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Using the complete record of Mauna Loa CO2 monthly mean data, the timeplot featured on this page displays the ongoing Keeling’s research and observations: the monthly average of atmospheric CO2 concentration values, which show the seasonal cycle of CO2 (jagged/wavy red line) and the seasonally-adjusted mean values (adjusted/straight red line). The jagged/wavy red line visualizes natural oscillations caused by plant growth cycles, while the adjusted/straight red line demonstrates the steady increase over time that is caused by human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels. \r
\r
To illustrate the significance of the steady increase of atmospheric CO2 since 1958 and to provide a visual understanding of the monthly average CO2 values as they are measured in parts per million (ppm):\r
As the timeline unfolds, we can see an increase growing from 13% in March 1958 to more than 50% in December 2021.
\r
In addition to highlighting the steady increase of CO2 in the Earth’s atmosphere, this timeplot underpins the historical contributions of the Keeling Curve to climate science, as it was designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society in 2015. Continuous and precise observations across agencies and institutions are critical to help scientists and the public understand the linkages between increases in CO2 and human-caused climate change.

The rest of this webpage offers a version of the timeplot with dark background, the Keeling Curve, as of December 2021 and data sources.\r

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Data Sources:\r
", "items": [], "extra_data": {} } ], "studio": "svs", "funding_sources": [ "ESE" ], "credits": [ { "role": "Visualizer", "people": [ { "name": "Helen-Nicole Kostis", "employer": "USRA" }, { "name": "AJ Christensen", "employer": "SSAI" } ] }, { "role": "Producer", "people": [ { "name": "Mark SubbaRao", "employer": "NASA/GSFC" } ] }, { "role": "Technical support", "people": [ { "name": "Laurence Schuler", "employer": "ADNET Systems, Inc." }, { "name": "Ian Jones", "employer": "ADNET Systems, Inc." }, { "name": "Eric Sokolowsky", "employer": "Global Science and Technology, Inc." } ] } ], "missions": [], "series": [], "tapes": [], "papers": [ "Keeling C.D. et al. (2005) Atmospheric CO2 and 13CO2 Exchange with the Terrestrial Biosphere and Oceans from 1978 to 2000: Observations and Carbon Cycle Implications. In: Baldwin I. et al. (eds) A History of Atmospheric CO2 and Its Effects on Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems. Ecological Studies (Analysis and Synthesis), vol 177. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27048-5_5

C. D. Keeling, S. C. Piper, R. B. Bacastow, M. Wahlen, T. P. Whorf, M. Heimann, and H. A. Meijer, Exchanges of atmospheric CO2 and 13CO2 with the terrestrial biosphere and oceans from 1978 to 2000. I. Global aspects, SIO Reference Series, No. 01-06, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, 88 pages, 2001. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/09v319r9", "Keeling C.D. et al. (2005) Atmospheric CO2 and 13CO2 Exchange with the Terrestrial Biosphere and Oceans from 1978 to 2000: Observations and Carbon Cycle Implications. In: Baldwin I. et al. (eds) A History of Atmospheric CO2 and Its Effects on Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems. Ecological Studies (Analysis and Synthesis), vol 177. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27048-5_5

C. D. Keeling, S. C. Piper, R. B. Bacastow, M. Wahlen, T. P. Whorf, M. Heimann, and H. A. Meijer, Exchanges of atmospheric CO2 and 13CO2 with the terrestrial biosphere and oceans from 1978 to 2000. I. 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And how do we even measure global temperature? 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And how do we even measure global temperature? 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Countries with emissions, seen here in red, appear to pop from the page, compared to countries with removals, seen in green. 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Each frame represents a montly timestep for the period September 2002-October 2022.The CO2_frames_dates_values.csv can be used to sync frame number, date and CO₂ values.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 5025, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5025/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "20 years of AIRS Global Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) measurements (2002-May 2022)", "description": "Data visualization of global carbon dioxide (CO₂) for the period September 2002-May 2022, showcasing data products from NASA's Aqua mission. 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Each frame represents a montly timestep for the period September 2002-May 2022.The CO2_frames_dates_values.csv can be used to sync frame number, date and CO₂ values.", "width": 720, "height": 405, "pixels": 291600 } }, { "id": 4990, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4990/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "20 years of AIRS Global Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) measurements (2002- March 2022)", "description": "Data visualization of global carbon dioxide (CO2) for the period September 2002-March 2022, showcasing data products from NASA's Aqua mission. 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Each frame represents a montly timestep for the period September 2002-March 2022.The CO2_frames_dates_values.csv can be used to sync frame number, date and CO2 values.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4983, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4983/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Global Carbon Dioxide 2020-2021 for Hyperwalls", "description": "This webpage provides a wide aspect ratio version of: Global Carbon Dioxide 2020-2021, released on November 2, 2021. This version has been created for wide aspect ratio display systems with resolution up to 9600x3240. 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Lower resolution movies are provided for preview.", "width": 1024, "height": 345, "pixels": 353280 } }, { "id": 4949, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4949/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Global Carbon Dioxide 2020-2021", "description": "Data visualization featuring volumetric carbon dioxide on a global scale for the period June 1, 2020 - July 31, 2021.Coming soon to our YouTube channel. || CO2Volumetric_1024x576_02582_print.jpg (1024x576) [90.6 KB] || CO2Volumetric_1024x576_02582.png (1024x576) [569.1 KB] || CO2Volumetric_1024x576_02582_searchweb.png (180x320) [60.0 KB] || CO2Volumetric_1024x576_02582_thm.png (80x40) [5.1 KB] || CO2Volumetric_1920x1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [65.3 MB] || CO2Volumetric_1920x1080p30.webm (1920x1080) [13.3 MB] || 3840x2160_16x9_30p (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || CO2Volumetric_3840x2160_30fps_02582.exr (3840x2160) [63.3 MB] || CO2Volumetric_3840x2160_30fps_02582.tif (3840x2160) [44.5 MB] || captions_silent.31831.en_US.srt [43 bytes] || CO2Volumetric_3840x2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [931.2 MB] || ", "release_date": "2021-11-02T00:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-09-19T13:03:33-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 375928, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004900/a004949/CO2Volumetric_1024x576_02582.png", "filename": "CO2Volumetric_1024x576_02582.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Data visualization featuring volumetric carbon dioxide on a global scale for the period June 1, 2020 - July 31, 2021.Coming soon to our YouTube channel.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ], "sources": [], "products": [ { "id": 14066, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14066/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Temperature Record 101: How We Know What We Know", "description": "2021 was tied for the sixth warmest year on NASA’s record, stretching more than a century. 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