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NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory, 2 (OCO-2) provides the most complete dataset tracking the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), the main driver of climate change. Every day, OCO-2 measures sunlight reflected from Earth’s surface to infer the dry-air column-averaged CO2 mixing ratio and provides around 100,000 cloud-free observations. Despite these advances, OCO-2 data contain many gaps where sunlight is not present or where clouds or aerosols are too thick to retrieve CO2 data. In order to fill gaps and provide science and applications users a spatially complete product, OCO-2 data are assimilated into NASA’s Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS), a complex modeling and data assimilation system used for studying the Earth’s weather and climate. GEOS is also informed by satellite observations of nighttime lights and vegetation greenness along with about 1 million weather observations collected every hour. These data help scientists infer CO2 mixing ratios even when a direct OCO-2 observation is not present and provide additional information on the altitude of CO2 plumes that the satellite is not able to see. Together, OCO-2 and GEOS create one of the most complete pictures of CO2. \r
\r
The visualization featured on this page shows the atmosphere in three dimensions and highlights the accumulation of CO2 during a single calendar year. Every year, the world’s vegetation and oceans absorb about half of human CO2 emissions, providing an incredibly valuable service that has mitigated the rate of accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. However, around 2.5 parts per million remain in the atmosphere every year causing a steady upward march in concentrations that scientists have tracked since the 1950s at surface stations. \r
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The volumetric visualization starts in June 2020, showing all of the model’s values of global CO2. All 3d cells of the model are opaque, revealing a solid brick of data. During the month of June 2020, the higher values of CO2 coalesce around the equatorial belt. By mid-July 2020 the visualization reduces the opacity of lower CO2 values between 385 parts-per-millon (ppm) and 405 ppm in the atmosphere making them transparent. These lower values tend to be higher up in the atmosphere. By doing this, the higher CO2 concentrations, which are closer to the ground, are highlighted revealing the seasonal movement of high CO2 at a global scale. During the months of June-September (summer months for northern hemisphere), global CO2 concentrations tend to be lowest because northern hemisphere plants actively absorb CO2 from the atmosphere via photosynthesis. During northern hemisphere fall and winter months, much of this CO2 is re-released to the atmosphere due to respiration and can be seen building up. By June and July 2021, plants again draw CO2 out of the atmosphere, but notably higher concentrations remain in contrast to the nearly transparent colors of the previous year. The diurnal rhythm of CO2 is apparent over our planet's largest forests, such as the Amazon rainforest in South America and the Congo rainforest in Central Africa. The fast-paced pulse in those rainforests is due to the day-night cycle; plants absorb CO2 during the day via photosynthesis when the sun is out, then stop absorbing CO2 at night. In addition to highlighting the buildup of atmospheric CO2, this visualization shows how interconnected the world’s greenhouse gas problem is. NASA’s unique combination of observations and models plays a critical role in helping scientists track increases in CO2 as they happen to better understand their climate impact.\r
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Data Sources:\r
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Each frame represents a montly timestep for the period September 2002-May 2022.The CO2_frames_dates_values.csv can be used to sync frame number, date and CO₂ values.", "width": 720, "height": 405, "pixels": 291600 } }, { "id": 4990, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4990/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "20 years of AIRS Global Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) measurements (2002- March 2022)", "description": "Data visualization of global carbon dioxide (CO2) for the period September 2002-March 2022, showcasing data products from NASA's Aqua mission. Data visualization assets are designed for HD resolution. || co2airs_60South_1920x108030p.0771.png (1920x1080) [1.8 MB] || co2airs_60South_1920x1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [24.2 MB] || composite_60South (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || co2airs_60South_1920x1080p30.webm (1920x1080) [2.9 MB] || co2airs_60South_1920x1080p30.mp4.hwshow [228 bytes] || ", "release_date": "2022-05-28T00:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2025-03-02T00:12:59.951965-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 370913, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004900/a004990/global_co2_airs_1024x576.jpg", "filename": "global_co2_airs_1024x576.