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The data-driven visualization sequences on this page use data from NASA Goddard’s Space Flight Center internal tides simulation run and aim to showcase the largest tides around the world, along with their patterns and directions. The largest or most energetic tides are generated in regions with steep bathymetry and along mid-ocean ridges, such as in the Hawaiian Ridge, Tahiti, Macquarie Ridge and Luzon Strait.\r
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Once generated along the ridges, the internal tides propagate away, both northwards and southwards. Their characteristic wavelength -- about 50 to 100 km from peak to trough -- is determined by details of the ocean's stratification, which depends on water temperature and salinity. The internal tides are capable of propagating great distances away from the ridges, sometime thousands of kilometers.\r
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Within the water column the vertical displacement of water in these waves is large, often tens of meters, and even larger in a few places. But at the ocean surface, the displacement is tiny, only a few cm. Yet satellite altimeters are capable of measuring those small surface waves if we average the altimeter measurements over many years. The data utilized on these visualizations are predicted internal tides based on such multi-year analyses of satellite altimetry. The methodology of such analyses is described in publications: doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0127.1 doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0065.1\r
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The visualization sequences feature a rotating Earth, where internal tides data are mapped on water surface over a cyclical period of a day (24 hours) accompanied with a colormap and a timestamp. The internal tides data are mapped to a dark blue-to-white sequential colormap to illustrate the levels below (dark blue/deep) and above (white/high) water surface level. The tide data have been interpolated linearly to fade between the hourly steps and cycle through smoothly. The ocean is filled with steep underwater topography, creating many sources of internal tides seen all over the global ocean seen in the data visualizations. The propagation patterns from these many sources interfere constructively and destructively, giving rise to the many complicated patterns.\r
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In the visualizations the vertically exaggerated by 15x GTOPO30 relief model, utilizes a divergent gray-to-light blue colormap to separate over land terrain from shallow bathymetry. The dry land is mapped to greys (dark gray/low to white/high) and shallow bathymetry to light blues. In areas over water and of shallow bathymetry (light blue) internal tides data values are close to zero and have been filtered out, as in these areas the activity of tides is minimal.\r
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Although the surface expression of internal tides, being only a few cm, seems insignificant, it provides oceanographers with a unique way to map and study the much larger internal water motion. These internal waves are an important source of mechanical energy in the ocean, and they are thought to play a key role in mixing warm upper water with cold deeper water, which is a key part of the ocean's thermohaline circulation.\r

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Data Sources:\r


The rest of this webpage offers additional frames, layers and colorbar information, associated with the development of this data-driven visualization.", "items": [], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 317451, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4879/#media_group_317451", "widget": "Video player", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "This set of frames provides the earth layer with internal tides ocean data for the duration of the visualization sequence. Frames are provided with transparency in 4K resolution.", "items": [ { "id": 221343, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 380770, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004800/a004879/LargeTidesEarth_Layer_1920x1080p30.mp4", "filename": "LargeTidesEarth_Layer_1920x1080p30.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "This set of frames provides the earth layer with internal tides ocean data for the duration of the visualization sequence. 