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"title": "Observing Earth's Ionosphere with GOLD",
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"description": "This is a visualization of data taken by the GOLD spectrometer aboard the SES-14 satellite. SES 14 is positioned in a geostationary orbit above 47.5 degrees west longitude so it always observes the same hemisphere. This data is of ultraviolet emission from Earth's ionosphere in a band near the wavelength of 135.6 nanometers, an emission line of atomic oxygen.
This data is presented with a spectral color table, where red is the bright and violet is dim. We see some this emission in the aurora (visible at the north and south polar regions), energized by electrons and ions streaming in from Earth's magnetic field. More emission is created during the day by sunlight pumping atomic oxygen into an energetic state. As the sun sets, the oxygen decays from the energized state, releasing a photon of ultraviolet light. We see more emission from two bands near the equator after sunset. This double-lobed enhancement straddles the magnetic equator which is offset around the geographic equator, especially over South America. This enhancement corresponds to the Appleton anomaly, originally discovered in 1946. In the version showing the geomagnetic field, it is easy to see how the field channels the excited atoms. See also Interface to Space: The Equatorial Fountain.
GOLD is a scanning instrument that alternates between scanning the northern hemisphere, and then the southern hemisphere (other scanning modes are possible, but not included in this visualization). The full-disk images shown here are created by combining these two hemisphere scans. The time difference between the scans creates a discontinuity at the equator which is particularly visible at the day-night terminator when these scans are combined for full-disk imaging. Differences between the north-south scan interval and south-north interval makes changes in this edge.
Between about 22:00 UT and 06:00UT the next day, there is a large data gap because the Sun would appear behind the Earth from the position of GOLD and potentially shine directly into the GOLD instrument.",
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"description": "A visualization of GOLD data observing Earth's ionosphere in ultraviolet light also indicating the structure of the low-latitude geomagnetic field (gold curves).",
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"description": "Color bar for GOLD radiance values near oxygen emission line.",
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"title": "For More Information",
"caption": "",
"description": "See the following sources:\n\n* [NASA Mission Page](https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/gold)\n* [NASA.gov](https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/earth-shining-upper-atmosphere-ionosphere-apollo-era-gold-camera-moon)",
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"credits": [
{
"role": "Scientist",
"people": [
{
"name": "Sarah L. Jones",
"employer": "NASA/GSFC"
}
]
},
{
"role": "Visualizer",
"people": [
{
"name": "Tom Bridgman",
"employer": "Global Science and Technology, Inc."
}
]
},
{
"role": "Technical support",
"people": [
{
"name": "Laurence Schuler",
"employer": "ADNET Systems, Inc."
},
{
"name": "Ian Jones",
"employer": "ADNET Systems, Inc."
}
]
}
],
"missions": [
"Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD)"
],
"series": [
"Interface to Space"
],
"tapes": [],
"papers": [],
"datasets": [
{
"name": "",
"common_name": "",
"platform": "SES 14",
"sensor": "GOLD",
"type": "Observed Data",
"organizations": [],
"description": "Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) is an ultraviolet imaging spectrograph to measure temperatures and densities in the Earth's thermosphere & ionosphere.",
"credit": "",
"url": "",
"date_range": "2019-03-13T06:10 - 2019-03-15T22:50"
}
],
"nasa_science_categories": [
"Sun"
],
"keywords": [
"Airglow",