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Monthly frames (720x480 resolution) of global carbon dioxide (CO2) for the period September 2002-March 2022, showcasing data products from NASA's Aqua mission. Each frame represents a montly timestep for the period September 2002-March 2022.The CO2_frames_dates_values.csv can be used to sync frame number, date and CO2 values.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4962, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4962/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Concentration Increase of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)", "description": "Timeplot of increase of atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO2) concentrations relative to the pre-industrial CO2 long-term mean value of 278ppm. During 2021, atmospheric CO2 concentrations reached a record-level increase of 50% relative to pre-industrial CO2 levels. || CO2_Increase_1920x1080_30p.01509.png (1920x1080) [382.9 KB] || CO2_Increase_1920x1080_30p.01509_print.jpg (1024x576) [45.5 KB] || CarbonDioxide_Increase (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || CarbonDioxide_Increase_1920x1080_30p.mp4 (1920x1080) [5.4 MB] || CO2_Increase_1920x1080_30p.01509.tif (1920x1080) [7.9 MB] || CarbonDioxide_Increase_1920x1080_30p.webm (1920x1080) [5.9 MB] || CarbonDioxide_Increase_alpha (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || CarbonDioxide_Increase (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || CarbonDioxide_Increase_4K.mp4 (3840x2160) [31.1 MB] || CarbonDioxide_Increase_Alpha (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || ", "release_date": "2022-01-12T00:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-03-02T00:12:47.127433-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 373975, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004900/a004962/CO2_Increase_Dark_1920x1080_30p.01509.png", "filename": "CO2_Increase_Dark_1920x1080_30p.01509.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Timeplot of increase of atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO2) concentrations relative to the pre-industrial CO2 long-term mean value of 278ppm. During 2021, atmospheric CO2 concentrations reached a record-level increase of 50% relative to pre-industrial CO2 levels. This version is created with a dark background.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 4565, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4565/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Seasonal Changes in Carbon Dioxide", "description": "Narrated visualization showing seasonal drawdown in carbon dioxideThis video is also available on our YouTube channel. || co2_science_comp.0740_print.jpg (1024x576) [118.8 KB] || co2_science_comp.0740_searchweb.png (180x320) [75.9 KB] || co2_science_comp.0740_thm.png (80x40) [6.1 KB] || CO2_Science_001_DDMMYY.m4v (1280x720) [66.6 MB] || CO2_Science_001_DDMMYY.webmhd.webm (1080x606) [17.7 MB] || CO2_Science_001_MM.m4v (1280x720) [66.5 MB] || comp (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || CO2_Science_001_DDMMYY.mp4 (1920x1080) [147.8 MB] || CO2_Science_001_MM.mp4 (1920x1080) [147.9 MB] || CO2_Science.en_US.srt [1.7 KB] || CO2_Science.en_US.vtt [1.7 KB] || CO2_Science_001_DDMMYY.mov (1920x1080) [1.1 GB] || CO2_Science_001_MM.mov (1920x1080) [1.1 GB] || ", "release_date": "2017-05-04T19:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2024-12-29T22:32:05.644300-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 415558, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004500/a004565/co2_science_comp.0740_print.jpg", "filename": "co2_science_comp.0740_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Narrated visualization showing seasonal drawdown in carbon dioxideThis video is also available on our YouTube channel.