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Across a long swath of the North Pacific Ocean sits the Hawaiian Ridge, a massive underwater structure, high enough in a few places to reach the ocean surface and form the islands of America's 50th state. As ocean tidal currents impact the ridge, deep dense water is forced upward; gravity and buoyancy forces then tug the water down and up again, setting up oscillations called internal waves. Since the waves oscillate at the tidal period (a little over 12 hours), they are internal tides. \r
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Once generated along the ridge, the internal tides propagate away, both northwards and southwards. Their characteristic wavelength -- about 50 to 100 km from peak to trough -- is determined by details of the ocean's stratification, which depends on water temperature and salinity. The internal tides are evidently capable of propagating great distances away from the ridge, sometime thousands of kilometers.\r
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Within the water column the vertical displacement of water in these waves is large, often tens of meters, and even larger in a few places. But at the ocean surface, the displacement is tiny, only a few cm. Yet satellite altimeters are capable of measuring those small surface waves if we average the altimeter measurements over many years. The data visualization featured on this page shows predicted internal tides based on such multi-year analyses of satellite altimetry. The methodology of such analyses is described in publications: doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0127.1 doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0065.1\r
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The visualization sequence starts with a view of the Americas and Pacific Ocean from space and slowly zooms into the Hawaiian Islands. Shortly the ocean surface becomes semi-transparent to expose the undersea mountain range of the Hawaiian Ridge that reaches above sea level. The sequence pauses at a distance to observe the steep bathymetry, the archipelago of the eight major Hawaiian (or Windward) Islands and of the Northwestern (Leeward) Islands, which consist of small uninhabited islands, atolls, reefs and seamounts. Soon after internal tides data from NASA Goddard’s Space Flight Center simulation gradually appear on the water surface, accompanied with a colormap and a timestamp. The direction of the hourly internal tides data reveals an outward motion along the Hawaiian Ridge and brings to light the relationship between the bathymetry and tidal energy generated in the region. The internal tides data utilize a dark blue-to-white sequential colormap to illustrate the elevation below (dark blue/deep) and above(white/high) mean sea level. The hourly tide data have been interpolated linearly to fade between the hourly steps and cycle through smoothly.\r
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The sequence continues by zooming out of the Hawaiian Ridge and takes us on a tour around the world to spot regions with the largest internal tides all over the global ocean. This is implemented by dynamically altering the internal tides colormap and filtering out (making transparent) data values in the range [-0.75, 0.75] below/above mean sea level. The sequence shows us the strong tidal energies created over the ocean in regions with steep bathymetry and along mid-ocean ridges, such as Tahiti, Southwest Indian Ocean and Luzon Strait. The propagation patterns from these underwater regions interfere constructively and destructively, giving rise to the many complicated patterns seen in the data-driven visualizations.\r
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Although the surface expression of internal tides, being only a few cm, seems insignificant, it provides oceanographers with a unique way to map and study the much larger internal water motion. These internal waves are an important source of mechanical energy in the ocean, and they are thought to play a key role in mixing warm upper water with cold deeper water, which is a key part of the ocean's thermohaline circulation.\r

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Data Sources:\r
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The rest of this webpage offers additional versions, frames, layers and colorbar information, associated with the development of this data-driven visualization.", "items": [], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 317442, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4850/#media_group_317442", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Frames of Earth layer for the entire duration of the visualization sequence. This set of frames is provided with transparency in 4K resolution.", "items": [ { "id": 221319, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 380671, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004800/a004850/InternalTidesEarth_Layer_1920x1080.2944.jpg", "filename": "InternalTidesEarth_Layer_1920x1080.2944.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Frames of Earth layer for the entire duration of the visualization sequence. 