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Blue to white sequential colorbar to illustrate the internal tides data that are below (dark blue/deep) and above the water surface (white/high). This colorbar employs a linear gradient transparency map on values [-0.75, 0.75] to filter out the smaller values. By making the smaller values transparent we can see the stronger (or energetic) tides and the patterns they form on water bodies around the world.", "items": [ { "id": 221352, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 380780, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004800/a004879/LargeTides_Colormap_print.jpg", "filename": "LargeTides_Colormap_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Colorbar created to demonstrate the energetic internal tides data.Blue to white sequential colorbar to illustrate the internal tides data that are below (dark blue/deep) and above the water surface (white/high). This colorbar employs a linear gradient transparency map on values [-0.75, 0.75] to filter out the smaller values. By making the smaller values transparent we can see the stronger (or energetic) tides and the patterns they form on water bodies around the world.", "width": 1024, "height": 256, "pixels": 262144 } }, { "id": 221351, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 380779, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004800/a004879/LargeTides_Colormap.png", "filename": "LargeTides_Colormap.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Colorbar created to demonstrate the energetic internal tides data.Blue to white sequential colorbar to illustrate the internal tides data that are below (dark blue/deep) and above the water surface (white/high). This colorbar employs a linear gradient transparency map on values [-0.75, 0.75] to filter out the smaller values. By making the smaller values transparent we can see the stronger (or energetic) tides and the patterns they form on water bodies around the world.", "width": 1000, "height": 250, "pixels": 250000 } } ], "extra_data": {} } ], "studio": "svs", "funding_sources": [ "ESE" ], "credits": [ { "role": "Visualizer", "people": [ { "name": "Helen-Nicole Kostis", "employer": "USRA" }, { "name": "Greg Shirah", "employer": "NASA/GSFC" } ] }, { "role": "Scientist", "people": [ { "name": "Nadya Vinogradova-Shiffer", "employer": "NASA/HQ" }, { "name": "Richard Ray", "employer": "NASA/GSFC" } ] }, { "role": "Project support", "people": [ { "name": "Leann Johnson", "employer": "Global Science and Technology, Inc." }, { "name": "Eric Sokolowsky", "employer": "Global Science and Technology, Inc." } ] }, { "role": "Technical support", "people": [ { "name": "Laurence Schuler", "employer": "ADNET Systems, Inc." }, { "name": "Ian Jones", "employer": "ADNET Systems, Inc." } ] } ], "missions": [], "series": [], "tapes": [], "papers": [ "Zaron, E. D. (2019). Baroclinic Tidal Sea Level from Exact-Repeat Mission Altimetry, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 49(1), 193-210. Retrieved Jan 22, 2021, doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0127.1
Ray, R. D., & Zaron, E. D. (2016). M2 Internal Tides and Their Observed Wavenumber Spectra from Satellite Altimetry, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 46(1), 3-22. Retrieved Jan 22, 2021, doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0065.1", "Zaron, E. D. (2019). Baroclinic Tidal Sea Level from Exact-Repeat Mission Altimetry, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 49(1), 193-210. Retrieved Jan 22, 2021, doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0127.1
Ray, R. D., & Zaron, E. D. (2016). M2 Internal Tides and Their Observed Wavenumber Spectra from Satellite Altimetry, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 46(1), 3-22. Retrieved Jan 22, 2021, doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0065.1" ], "datasets": [ { "name": "GTOPO30 Topography and Bathymetry", "common_name": "", "platform": null, "sensor": null, "type": "Data Compilation", "organizations": [ "USGS" ], "description": "", "credit": "", "url": "", "date_range": null }, { "name": "DEM", "common_name": "", "platform": "SRTM", "sensor": "SIR-C", "type": "Other", "organizations": [], "description": "", "credit": "", "url": "", "date_range": null }, { "name": "Blue Marble: Next Generation", "common_name": "BMNG", "platform": "Terra and Aqua", "sensor": "MODIS", "type": "Other", "organizations": [], "description": "", "credit": "The Blue Marble data is courtesy of Reto Stockli (NASA/GSFC).", "url": "http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/BlueMarble/", "date_range": null }, { "name": "Coastline - Northwest Hawaiian Islands (NWHI)", "common_name": "", "platform": null, "sensor": null, "type": "Data Compilation", "organizations": [ "HawaiiStateGIS" ], "description": "", "credit": "", "url": "https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/coastline-northwest-hawaiian-islands-nwhi", "date_range": null }, { "name": "Internal Ocean Tides", "common_name": "", "platform": null, "sensor": null, "type": "Model", "organizations": [], "description": "Internal Tides data from NASA Goddard's Space Flight Center simulation run. The data are hourly over a period of a\n day (24 hours) with latitude bounds in the range [-66°, 66°].