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Weather changes associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon result in rainfall, temperature and environmental anomaly conditions worldwide that directly favor outbreaks of infectious diseases of public health concern.\r
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During the last 20 years NASA scientist Dr. Assaf Anyamba and colleagues have been studying interannual climate variability patterns associated with El Niño by monitoring various climate datasets, among them land surface temperature and vegetation data from the Advanced High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on board NOAA POES satelittes, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer aboard NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites, and Sea Surface Temperature and precipitation anomaly datasets from NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). At the same time, the science team has been collecting, cataloguing and analyzing patterns of disease outbreaks worldwide.\r
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Dr. Anyamba and colleagues conducted a scientific study - the first one to comprehensively assess the public health impacts of the major climate event on a global scale - that was published in the journal Nature Scientific Reports, with the title Global Disease Outbreaks Associated with the 2015-2016 El Niño event and is open access available. According to this study, the 2015-2016 El Niño event brought weather conditions that triggered disease outbreaks in ENSO teleconnected regions throughout the world. \r
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The visualization showcases a global flat map with monthly Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomaly data on the water, the locations of Global Disease Outbreaks of eleven infectious diseases on land, along with a timeline plot of the ENSO Index (Niño 3.4 Index region SST anomaly) for the period 2009-2018 on the bottom. The Nino 3.4 Index region SST with extents (5N-5S, 120W-170W) is the box region, highlighted on the Pacific Ocean.\r
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During ENSO events, SST anomalies influence the nature and patterns of rainfall, vegetation and land surface temperatures on the land surface, which in turn influence the disease outbreaks that are mapped on a global scale. The 10 diseases mapped on this visualization are: chinkungunya, cholera, dengue virus, hantavirus, respiratory illness, Rift Valley fever, Ross River virus, St. Louis encephalitis, tularemia and zika virus. \r
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During the 2015-2016 El Nino event, which is manifested in the visualization with increased sea surface temperature anomaly (reds in Niño 3.4 Index Region), changes in precipitation, land surface temperatures and vegetation created and facilitated conditions for transmission of diseases, resulting in an uptick in reported cases for plague and hantavirus in Colorado and New Mexico (in 2015), cholera in East Africa’s Tanzania (during 2015 and 2016), and dengue fever in Brazil and Southeast Asia (during 2015), among others.\r
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According to the study, El Niño-driven increase in rainfall and milder temperatures over the American Southwest, spurred vegetative growth, providing more food for rodents that carry hantavirus. A resulting rodent population explosion put them in more frequent contact with humans, who contract the potentially fatal disease mostly through rodent fecal or urine contamination. As their rodent hosts proliferated, so did plague-carrying fleas. \r
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Regarding dengue outbreaks, the strong El Niño period produced higher than normal land surface temperatures and therefore drier habitats, which drew mosquitoes into populated, urban areas where there are open water storage containers providing ideal habitats for mosquito production. In addition, the higher the normal temperatures increase the maturation time of larvae to adult mosquitos and also induce frequent blood feeding/biting by mosquito vectors resulting in increased number of disease cases. The following 3 data driven visualizations demonstrate the complex relationships between the El Niño event in 2015-2016 and disease outbreaks of dengue in the South East Asia region:\r
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The impact of ENSO induced anomalous rainfall is clearly illustrated by outbreak patterns of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in East and South Africa. During ENSO events, Eastern Africa (El Niño) and South Africa (La Niña) receive persistent and above normal rainfall, which floods habitats of RVF mosquito vectors triggering hatching of RVF virus infected eggs. The above-normal rainfall is followed by an increase in vegetation creating appropriate habitats for the mosquito vectors setting the stage for RVF outbreak activity, which in simple terms means an uptick in mosquito populations that cause infections of domestic livestock and human populations. The results is the sea-saw pattern exhibited by the ENSO events drives patterns of disease outbreaks in different regions around the world. To learn more about the relationship between ENSO and Rift Valley fever outbreaks in the region of South Africa, please refer to:\r
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The strong relationship between ENSO events (i.e El Niño, La Niña) and disease outbreaks underscores the importance of seasonal forecasts. Since disease outbreaks typically manifest 2-3 months after the start of ENSO events, early and regular climate monitoring, paired with the use of monthly and seasonal climate forecasts become significant tools for disease control and prevention. Findings of the scientific study suggest that by monitoring monthly climate datasets, country public health agencies and organizations such as the United Nations' World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organizations, can utilize early warning forecasts to undertake preventive measures to minimize the spread of ecologically coupled diseases.\r
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Data Sources:\r
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Supported with funding from the Defense Threat Reduction Agency's (DTRA) Joint Science and Technology Office for Chemical and Biological Defense (JSTO-CBD) Biosurveillance Ecosystem (BSVE) Program (HDTRA1-16-C-0045) and the Defense Health Agency-Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch (AFHSB) Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System (GEIS) under Project # P0072_19_NS.