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Blue to white sequential colorbar to illustrate tidal elevation below (dark blue/deep) and above (white/high) mean sea level. The colorbar is animated throughout the visualization sequence by adding a linear gradient transparency on values [-0.75, 0.75] to showcase the largest tides around the world.", "items": [ { "id": 221326, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 380678, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004800/a004850/InternalTides_Colorbar.png", "filename": "InternalTides_Colorbar.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Colorbar of internal tides data.Blue to white sequential colorbar to illustrate tidal elevation below (dark blue/deep) and above (white/high) mean sea level. 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", "items": [ { "id": 221328, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 380680, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004800/a004850/Altitude_Colorbar.png", "filename": "Altitude_Colorbar.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Colorbar created for the internal tides visualization sequence. Gray-blue divergent colorbar to separate the topograpy from bathymetry. The colorbar is applied to the Global 30 Arc-Second Elevation (GTOPO 30) relief model throughout the visualization. The bathymetry is mapped to blue hues (light blue/shallow to dark blue/deep) and the overland terrain to greys (gray/low to white/high). The colorbar is assymetrical; there are more levels below sea level than on dry land. ", "width": 100, "height": 999, "pixels": 99900 } }, { "id": 221329, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 380681, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004800/a004850/Altitude_Colorbar_preview.png", "filename": "Altitude_Colorbar_preview.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Colorbar created for the internal tides visualization sequence. Gray-blue divergent colorbar to separate the topograpy from bathymetry. The colorbar is applied to the Global 30 Arc-Second Elevation (GTOPO 30) relief model throughout the visualization. The bathymetry is mapped to blue hues (light blue/shallow to dark blue/deep) and the overland terrain to greys (gray/low to white/high). The colorbar is assymetrical; there are more levels below sea level than on dry land. ", "width": 104, "height": 1002, "pixels": 104208 } } ], "extra_data": {} } ], "studio": "svs", "funding_sources": [ "ESE" ], "credits": [ { "role": "Visualizer", "people": [ { "name": "Helen-Nicole Kostis", "employer": "USRA" }, { "name": "Greg Shirah", "employer": "NASA/GSFC" }, { "name": "Alex Kekesi", "employer": "Global Science and Technology, Inc." } ] }, { "role": "Scientist", "people": [ { "name": "Nadya Vinogradova-Shiffer", "employer": "NASA/HQ" }, { "name": "Richard Ray", "employer": "NASA/GSFC" } ] }, { "role": "Technical support", "people": [ { "name": "Laurence Schuler", "employer": "ADNET Systems, Inc." }, { "name": "Ian Jones", "employer": "ADNET Systems, Inc." } ] }, { "role": "Project support", "people": [ { "name": "Leann Johnson", "employer": "Global Science and Technology, Inc." }, { "name": "Eric Sokolowsky", "employer": "Global Science and Technology, Inc." } ] } ], "missions": [], "series": [], "tapes": [], "papers": [ "Zaron, E. D. (2019). Baroclinic Tidal Sea Level from Exact-Repeat Mission Altimetry, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 49(1), 193-210. Retrieved Jan 22, 2021, doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0127.1
Ray, R. D., & Zaron, E. D. (2016). M2 Internal Tides and Their Observed Wavenumber Spectra from Satellite Altimetry, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 46(1), 3-22. Retrieved Jan 22, 2021, doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0065.1", "Zaron, E. D. (2019). Baroclinic Tidal Sea Level from Exact-Repeat Mission Altimetry, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 49(1), 193-210. Retrieved Jan 22, 2021, doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0127.1
Ray, R. D., & Zaron, E. D. (2016). M2 Internal Tides and Their Observed Wavenumber Spectra from Satellite Altimetry, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 46(1), 3-22. Retrieved Jan 22, 2021, doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0065.1" ], "datasets": [ { "name": "GTOPO30 Topography and Bathymetry", "common_name": "", "platform": null, "sensor": null, "type": "Data Compilation", "organizations": [ "USGS" ], "description": "", "credit": "", "url": "", "date_range": null }, { "name": "DEM", "common_name": "", "platform": "SRTM", "sensor": "SIR-C", "type": "Other", "organizations": [], "description": "", "credit": "", "url": "", "date_range": null }, { "name": "Blue Marble: Next Generation", "common_name": "BMNG", "platform": "Terra and Aqua", "sensor": "MODIS", "type": "Other", "organizations": [], "description": "", "credit": "The Blue Marble data is courtesy of Reto Stockli (NASA/GSFC).", "url": "http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/BlueMarble/", "date_range": null }, { "name": "Coastline - Northwest Hawaiian Islands (NWHI)", "common_name": "", "platform": null, "sensor": null, "type": "Data Compilation", "organizations": [ "HawaiiStateGIS" ], "description": "", "credit": "", "url": "https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/coastline-northwest-hawaiian-islands-nwhi", "date_range": null }, { "name": "Internal Ocean Tides", "common_name": "", "platform": null, "sensor": null, "type": "Model", "organizations": [], "description": "Internal Tides data from NASA Goddard's Space Flight Center simulation run. The data are hourly over a period of a\n day (24 hours) with latitude bounds in the range [-66°, 66°].