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4514, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4514/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Carbon Dioxide from GMAO using Assimilated OCO-2 Data", "description": "Carbon Dioxide from the GEOS-5 modelThis video is also available on our YouTube channel. || co2_30.with_labels.2000_print.jpg (1024x576) [90.1 KB] || co2_30.with_labels.2000_searchweb.png (180x320) [64.0 KB] || co2_30.with_labels.2000_thm.png (80x40) [5.9 KB] || co2_30.with_labels_1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [75.6 MB] || co2_30.with_labels_1080p30.webm (1920x1080) [11.3 MB] || co2_30.with_labels_360p30.mp4 (640x360) [12.2 MB] || final_no_dates (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || final_with_labels (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || co2_30.with_labels.key [77.8 MB] || co2_30.with_labels.pptx [77.4 MB] || co2_30.with_labels_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [306.7 MB] || co2_30.with_labels_1080p30.mp4.hwshow [192 bytes] || ", "release_date": "2016-12-13T14:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-02-02T00:08:54.440493-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 418954, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004500/a004514/co2_30.with_labels.2000_print.jpg", "filename": "co2_30.with_labels.2000_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Carbon Dioxide from the GEOS-5 modelThis video is also available on our YouTube channel.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 12445, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12445/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Following Carbon Dioxide Through the Atmosphere", "description": "Carbon dioxide plays a significant role in trapping heat in Earth's atmosphere. The gas is released from human activities like burning fossil fuels, and the concentration of carbon dioxide moves and changes through the seasons. Using observations from NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2) satellite, scientists developed a model of the behavior of carbon in the atmosphere from September 1, 2014 to August 31, 2015. Scientists can use models like this one to better understand and predict where concentrations of carbon dioxide could be especially high or low, based on activity on the ground. || ", "release_date": "2016-12-13T11:30:00-05:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:48:04.471575-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 417966, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012400/a012445/LARGE_MP4-12445_VolumetricCO2_large.00398_print.jpg", "filename": "LARGE_MP4-12445_VolumetricCO2_large.00398_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The height of Earth’s atmosphere and topography have been vertically exaggerated and appear approximately 40 times higher than normal to show the complexity of the atmospheric flow.Music credit: Life Cycles by Theo Golding [PRS]Complete transcript available.Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4519, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4519/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Assimilation of OCO-2 Carbon Dioxide into the GEOS Simulation", "description": "This visualization starts by showing carbon dioxide values (colored squares) being measured by the OCO-2 sensor. Soon the total carbon dioxide from the GEOS global atmosphere simulation is shown under the OCO-2 data. Every six hours, the OCO-2 measurements are used to adjust the GEOS simulation values to agree with observed values at those locations, a process called data assimilation. In order to see this process, look for locations where OCO-2 values are shortly followed by local changes in the background data. Carbon dioxide is shown in parts per million by volume (ppmv).This video is also available on our YouTube channel. || ocogeoscomp.01560_print.jpg (1024x576) [98.7 KB] || ocogeoscomp.01560_searchweb.png (320x180) [64.2 KB] || ocogeoscomp.01560_thm.png (80x40) [5.8 KB] || ocogeoscomp-annotated_1080p30.webm (1920x1080) [19.5 MB] || ocogeoscomp-annotated_1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [108.6 MB] || ocogeoscomp_new_1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [106.2 MB] || newannotated (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || newcomp (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || ocogeoscomp-annotated_4519.key [109.8 MB] || ocogeoscomp-annotated_4519.pptx [109.5 MB] || ocogeoscomp-annotated_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [336.7 MB] || ocogeoscomp_new_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [333.7 MB] || the-earth-observing-fleet-by-theme-aerosols-atmospheric-chemistry.hwshow [1.5 KB] || ocogeoscomp_new_1080p30.mp4.hwshow [218 bytes] || ", "release_date": "2016-12-09T00:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-02-02T22:29:28.408192-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 417880, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004500/a004519/ocogeoscomp.01560_print.jpg", "filename": "ocogeoscomp.01560_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This visualization starts by showing carbon dioxide values (colored squares) being measured by the OCO-2 sensor. Soon the total carbon dioxide from the GEOS global atmosphere simulation is shown under the OCO-2 data. Every six hours, the OCO-2 measurements are used to adjust the GEOS simulation values to agree with observed values at those locations, a process called data assimilation. In order to see this process, look for locations where OCO-2 values are shortly followed by local changes in the background data. Carbon dioxide is shown in parts per million by volume (ppmv).This video is also available on our YouTube channel.