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This still image can be overlaid on top of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Anomaly with Diseases frames and it is provided to develop a composite.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 231827, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 388371, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004700/a004781/Nino3.4_Region_print.jpg", "filename": "Nino3.4_Region_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Still image of Niño 3.4 region with transparency. The coordinates of the Niño 3.4 region are: 5N-5S, 120W-170W. This still image can be overlaid on top of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Anomaly with Diseases frames and it is provided to develop a composite.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 321226, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4781/#media_group_321226", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Still image of the global diseases panel and their associated symbols (provided with transparency). 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The frames contain transparency so that they can be overlaid as a layer.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 321228, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4781/#media_group_321228", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "This set of frames provides the corresponding ENSO 3.4 plot timeline for the period of 2009-2018. The frames contain transparency so that they can be overlaid as a layer.", "items": [ { "id": 231834, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 388377, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004700/a004781/Timeplot_Layer_2009_2018_1920x108060fps_1705.png", "filename": "Timeplot_Layer_2009_2018_1920x108060fps_1705.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This set of frames provides the corresponding ENSO 3.4 plot timeline for the period of 2009-2018. 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The sequence starts in 2007 looking at the entire continent of Africa and zooms in the region of South Africa to take a closer look at the patterns between ENSO events (El Niño and La Niña), above normal vegetaion over land (green) and RVF outbreak locations (orange pins). || NDVI_RVF_SAfrica_Composite_3840x2160_2657_print.jpg (1024x576) [102.7 KB] || NDVI_RVF_SAfrica_Composite_3840x2160_2657_searchweb.png (320x180) [57.8 KB] || NDVI_RVF_SAfrica_Composite_3840x2160_2657_thm.png (80x40) [5.0 KB] || NDVI_RVF_SAfrica_Composite_1920x1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [35.6 MB] || NDVI_RVF_SAfrica_Composite_1920x1080p30.webm (1920x1080) [7.1 MB] || Composite (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || Composite (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || NDVI_RVF_SAfrica_Composite_3840x2160_p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [72.6 MB] || NDVI_RVF_SAfrica_Composite_3840x2160_2657.tif (3840x2160) [31.6 MB] || ", "release_date": "2020-03-04T00:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-02-02T00:13:09.426850-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 386751, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004700/a004782/NDVI_RVF_SAfrica_Composite_3840x2160_2657_print.jpg", "filename": "NDVI_RVF_SAfrica_Composite_3840x2160_2657_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This visualization with corresponding data dashboard shows the relationship between vegetation index anomalies and outbreaks of Rift Valley fever (RVF) during 2008 and 2011 in the South Africa region. The sequence starts in 2007 looking at the entire continent of Africa and zooms in the region of South Africa to take a closer look at the patterns between ENSO events (El Niño and La Niña), above normal vegetaion over land (green) and RVF outbreak locations (orange pins).", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4783, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4783/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Precipitation Anomaly and Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreaks in South Africa: 2008-2011", "description": "This visualization with corresponding data dashboard shows the relationship between precipitation anomalies and outbreaks of Rift Valley fever (RVF) during 2008 and 2011 in the South Africa region. The sequence starts in 2007 looking at the entire continent of Africa and zooms in the region of South Africa to take a closer look at the patterns between ENSO events (El Niño and La Niña), above normal precipitation over land (blue) and RVF outbreak locations (orange pins). || PrecipRVF_SAfrica_Composite_3840x2160_3422_print.jpg (1024x576) [97.8 KB] || PrecipRVF_SAfrica_Composite_3840x2160_3422_searchweb.png (320x180) [57.6 KB] || PrecipRVF_SAfrica_Composite_3840x2160_3422_thm.png (80x40) [5.2 KB] || PrecipRVF_SAfrica_Composite_1920x1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [31.5 MB] || Composite (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || Composite (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || PrecipRVF_SAfrica_Composite_3840x2160_p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [68.2 MB] || PrecipRVF_SAfrica_Composite_3840x2160_3422.tif (3840x2160) [4.0 MB] || PrecipRVF_SAfrica_Composite_3840x2160_p30.webm (3840x2160) [14.1 MB] || ", "release_date": "2020-02-27T00:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-02-02T22:45:20.294104-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 386570, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004700/a004783/PrecipRVF_SAfrica_Composite_3840x2160_3422_print.jpg", "filename": "PrecipRVF_SAfrica_Composite_3840x2160_3422_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This visualization with corresponding data dashboard shows the relationship between precipitation anomalies and outbreaks of Rift Valley fever (RVF) during 2008 and 2011 in the South Africa region. The sequence starts in 2007 looking at the entire continent of Africa and zooms in the region of South Africa to take a closer look at the patterns between ENSO events (El Niño and La Niña), above normal precipitation over land (blue) and RVF outbreak locations (orange pins). ", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4724, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4724/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Vegetation index anomalies and Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreaks in Africa and Middle East during 2000-2018", "description": "Data visualization featuring vegetation index anomalies over Africa and Middle East and locations of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) outbreaks (orange pins) during the period of 2000-2018. Frames are provided in 4K resolution. || Africa_NDVIRVF_2000_2018_3840x2160_2430_print.jpg (1024x576) [78.8 KB] || Africa_NDVIRVF_2000_2018_3840x2160_2430_searchweb.png (320x180) [48.8 KB] || Africa_NDVIRVF_2000_2018_3840x2160_2430_thm.png (80x40) [4.4 KB] || Africa_NDVIRVFComposite_2000_2018_3840x2160_1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [88.7 MB] || Africa_NDVIRVFComposite_2000_2018_3840x2160_1080p30.webm (1920x1080) [25.5 MB] || Africa_NDVIRVF_2000_2018_Composite (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || Africa_NDVIRVF_2000_2018_3840x2160_2430.tif (3840x2160) [6.0 MB] || Africa_NDVIRVFComposite_2000_2018_3840x2160_p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [283.2 MB] || ", "release_date": "2020-02-21T00:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-02-02T00:12:08.568503-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 392091, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004700/a004724/Africa_NDVIRVF_2000_2018_3840x2160_2430_print.jpg", "filename": "Africa_NDVIRVF_2000_2018_3840x2160_2430_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Data visualization featuring vegetation index anomalies over Africa and Middle East and locations of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) outbreaks (orange pins) during the period of 2000-2018. Frames are provided in 4K resolution.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4747, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4747/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Vegetation index anomalies and Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreaks in South Africa during 2009-2011", "description": "This visualization shows the relationship between vegetation index anomalies (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index - NDVI) data and outbreak locations of Rift Valley fever (RVf) during 2008 and 2011. The sequence starts in 2007 looking at the entire continent of Africa and zooms in the region of South Africa slowly to take a closer look at the above normal vegetation (green) and RVF outbreak locations (orange pins). Frames are provided in 4K resolution. || SAfrica_NDVIRVFwDates_3840x2160_1263_print.jpg (1024x576) [86.2 KB] || SAfrica_NDVIRVFwDates_3840x2160_1263_searchweb.png (320x180) [56.0 KB] || SAfrica_NDVIRVFwDates_3840x2160_1263_thm.png (80x40) [4.5 KB] || SAfrica_NDVIRVFComposite_1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [31.6 MB] || SAfrica_NDVIRVFComposite_1080p30.webm (1920x1080) [7.0 MB] || Composite (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || SAfrica_NDVIRVFwDates_3840x2160_1263.tif (3840x2160) [7.6 MB] || SAfrica_NDVIRVFComposite_3840x2160_p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [96.4 MB] || ", "release_date": "2020-02-21T00:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-02-02T00:12:35.273066-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 392107, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004700/a004747/SAfrica_NDVIRVFwDates_3840x2160_1263_print.jpg", "filename": "SAfrica_NDVIRVFwDates_3840x2160_1263_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This visualization shows the relationship between vegetation index anomalies (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index - NDVI) data and outbreak locations of Rift Valley fever (RVf) during 2008 and 2011. The sequence starts in 2007 looking at the entire continent of Africa and zooms in the region of South Africa slowly to take a closer look at the above normal vegetation (green) and RVF outbreak locations (orange pins). Frames are provided in 4K resolution.