employer": "eMITS"
}
]
},
"progress": "Complete",
"media_groups": [
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"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5344/#media_group_375839",
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"description": "One advantage of long-lived missions like Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) is the ability to see slow but significant changes over long periods of time.
This view from SDO's Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) shows the evolution of sunspots on the solar disk starting from solar minimum (around December 2019) and into the maximum solar activity phase. The video ends in September 2024, however this maximum phase is expected to continue into 2025. The peak solar maximum of this solar cycle has not yet been identified. In the first video, the images are sampled uniformly, about every six hours over this time period. Starting at solar minimum, we observe very little detail on the Sun, but for an occasional sunspot. As the Sun evolves further into the cycle, sunspots appear more frequently, and larger.
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"caption": "",
"description": "Evolution of Solar Cycle 25 as seen in the SDO/HMI instrument from solar minimum (December 2019) to the solar maximum phase at 6 hour intervals. The view ends in September 2024. HMI (Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager) views the solar photosphere in wavelengths of visible light so we see sunspots and faculae. Note there are two brief partial lunar transits over the Sun's disk across the upper right limb, one on January 13, 2021 and the other on May 20, 2023.",
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"filename": "SolarCycle_Min2Max.HMI.6h_HMI.INTENSITY.006400_print.jpg",
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"alt_text": "Evolution of Solar Cycle 25 as seen in the SDO/HMI instrument from solar minimum (December 2019) to the solar maximum phase at 6 hour intervals. The view ends in September 2024. HMI (Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager) views the solar photosphere in wavelengths of visible light so we see sunspots and faculae. Note there are two brief partial lunar transits over the Sun's disk across the upper right limb, one on January 13, 2021 and the other on May 20, 2023.",
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"filename": "SolarCycle_Min2Max.HMI.6h_HMI.INTENSITY_stamped_1024p30.mp4",
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"alt_text": "Evolution of Solar Cycle 25 as seen in the SDO/HMI instrument from solar minimum (December 2019) to the solar maximum phase at 6 hour intervals. The view ends in September 2024. HMI (Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager) views the solar photosphere in wavelengths of visible light so we see sunspots and faculae. Note there are two brief partial lunar transits over the Sun's disk across the upper right limb, one on January 13, 2021 and the other on May 20, 2023.",
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"alt_text": "Evolution of Solar Cycle 25 as seen in the SDO/HMI instrument from solar minimum (December 2019) to the solar maximum phase at 6 hour intervals. The view ends in September 2024. HMI (Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager) views the solar photosphere in wavelengths of visible light so we see sunspots and faculae. Note there are two brief partial lunar transits over the Sun's disk across the upper right limb, one on January 13, 2021 and the other on May 20, 2023.",
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"alt_text": "Evolution of Solar Cycle 25 as seen in the SDO/HMI instrument from solar minimum (December 2019) to the solar maximum phase at 6 hour intervals. The view ends in September 2024. HMI (Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager) views the solar photosphere in wavelengths of visible light so we see sunspots and faculae. Note there are two brief partial lunar transits over the Sun's disk across the upper right limb, one on January 13, 2021 and the other on May 20, 2023.",
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"alt_text": "Evolution of Solar Cycle 25 as seen in the SDO/HMI instrument from solar minimum (December 2019) to the solar maximum phase at 6 hour intervals. The view ends in September 2024. HMI (Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager) views the solar photosphere in wavelengths of visible light so we see sunspots and faculae. Note there are two brief partial lunar transits over the Sun's disk across the upper right limb, one on January 13, 2021 and the other on May 20, 2023.",
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"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a005300/a005344/SolarCycle_Min2Max.HMI.6h_HMI.INTENSITY_2048p30.mp4",
"filename": "SolarCycle_Min2Max.HMI.6h_HMI.INTENSITY_2048p30.mp4",
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"alt_text": "Evolution of Solar Cycle 25 as seen in the SDO/HMI instrument from solar minimum (December 2019) to the solar maximum phase at 6 hour intervals. The view ends in September 2024. HMI (Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager) views the solar photosphere in wavelengths of visible light so we see sunspots and faculae. Note there are two brief partial lunar transits over the Sun's disk across the upper right limb, one on January 13, 2021 and the other on May 20, 2023.",
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"filename": "SolarCycle_Min2Max.HMI.6h_HMI.INTENSITY_stamped_2048p30.mp4",
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"alt_text": "Evolution of Solar Cycle 25 as seen in the SDO/HMI instrument from solar minimum (December 2019) to the solar maximum phase at 6 hour intervals. The view ends in September 2024. HMI (Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager) views the solar photosphere in wavelengths of visible light so we see sunspots and faculae. Note there are two brief partial lunar transits over the Sun's disk across the upper right limb, one on January 13, 2021 and the other on May 20, 2023.",
"width": 2048,
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}
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"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5344/#media_group_375840",
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This version of the video covers the same time frame (December 2019 to September 2024), but starting in January 2023, the image sampling is increased from 6 hours to every 30 minutes. This slows down the motion allowing us to observe the sunspots grow, evolve and move in more detail.