\n\nPOC: Richard Ray (NASA/GSFC)", "credit": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center", "url": "", "date_range": null } ], "nasa_science_categories": [ "Earth" ], "keywords": [ "Bathymetry/Seafloor Topography", "Coastal Processes", "Earth Science", "Hawaiian Islands", "HDTV", "Hyperwall", "Location", "Ocean", "Ocean Plateaus/Ridges", "Oceans", "Physical oceanography", "Sea Level Rise", "Tides" ], "recommended_pages": [], "related": [ { "id": 4850, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4850/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Internal Ocean Tides", "description": "Data visualization featuring internal tides data from NASA Goddard's Space Flight Center simulation run. The visualization sequence starts with a view of the Americas and the Pacific Ocean and soon after exposes the undersea mountain range along the Hawaiian Ridge. Internal tides data appear on the water surface and the direction of the waves reveal the interplay between the steep bathymetry and the tidal energy generated in the region. Zooming out to a global view, we spot other areas around the globe where large tides are generated, such as Tahiti, Southwest Indian Ocean and Luzon Strait and observe the motions and patterns presented by data. || InternalTides_1024x576_2944.jpg (1024x576) [614.4 KB] || InternalTides_1024x576_2944_searchweb.png (320x180) [134.6 KB] || InternalTides_1024x576_2944_web.png (320x180) [134.6 KB] || InternalTides_1024x576_2944_thm.png (80x40) [21.2 KB] || InternalTides_1280x720p30.mp4 (1280x720) [62.4 MB] || InternalTides_1920x1080_60fps_2944.tif (1920x1080) [7.9 MB] || InternalTides_1280x720p30.webm (1280x720) [15.1 MB] || InternalTides_1920x1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [120.7 MB] || InternalTides (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || InternalTides_3840x2160_60fps_2944.tif (3840x2160) [31.6 MB] || InternalTides_3840x2160_p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [376.1 MB] || InternalTides_1920x1080p30.mp4.hwshow [192 bytes] || ", "release_date": "2021-04-29T00:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2025-01-06T00:18:25.636264-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 380660, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004800/a004850/InternalTides_1024x576_2944.jpg", "filename": "InternalTides_1024x576_2944.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Data visualization featuring internal tides data from NASA Goddard's Space Flight Center simulation run. The visualization sequence starts with a view of the Americas and the Pacific Ocean and soon after exposes the undersea mountain range along the Hawaiian Ridge. Internal tides data appear on the water surface and the direction of the waves reveal the interplay between the steep bathymetry and the tidal energy generated in the region. Zooming out to a global view, we spot other areas around the globe where large tides are generated, such as Tahiti, Southwest Indian Ocean and Luzon Strait and observe the motions and patterns presented by data.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4821, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4821/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Barotropic Global Ocean Tides", "description": "This animation with voiceover narration shows the barotropic global ocean tides as a complex system of rotating and trapped waves with a mixture of frequencies.Complete transcript available.This video is also available on our YouTube channel. || tides04_final_HD_voiceoverVer04.01000_print.jpg (1024x576) [142.7 KB] || tides04_final_HD_voiceoverVer04.webm (1920x1080) [16.9 MB] || tides04_final_HD_voiceoverVer04.mp4 (1920x1080) [322.9 MB] || BarotropicGlobalOceanTidesVer04.en_US.srt [2.3 KB] || BarotropicGlobalOceanTidesVer04.en_US.vtt [2.3 KB] || tides04_final_HD_voiceoverVer04.mp4.hwshow || ", "release_date": "2020-11-05T00:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-06-23T00:12:29.022648-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 385206, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004800/a004821/tides01_final_HD.5000_print.jpg", "filename": "tides01_final_HD.5000_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This animation shows the barotropic global ocean tides as a complex system of rotating and trapped waves with a mixture of frequencies.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ], "sources": [], "products": [ { "id": 13848, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13848/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "NASA Sees Tides Under the Ocean’s Surface", "description": "Internal tides, or internal waves, can reach hundreds of feet underneath the ocean surface, but might only be a few inches high on the surface. Even though they're underwater, NASA can see these tides from satellites. They provide oceanographers with a unique way to map and study the much larger internal water motion. || ", "release_date": "2021-04-29T11:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:44:09.618013-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 378745, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013800/a013848/Screen_Shot_2021-04-27_at_4.26.23_PM_print.jpg", "filename": "Screen_Shot_2021-04-27_at_4.26.23_PM_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Music: “Delightful Joy” by Eric Chevalier [SACEM]Complete transcript available.", "width": 1024, "height": 616, "pixels": 630784 } } ], "newer_versions": [], "older_versions": [], "alternate_versions": [] }