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4784, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4784/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "ENSO Teleconnections and Rift Valley fever (RVF) Outbreaks", "description": "During the 2008-2011 period, ENSO events brought changes to weather conditions across the globe that triggered infectious disease outbreaks, such as mosquito-borne Rift Valley fever (RVF) in South Africa. This visualization with corresponding data dashboard shows how Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies in the equatorial Pacific Ocean (left) gave rise to Precipitation (center) and Vegetation (right) Index Anomalies in South Africa. During La Niña events, Southern Africa receives persistent and above normal rainfall, which floods habitats of RVF mosquito vectors triggering hatching of RVF virus infected eggs. The above-normal rainfall is followed by an increase in vegetation creating appropriate habitats for the mosquito vectors setting the stage for RVF outbreak activity, which in simple terms means an uptick in mosquito populations that cause infections of domestic livestock and human populations with the RVF virus. However, in rare cases there is a departure from this canonical response, as we can observe in 2009-2010, when a mild El Niño event resulted in above normal vegetaton and a large RVF outbreak in South Africa. || ENSO_TeleconnectionsRVF_2008_2011_3840x2160_2960_print.jpg (1024x576) [107.8 KB] || ENSO_TeleconnectionsRVF_2008_2011_3840x2160_3525_searchweb.png (320x180) [63.0 KB] || ENSO_TeleconnectionsRVF_2008_2011_3840x2160_3525_thm.png (80x40) [6.5 KB] || ENSO_Teleconnections (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || SST_Precip_NDVI_Dashboard_2008_2011_1920x1080_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [22.7 MB] || ENSO_Teleconnections (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || ENSO_Teleconnections (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || ENSO_TeleconnectionsRVF_2008_2011_3840x2160_p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [56.0 MB] || ENSO_TeleconnectionsRVF_2008_2011_3840x2160_p30.webm (3840x2160) [10.2 MB] || ENSO_TeleconnectionsRVF_2008_2011_3840x2160_2960.tif (3840x2160) [3.4 MB] || ENSO_TeleconnectionsRVF_2008_2011_3840x2160_3525.tif (3840x2160) [3.4 MB] || ", "release_date": "2020-02-21T00:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-02-02T00:13:13.644499-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 386811, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004700/a004784/ENSO_TeleconnectionsRVF_2008_2011_3840x2160_3525_searchweb.png", "filename": "ENSO_TeleconnectionsRVF_2008_2011_3840x2160_3525_searchweb.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "During the 2008-2011 period, ENSO events brought changes to weather conditions across the globe that triggered infectious disease outbreaks, such as mosquito-borne Rift Valley fever (RVF) in South Africa. This visualization with corresponding data dashboard shows how Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies in the equatorial Pacific Ocean (left) gave rise to Precipitation (center) and Vegetation (right) Index Anomalies in South Africa. During La Niña events, Southern Africa receives persistent and above normal rainfall, which floods habitats of RVF mosquito vectors triggering hatching of RVF virus infected eggs. The above-normal rainfall is followed by an increase in vegetation creating appropriate habitats for the mosquito vectors setting the stage for RVF outbreak activity, which in simple terms means an uptick in mosquito populations that cause infections of domestic livestock and human populations with the RVF virus. However, in rare cases there is a departure from this canonical response, as we can observe in 2009-2010, when a mild El Niño event resulted in above normal vegetaton and a large RVF outbreak in South Africa.", "width": 320, "height": 180, "pixels": 57600 } }, { "id": 13152, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13152/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "2015-2016 El Niño Triggered Disease Outbreaks Across the Globe", "description": "Music: Under Offer by Peter Keith Yelland-BrownComplete transcript available. || ENSO_Dengue_Thumbnail.png (1920x1080) [3.2 MB] || ENSO_Dengue_Thumbnail_print.jpg (1024x576) [143.5 KB] || ENSO_Dengue_Thumbnail_searchweb.png (320x180) [88.1 KB] || ENSO_Dengue_Thumbnail_thm.png (80x40) [6.2 KB] || ENSO_Dengue_FINAL_lowres.mp4 (1280x720) [39.4 MB] || ENSO_Dengue_FINAL_lowres.webm (1280x720) [16.2 MB] || ENSO_Dengue_Captions.en_US.srt [2.6 KB] || ENSO_Dengue_Captions.en_US.vtt [2.6 KB] || ENSO_Dengue_FINAL.mov (1920x1080) [3.9 GB] || ", "release_date": "2019-02-28T12:30:00-05:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:46:06.104651-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 397228, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013100/a013152/ENSO_Dengue_Thumbnail.png", "filename": "ENSO_Dengue_Thumbnail.