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"description": "Evolution of Solar Cycle 25 as seen in the SDO/HMI instrument from solar minimum into the solar maximum phase (December 2019 to September 2024). At the start, the images were collected at 6 hour intervals but at the start of 2023 when more sunspots were visible, the image cadence was increased to every 30 minutes. HMI (Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager) views the solar photosphere in wavelengths of visible light so we see sunspots and faculae. Note there are two brief partial lunar transits over the Sun's disk across the upper right limb, one on January 13, 2021 and the other on May 20, 2023.",
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"alt_text": "Evolution of Solar Cycle 25 as seen in the SDO/HMI instrument from solar minimum into the solar maximum phase (December 2019 to September 2024). At the start, the images were collected at 6 hour intervals but at the start of 2023 when more sunspots were visible, the image cadence was increased to every 30 minutes. HMI (Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager) views the solar photosphere in wavelengths of visible light so we see sunspots and faculae. Note there are two brief partial lunar transits over the Sun's disk across the upper right limb, one on January 13, 2021 and the other on May 20, 2023.",
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"alt_text": "Evolution of Solar Cycle 25 as seen in the SDO/HMI instrument from solar minimum into the solar maximum phase (December 2019 to September 2024). At the start, the images were collected at 6 hour intervals but at the start of 2023 when more sunspots were visible, the image cadence was increased to every 30 minutes. HMI (Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager) views the solar photosphere in wavelengths of visible light so we see sunspots and faculae. Note there are two brief partial lunar transits over the Sun's disk across the upper right limb, one on January 13, 2021 and the other on May 20, 2023.",
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"filename": "HMI.INTENSITY-Frames_stamped",
"media_type": "Frames",
"alt_text": "Evolution of Solar Cycle 25 as seen in the SDO/HMI instrument from solar minimum into the solar maximum phase (December 2019 to September 2024). At the start, the images were collected at 6 hour intervals but at the start of 2023 when more sunspots were visible, the image cadence was increased to every 30 minutes. HMI (Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager) views the solar photosphere in wavelengths of visible light so we see sunspots and faculae. Note there are two brief partial lunar transits over the Sun's disk across the upper right limb, one on January 13, 2021 and the other on May 20, 2023.",
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"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a005300/a005344/frames/3446x3446_1x1_30p/SolarMin2SolarMax_HMI.intensity/HMI.INTENSITY-Time/",
"filename": "HMI.INTENSITY-Time",
"media_type": "Frames",
"alt_text": "Evolution of Solar Cycle 25 as seen in the SDO/HMI instrument from solar minimum into the solar maximum phase (December 2019 to September 2024). At the start, the images were collected at 6 hour intervals but at the start of 2023 when more sunspots were visible, the image cadence was increased to every 30 minutes. HMI (Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager) views the solar photosphere in wavelengths of visible light so we see sunspots and faculae. Note there are two brief partial lunar transits over the Sun's disk across the upper right limb, one on January 13, 2021 and the other on May 20, 2023.",
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"filename": "SolarCycle_Min2Max_HMI.INTENSITY_stamped_1024p30.mp4",
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"alt_text": "Evolution of Solar Cycle 25 as seen in the SDO/HMI instrument from solar minimum into the solar maximum phase (December 2019 to September 2024). At the start, the images were collected at 6 hour intervals but at the start of 2023 when more sunspots were visible, the image cadence was increased to every 30 minutes. HMI (Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager) views the solar photosphere in wavelengths of visible light so we see sunspots and faculae. Note there are two brief partial lunar transits over the Sun's disk across the upper right limb, one on January 13, 2021 and the other on May 20, 2023.",
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"filename": "SolarCycle_Min2Max.HMI_HMI.INTENSITY_2048p30.mp4",
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"alt_text": "Evolution of Solar Cycle 25 as seen in the SDO/HMI instrument from solar minimum into the solar maximum phase (December 2019 to September 2024). At the start, the images were collected at 6 hour intervals but at the start of 2023 when more sunspots were visible, the image cadence was increased to every 30 minutes. HMI (Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager) views the solar photosphere in wavelengths of visible light so we see sunspots and faculae. Note there are two brief partial lunar transits over the Sun's disk across the upper right limb, one on January 13, 2021 and the other on May 20, 2023.",
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"filename": "SolarCycle_Min2Max.HMI_HMI.INTENSITY_stamped_2048p30.mp4",
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"alt_text": "Evolution of Solar Cycle 25 as seen in the SDO/HMI instrument from solar minimum into the solar maximum phase (December 2019 to September 2024). At the start, the images were collected at 6 hour intervals but at the start of 2023 when more sunspots were visible, the image cadence was increased to every 30 minutes. HMI (Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager) views the solar photosphere in wavelengths of visible light so we see sunspots and faculae. Note there are two brief partial lunar transits over the Sun's disk across the upper right limb, one on January 13, 2021 and the other on May 20, 2023.",
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Next we view the Sun in ultraviolet light at 171 ångstroms, covering the December 2019 to September 2024 time frame. At solar minimum, the solar 'surface', or chromosphere, presents itself as a fairly uniform glow. Darker regions near the upper and lower rotation poles reveal the 'open' solar magnetic field lines which carry solar plasma on a 'fast track' to the distant solar system. As the Sun evolves deeper into the solar cycle, active regions form (they appear as sunpots in the visualizations above) with the magnetic poles of the sunspots connected by bright channels of hot plasma. Many of these active regions will launch solar flares to release their pent-up magnetic energy.
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"description": "Solar minimum, in December of 2019, as seen by the SDO AIA 171 ångstrom filter. The imagery are sampled at 1 hour intervals.",
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"alt_text": "Solar minimum, in December of 2019, as seen by the SDO AIA 171 ångstrom filter. The imagery are sampled at 1 hour intervals.",
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"alt_text": "Solar minimum, in December of 2019, as seen by the SDO AIA 171 ångstrom filter. The imagery are sampled at 1 hour intervals.",
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"alt_text": "Solar minimum, in December of 2019, as seen by the SDO AIA 171 ångstrom filter. The imagery are sampled at 1 hour intervals.",
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"alt_text": "Solar minimum, in December of 2019, as seen by the SDO AIA 171 ångstrom filter. The imagery are sampled at 1 hour intervals.",
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