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In addition to temperature, the sea level also changes. The sea level is generally lower than normal during La Niña, and higher than normal during El Niño. These changes are mostly driven by the winds on the surface of the ocean. During La Niña, the strong westward blowing trade winds push surface waters to the west. As the trade winds weaken, the warm surface water sloshes back to the central Pacific, leading to a central Pacific El Niño.
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During La Niña, the warm waters in the west Pacific add extra heat to the air, resulting in rising motion where there are more clouds and rainfall. As we transition to El Niño, the surface trade winds weaken, the warm water anomalies spread eastward, and the convective rising branch of the Walker Circulation shifts to the central and east Pacific.
These changes in the atmosphere and ocean influence the global weather. We show the effect of El Niño versus La Niña by showing where rainfall changes.
We also visualize the effect of ENSO on marine life. During La Niña, there’s more upwelling of cold water off the coast of Peru. Therefore, there is a higher population of zooplankton which attract fish schooling.",
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