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Music: Under Offer by Peter Keith Yelland-BrownComplete transcript available.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 4693, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4693/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Precipitation Anomaly and Dengue Outbreaks in South East Asia: 2015-2016", "description": "The 2015-2016 El Niño event brought changes to weather conditions across the globe that triggered regional disease outbreaks, including mosquito-borne dengue fever in Southeast Asia. This visualization with corresponding timeplot graph reveals the relationship between precipitation anomaly in Southeast Asia and dengue outbreaks. Drier than normal habitats drew mosquitoes into populated, urban areas containing the open water needed for laying eggs. As the air warmed, mosquitoes also grew hungrier and reached sexual maturity more quickly, resulting in an increase in mosquito bites. || SEAsia_PrecipDengueComposite_1920x1080_1211_print.jpg (1024x576) [75.8 KB] || SEAsia_PrecipDengueComposite_1920x1080_1211_searchweb.png (320x180) [52.9 KB] || SEAsia_PrecipDengueComposite_1920x1080_1211_thm.png (80x40) [5.4 KB] || SEAsia_PrecipDengueComposite_1920x1080_p30.webm (1920x1080) [6.4 MB] || SEAsia_PrecipDengue_Composite (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || SEAsia_PrecipDengueComposite_1920x1080_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [14.8 MB] || SEAsia_PrecipDengueComposite_1920x1080_1211.tif (1920x1080) [1.5 MB] || SEAsia_PrecipDengueComposite (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || ", "release_date": "2019-02-28T09:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-02-02T00:11:30.105895-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 397408, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004600/a004693/SEAsia_PrecipDengueComposite_1920x1080_1211_print.jpg", "filename": "SEAsia_PrecipDengueComposite_1920x1080_1211_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The 2015-2016 El Niño event brought changes to weather conditions across the globe that triggered regional disease outbreaks, including mosquito-borne dengue fever in Southeast Asia. This visualization with corresponding timeplot graph reveals the relationship between precipitation anomaly in Southeast Asia and dengue outbreaks. Drier than normal habitats drew mosquitoes into populated, urban areas containing the open water needed for laying eggs. As the air warmed, mosquitoes also grew hungrier and reached sexual maturity more quickly, resulting in an increase in mosquito bites.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4695, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4695/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Niño 3.4 Index and Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly Timeline: 1982-2017", "description": "This visualization captures Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies around the world from 1982 to 2017, along with a corresponding timeplot graph focusing on the Niño 3.4 SST Index region (5N-5S, 120W-170W), which represents average equatorial sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean from about the International Date Line to the coast of South America. Highlighted in the timeline are the El Niño years, in which sea surface temperature anomalies peaked: 1982-1983, 1997-1998, and 2015-2016. || NINO3.4SST_FlatMapComposite_1920x1080_00932_print.jpg (1024x576) [104.9 KB] || NINO3.4SST_FlatMapComposite_1920x1080_00932_searchweb.png (320x180) [72.1 KB] || NINO3.4SST_FlatMapComposite_1920x1080_00932_thm.png (80x40) [6.8 KB] || SST_Nino3.4Index_1982_2017_Composite (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || NINO3.4SST_FlatMapComposite_1920x1080_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [57.2 MB] || NINO3.4SST_FlatMapComposite_1920x1080_00932.tif (1920x1080) [1.4 MB] || NINO3.4SST_FlatMapComposite_1920x1080_p30.webm (1920x1080) [9.3 MB] || SSTNino3.4Index_1982_2017_Composite (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || ", "release_date": "2019-02-28T09:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-02-02T22:39:44.671922-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 398258, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004600/a004695/NINO3.4SST_FlatMapComposite_1920x1080_00932_print.jpg", "filename": "NINO3.4SST_FlatMapComposite_1920x1080_00932_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This visualization captures Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies around the world from 1982 to 2017, along with a corresponding timeplot graph focusing on the Niño 3.4 SST Index region (5N-5S, 120W-170W), which represents average equatorial sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean from about the International Date Line to the coast of South America. Highlighted in the timeline are the El Niño years, in which sea surface temperature anomalies peaked: 1982-1983, 1997-1998, and 2015-2016.