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All six landing sites are at low latitudes, near the equator. In this visualization, the Apollo sites are contrasted with the South Pole, an area with enormous potential for future exploration. Time passes as we zoom toward Shackleton crater at the South Pole, revealing illumination conditions quite different from those near the equator. While many craters remain in permanent shadow, some nearby mountains and ridges are in persistent sunshine, making them attractive candidates for solar power and long-term habitation.

The remaining visualizations on this page show the illumination at the lunar South Pole throughout 2024, at several different scales. The year begins in the middle of South Pole summer, with the subsolar latitude near its greatest southern extent. As the year progresses, the shadows begin to deepen until mid-year and South Pole winter, when the subsolar latitude is at its northern extreme. The full range of the Sun's apparent motion in latitude is only about 3 degrees, versus 47 degrees on Earth, but this is enough to have a substantial effect on the amount of sunlight reaching the lunar poles.", "items": [], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 319478, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4770/#media_group_319478", "widget": "Video player", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Illumination at the South Pole of the Moon for the year 2024, showing an area within 2 degrees of the pole. Available with and without annotations. Perspective projection: camera position (0, 0, −3rmoon), view direction (0, 0, 1), vertical field of view 2.00021°.", "items": [ { "id": 226957, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 389509, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004700/a004770/southpole.0001_print.jpg", "filename": "southpole.0001_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Illumination at the South Pole of the Moon for the year 2024, showing an area within 2 degrees of the pole. Available with and without annotations. Perspective projection: camera position (0, 0, −3rmoon), view direction (0, 0, 1), vertical field of view 2.00021°.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 226955, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 389507, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004700/a004770/frames/1920x1080_16x9_30p/2deg_annotated/", "filename": "2deg_annotated", "media_type": "Frames", "alt_text": "Illumination at the South Pole of the Moon for the year 2024, showing an area within 2 degrees of the pole. Available with and without annotations. Perspective projection: camera position (0, 0, −3rmoon), view direction (0, 0, 1), vertical field of view 2.00021°.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 226958, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 389510, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004700/a004770/southpole_2deg_annotated_1080p30.mp4", "filename": "southpole_2deg_annotated_1080p30.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "Illumination at the South Pole of the Moon for the year 2024, showing an area within 2 degrees of the pole. Available with and without annotations. 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Perspective projection: camera position (0, 0, −3rmoon), view direction (0, 0, 1), vertical field of view 2.00021°.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 226963, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 389516, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004700/a004770/southpole_2deg_720p30.mp4", "filename": "southpole_2deg_720p30.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "Illumination at the South Pole of the Moon for the year 2024, showing an area within 2 degrees of the pole. Available with and without annotations. Perspective projection: camera position (0, 0, −3rmoon), view direction (0, 0, 1), vertical field of view 2.00021°.", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } }, { "id": 226965, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 389517, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004700/a004770/southpole_2deg_annotated_720p30.webm", "filename": "southpole_2deg_annotated_720p30.webm", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "Illumination at the South Pole of the Moon for the year 2024, showing an area within 2 degrees of the pole. Available with and without annotations. 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Perspective projection: camera position (0, 0, −3rmoon), view direction (0, 0, 1), vertical field of view 2.00021°.", "width": 3840, "height": 2160, "pixels": 8294400 } }, { "id": 226960, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 389512, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004700/a004770/southpole_2deg_annotated_360p30.mp4", "filename": "southpole_2deg_annotated_360p30.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "Illumination at the South Pole of the Moon for the year 2024, showing an area within 2 degrees of the pole. Available with and without annotations. Perspective projection: camera position (0, 0, −3rmoon), view direction (0, 0, 1), vertical field of view 2.00021°.", "width": 640, "height": 360, "pixels": 230400 } }, { "id": 226961, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 389513, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004700/a004770/southpole_2deg_2160p30.mp4", "filename": "southpole_2deg_2160p30.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "Illumination at the South Pole of the Moon for the year 2024, showing an area within 2 degrees of the pole. Available with and without annotations. 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Perspective projection: camera position (0, 0, −3rmoon), view direction (0, 0, 1), vertical field of view 2.00021°.", "width": 640, "height": 360, "pixels": 230400 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 319479, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4770/#media_group_319479", "widget": "Video player", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Closer view of the illuminaton at the South Pole of the Moon for the year 2024. This is cropped from the 4K frames of the previous animation group.", "items": [ { "id": 226968, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 389520, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004700/a004770/southpole.0002_print.jpg", "filename": "southpole.0002_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Closer view of the illuminaton at the South Pole of the Moon for the year 2024. 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