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ], "sources": [], "products": [ { "id": 31168, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/31168/", "page_type": "Hyperwall Visual", "title": "What NASA Knows from Decades of Earth System Observations", "description": "Karen St. Germain, NASA's Director of Earth Science, gave this presentation to the 2021 United Nations Climate Change ConferenceWatch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel. || KarenStGermain_4k_COP26_Presentation_Final_103850_print.jpg (1024x576) [143.2 KB] || KarenStGermain_4k_COP26_Presentation_Final_103850_searchweb.png (320x180) [87.7 KB] || KarenStGermain_4k_COP26_Presentation_Final_103850_thm.png (80x40) [6.7 KB] || KarenStGermain_HD_COP26_Presentation_Final.webm (1920x1080) [106.3 MB] || KarenStGermain_HD_COP26_Presentation_Final.mp4 (1920x1080) [1008.1 MB] || KarenStGFinal (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || transcript_StGermain.en_US.srt [13.6 KB] || transcript_StGermain.en_US.vtt [13.2 KB] || KarenStGermain_4k_COP26_Presentation_Final.mp4 (3840x2160) [7.6 GB] || ", "release_date": "2021-12-13T00:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-02-03T00:52:40.917029-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 376487, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a030000/a031100/a031168/KarenStGermain_4k_COP26_Presentation_Final_103850_print.jpg", "filename": "KarenStGermain_4k_COP26_Presentation_Final_103850_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Karen St. Germain, NASA's Director of Earth Science, gave this presentation to the 2021 United Nations Climate Change ConferenceWatch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ], "newer_versions": [ { "id": 5115, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5115/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Global Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)", "description": "Volumetric visualization of the total carbon dioxide (CO₂) on a global scale added on Earth's atmosphere over the course of the year 2021. || TotalCO2_Comp_1920x1920p30_00080.png (1920x1920) [3.2 MB] || TotalCO2_Comp_1920x1920p30_00080_print.jpg (1024x1024) [168.5 KB] || VolumetricCO2_Composite (1920x1920) [0 Item(s)] || VolumetricCO2_Composite_1920x1920p30.mp4 (1920x1920) [806.2 MB] || ", "release_date": "2023-06-20T15:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2025-01-15T10:57:49-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 856146, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a005100/a005115/TotalCO2_Volume_1920x1920.00080.png", "filename": "TotalCO2_Volume_1920x1920.00080.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Visualization of the total carbon dioxide (CO₂) on a global scale added on Earth's atmosphere over the course of the year 2021 (without the timeline).", "width": 1920, "height": 1920, "pixels": 3686400 } } ], "older_versions": [], "alternate_versions": [ { "id": 4949, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4949/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Global Carbon Dioxide 2020-2021", "description": "Data visualization featuring volumetric carbon dioxide on a global scale for the period June 1, 2020 - July 31, 2021.Coming soon to our YouTube channel. || CO2Volumetric_1024x576_02582_print.jpg (1024x576) [90.6 KB] || CO2Volumetric_1024x576_02582.png (1024x576) [569.1 KB] || CO2Volumetric_1024x576_02582_searchweb.png (180x320) [60.0 KB] || CO2Volumetric_1024x576_02582_thm.png (80x40) [5.1 KB] || CO2Volumetric_1920x1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [65.3 MB] || CO2Volumetric_1920x1080p30.webm (1920x1080) [13.3 MB] || 3840x2160_16x9_30p (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || CO2Volumetric_3840x2160_30fps_02582.exr (3840x2160) [63.3 MB] || CO2Volumetric_3840x2160_30fps_02582.tif (3840x2160) [44.5 MB] || captions_silent.31831.en_US.srt [43 bytes] || CO2Volumetric_3840x2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [931.2 MB] || ", "release_date": "2021-11-02T00:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-09-19T13:03:33-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 375928, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004900/a004949/CO2Volumetric_1024x576_02582.png", "filename": "CO2Volumetric_1024x576_02582.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Data visualization featuring volumetric carbon dioxide on a global scale for the period June 1, 2020 - July 31, 2021.Coming soon to our YouTube channel.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ] }