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4696, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4696/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Land Surface Temperature Anomaly and Dengue Outbreaks in South East Asia Region: 2015-2016", "description": "The 2015-2016 El Niño event brought changes to weather conditions across the globe that triggered regional disease outbreaks, including mosquito-borne dengue fever in Southeast Asia. This visualization with corresponding timeplot graph reveals the relationship between land surface temperature anomaly in Southeast Asia and dengue outbreaks. Higher than normal land surface temperatures results in an increase of dengue reported locations. || SEAsia_LSTDiseases_1920x1080_1730_print.jpg (1024x576) [85.1 KB] || SEAsia_LSTDiseases_1920x1080_1730_searchweb.png (320x180) [54.4 KB] || SEAsia_LSTDiseases_1920x1080_1730_thm.png (80x40) [5.3 KB] || SEAsia_LSTDengue_Composite (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || SEAsia_LSTDiseases_1920x1080_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [33.8 MB] || SEAsia_LSTDiseases_1920x1080_1730.tif (1920x1080) [1.7 MB] || SEAsia_LSTDiseases_1920x1080_p30.webm (1920x1080) [6.2 MB] || SEAsia_LSTDengue_Composite (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || ", "release_date": "2019-02-28T09:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-02-02T00:11:33.263475-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 397244, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004600/a004696/SEAsia_LSTDiseases_1920x1080_1730_print.jpg", "filename": "SEAsia_LSTDiseases_1920x1080_1730_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The 2015-2016 El Niño event brought changes to weather conditions across the globe that triggered regional disease outbreaks, including mosquito-borne dengue fever in Southeast Asia. This visualization with corresponding timeplot graph reveals the relationship between land surface temperature anomaly in Southeast Asia and dengue outbreaks. Higher than normal land surface temperatures results in an increase of dengue reported locations.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4697, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4697/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "ENSO teleconnections in South East Asia for the period of 2015-2016", "description": "The 2015-2016 strong El Niño event brought changes to weather conditions across the globe that triggered regional infectious disease outbreaks, including mosquito-borne dengue fever in South East Asia. This visualization with corresponding multi-plot graph shows how Sea Surface Temperature anomalies in the equatorial Pacific Ocean (left), resulted in anomalous drought conditions (center) and increase in land surface temperatures (right) in South East Asia. During the 2015-2016 El Niño event, the South East Asia region received below than normal precipitation resulting in drier and warner than normal conditions, which increased the populations of mosquito vectors in urban areas, where there are open water storage containers providing ideal habitats for mosquito production. In addition, the higher than normal temperature on land shortens the maturation time of larvae to adult mosquitos and induces frequent blood feeding/biting of humans by mosquito vectors resulting in the amplification of dengue disease outbreaks over the South East Asia region. || SST_LST_Precip_2014_2016_Comp_print.jpg (1024x576) [82.9 KB] || SST_LST_Precip_2014_2016_Comp_searchweb.png (320x180) [51.5 KB] || SST_LST_Precip_2014_2016_Comp_thm.png (80x40) [6.0 KB] || SST_Precip_LST_Plot_Composite (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || SST_LST_Precip_2014_2016_Comp_1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [9.7 MB] || SST_LST_Precip_2014_2016_Comp.tif (1920x1080) [1.1 MB] || SST_LST_Precip_2014_2016_Comp_1080p30.webm (1920x1080) [4.2 MB] || TeleconnectionsSEAsia (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || SST_LST_Precip_2014_2016_Comp_1080p30.mp4.hwshow [203 bytes] || ", "release_date": "2019-02-28T09:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-02-02T00:11:35.977656-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 398276, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004600/a004697/SST_LST_Precip_2014_2016_Comp_print.jpg", "filename": "SST_LST_Precip_2014_2016_Comp_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The 2015-2016 strong El Niño event brought changes to weather conditions across the globe that triggered regional infectious disease outbreaks, including mosquito-borne dengue fever in South East Asia. This visualization with corresponding multi-plot graph shows how Sea Surface Temperature anomalies in the equatorial Pacific Ocean (left), resulted in anomalous drought conditions (center) and increase in land surface temperatures (right) in South East Asia. During the 2015-2016 El Niño event, the South East Asia region received below than normal precipitation resulting in drier and warner than normal conditions, which increased the populations of mosquito vectors in urban areas, where there are open water storage containers providing ideal habitats for mosquito production. In addition, the higher than normal temperature on land shortens the maturation time of larvae to adult mosquitos and induces frequent blood feeding/biting of humans by mosquito vectors resulting in the amplification of dengue disease outbreaks over the South East Asia region.