\n\nPOC: Richard Ray (NASA/GSFC)", "credit": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center", "url": "", "date_range": null } ], "nasa_science_categories": [ "Earth" ], "keywords": [ "Bathymetry/Seafloor Topography", "Coastal Processes", "Earth Science", "Hawaiian Islands", "HDTV", "Hyperwall", "Location", "Ocean", "Ocean Plateaus/Ridges", "Oceans", "Physical oceanography", "Sea Level Rise", "Tides" ], "recommended_pages": [], "related": [ { "id": 4879, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4879/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Internal Tides: Global Views", "description": "Data visualization featuring energetic internal tides on a rotating Earth. The visualization simulates data over a period of a day (24 hours) and showcases the largest internal tides on water bodies around the world. The largest internal tides are generated in regions with steep bathymetry and along mid-ocean ridges, such as in the Hawaiian Ridge, Tahiti, Macquarie Ridge and Luzon Strait. || LargeTides_Composite_1920x1080_0000.png (1024x576) [511.0 KB] || LargeTides_Composite_1920x1080_0000_print.jpg (1024x576) [128.5 KB] || LargeTides_Composite_1920x1080_0000_searchweb.png (320x180) [51.6 KB] || LargeTides_Composite_1920x1080_0000_thm.png (80x40) [4.3 KB] || LargeTides_Composite (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || LargeTides_Composite_1280x720p30.mp4 (1280x720) [62.8 MB] || LargeTides_Composite_1920x1080_0000.tif (1920x1080) [11.9 MB] || LargeTides_Composite_1920x1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [113.6 MB] || LargeTides_Composite (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || LargeTides_Composite_3840x2160_p30.webm (3840x2160) [28.7 MB] || LargeTides_Composite_3840x2160_p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [260.3 MB] || LargeTides_Composite_1920x1080p30.mp4.hwshow [199 bytes] || ", "release_date": "2021-04-29T00:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2025-01-06T00:18:43.680068-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 380760, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004800/a004879/LargeTides_Composite_1920x1080_0000_print.jpg", "filename": "LargeTides_Composite_1920x1080_0000_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Data visualization featuring energetic internal tides on a rotating Earth. The visualization simulates data over a period of a day (24 hours) and showcases the largest internal tides on water bodies around the world. The largest internal tides are generated in regions with steep bathymetry and along mid-ocean ridges, such as in the Hawaiian Ridge, Tahiti, Macquarie Ridge and Luzon Strait.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4821, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4821/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Barotropic Global Ocean Tides", "description": "This animation with voiceover narration shows the barotropic global ocean tides as a complex system of rotating and trapped waves with a mixture of frequencies.Complete transcript available.This video is also available on our YouTube channel. || tides04_final_HD_voiceoverVer04.01000_print.jpg (1024x576) [142.7 KB] || tides04_final_HD_voiceoverVer04.webm (1920x1080) [16.9 MB] || tides04_final_HD_voiceoverVer04.mp4 (1920x1080) [322.9 MB] || BarotropicGlobalOceanTidesVer04.en_US.srt [2.3 KB] || BarotropicGlobalOceanTidesVer04.en_US.vtt [2.3 KB] || tides04_final_HD_voiceoverVer04.mp4.hwshow || ", "release_date": "2020-11-05T00:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-06-23T00:12:29.022648-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 385206, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004800/a004821/tides01_final_HD.5000_print.jpg", "filename": "tides01_final_HD.5000_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This animation shows the barotropic global ocean tides as a complex system of rotating and trapped waves with a mixture of frequencies.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ], "sources": [], "products": [ { "id": 13848, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13848/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "NASA Sees Tides Under the Ocean’s Surface", "description": "Internal tides, or internal waves, can reach hundreds of feet underneath the ocean surface, but might only be a few inches high on the surface. Even though they're underwater, NASA can see these tides from satellites. They provide oceanographers with a unique way to map and study the much larger internal water motion. || ", "release_date": "2021-04-29T11:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:44:09.618013-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 378745, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013800/a013848/Screen_Shot_2021-04-27_at_4.26.23_PM_print.jpg", "filename": "Screen_Shot_2021-04-27_at_4.26.23_PM_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Music: “Delightful Joy” by Eric Chevalier [SACEM]Complete transcript available.", "width": 1024, "height": 616, "pixels": 630784 } } ], "newer_versions": [], "older_versions": [], "alternate_versions": [] }