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ], "sources": [], "products": [], "newer_versions": [], "older_versions": [ { "id": 4765, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4765/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Sea Surface Temperature anomalies and patterns of Global Disease Outbreaks: 2009-2018", "description": "El Niño is an irregularly recurring climate pattern characterized by warmer than usual ocean temperatures in the equatorial Pacific, which creates a ripple effect of anticipated weather changes in far-spread regions. This visualization captures monthly Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies around the world from 2009-2018, along with locations of global disease outbreaks and a corresponding timeline showcasing the Niño 3.4 Index. The Niño 3.4 Index represents average equatorial sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean from about the International Date Line to the coast of South America. Highlighted in the timeline are the above average El Niño years, in which sea surface temperature anomalies peaked during 2015-2016. || SSTENSO_Diseases_Comp_2009_2018_1920x1080_0769_print.jpg (1024x576) [130.6 KB] || SSTENSO_Diseases_Comp_2009_2018_1920x1080_0769_searchweb.png (320x180) [79.7 KB] || SSTENSO_Diseases_Comp_2009_2018_1920x1080_0769_thm.png (80x40) [7.0 KB] || Composite (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || Composite (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || SSTENSO_Diseases_Comp_2009_2018_1920x1080_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [23.0 MB] || SSTENSO_Diseases_Comp_2009_2018_1920x1080_0769.tif (1920x1080) [1.3 MB] || SSTENSO_Diseases_Comp_2009_2018_1920x1080_p30.webm (1920x1080) [4.7 MB] || SSTENSO_Diseases_Comp_2009_2018_1920x1080_p30.mp4.hwshow [211 bytes] || ", "release_date": "2019-12-10T00:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-02-02T00:12:46.498564-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 388873, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004700/a004765/SSTENSO_Diseases_Comp_2009_2018_1920x1080_0769_print.jpg", "filename": "SSTENSO_Diseases_Comp_2009_2018_1920x1080_0769_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "El Niño is an irregularly recurring climate pattern characterized by warmer than usual ocean temperatures in the equatorial Pacific, which creates a ripple effect of anticipated weather changes in far-spread regions. This visualization captures monthly Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies around the world from 2009-2018, along with locations of global disease outbreaks and a corresponding timeline showcasing the Niño 3.4 Index. The Niño 3.4 Index represents average equatorial sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean from about the International Date Line to the coast of South America. Highlighted in the timeline are the above average El Niño years, in which sea surface temperature anomalies peaked during 2015-2016.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ], "alternate_versions": [ { "id": 4785, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4785/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies and Patterns of Global Disease Outbreaks: 2009-2018 (4K version)", "description": "This webpage provides the 4K version of: Sea Surface Temperature anomalies and patterns of Global Disease Outbreaks: 2009-2018 (updated), released on January 6, 2020.Content has been created for 4K display systems that can handle finer resolution and details. It is recommended to use content from this version for HD (1920x1080) and lower resolutions. || ", "release_date": "2020-01-09T00:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-02-02T00:13:15.129941-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 388258, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004700/a004785/CompositeWLabel_2009_2018_3840x2160_30fps_0852_print.jpg", "filename": "CompositeWLabel_2009_2018_3840x2160_30fps_0852_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This visualization shows the variability in global sea surface temperature anomalies, the associated ENSO index timeline and locations of infectious disease outbreaks over the global land surface. Content is available in 4K resolution.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ] }