"Atmosphere",
"Atmospheric Radiation",
"Earth Science",
"Geostationary Orbit",
"Ionosphere",
"Ionosphere/Magnetosphere Dynamics",
"Ionosphere/Magnetosphere Particles",
"Location",
"Mesosphere",
"Sun-earth Interactions"
],
"recommended_pages": [],
"related": [
{
"id": 4929,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4929/",
"page_type": "Visualization",
"title": "Comparing Atomic Oxygen Emission Observed by GOLD with Ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC)",
"description": "At 23:00UTC on November 19, 2018, we see the maxima of TEC values (red dots) closely aligned with the maxima of OI 135.6nm emission (black dots) || GOLD_TEC_anomalies_inset.00034_print.jpg (1024x576) [121.4 KB] || ",
"release_date": "2021-08-30T14:00:00-04:00",
"update_date": "2023-05-03T13:43:58.035352-04:00",
"main_image": {
"id": 377361,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004900/a004929/GOLD_TEC_anomalies_inset.00034_print.jpg",
"filename": "GOLD_TEC_anomalies_inset.00034_print.jpg",
"media_type": "Image",
"alt_text": "At 23:00UTC on November 19, 2018, we see the maxima of TEC values (red dots) closely aligned with the maxima of OI 135.6nm emission (black dots)",
"width": 1024,
"height": 576,
"pixels": 589824
}
},
{
"id": 4762,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4762/",
"page_type": "Visualization",
"title": "GOLD Instrument observes the July 2019 Total Solar Eclipse",
"description": "Comparative visualizations of Earth in visible light and the ultraviolet emission of oxygen recombining from ions. The Appleton anomaly is faintly visible above and below the equator on the nightside of the Earth. This version presents the path of the solar eclipse but variations are available in the popup menu to the right. || GOLDEclipse201907.O5S+VIS_path_UHD3840.00192_print.jpg (1024x576) [68.5 KB] || GOLDEclipse201907.O5S+VIS_path_UHD3840.00192_searchweb.png (320x180) [59.6 KB] || GOLDEclipse201907.O5S+VIS_path_UHD3840.00192_thm.png (80x40) [5.4 KB] || GOLDEclipse201907.O5S+VIS_path_HD1080i_p5.webm (1920x1080) [4.7 MB] || frames/1920x1080_16x9_5p/Eclipse2019.O5S_VIS_path/ (1920x1080) [16.0 KB] || GOLDEclipse201907.O5S+VIS_path_HD1080i_p5.mp4 (1920x1080) [19.8 MB] || frames/1920x1080_16x9_5p/Eclipse2019.O5S_VIS_nopath/ (1920x1080) [16.0 KB] || GOLDEclipse201907.O5S+VIS_nopath_HD1080i_p5.mp4 (1920x1080) [20.0 MB] || frames/3840x2160_16x9_5p/Eclipse2019.O5S_VIS_nopath/ (3840x2160) [16.0 KB] || GOLDEclipse201907.O5S+VIS_nopath_UHD3840_2160p5.mp4 (3840x2160) [64.3 MB] || frames/3840x2160_16x9_5p/Eclipse2019.O5S_VIS_path/ (3840x2160) [16.0 KB] || GOLDEclipse201907.O5S+VIS_path_UHD3840_2160p5.mp4 (3840x2160) [63.4 MB] || ",
"release_date": "2019-12-10T17:30:00-05:00",
"update_date": "2023-05-03T13:45:22.681903-04:00",
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"id": 391341,
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"filename": "GOLDEclipse201907.O5S+VIS_path_UHD3840.00192_print.jpg",
"media_type": "Image",
"alt_text": "Comparative visualizations of Earth in visible light and the ultraviolet emission of oxygen recombining from ions. The Appleton anomaly is faintly visible above and below the equator on the nightside of the Earth. This version presents the path of the solar eclipse but variations are available in the popup menu to the right.",
"width": 1024,
"height": 576,
"pixels": 589824
}
},
{
"id": 13502,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13502/",
"page_type": "Produced Video",
"title": "AGU 2019 — Postcards from the edge of space: New images, new phenomena, and new insights",
"description": "In a Dec. 10 press event at the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, California, three scientists presented new images of the ionosphere, the dynamic region where Earth’s atmosphere meets space. Home to astronauts and everyday technology like radio and GPS, the ionosphere constantly responds to changes from space above and Earth below.The collection of images presented include the first images from NASA’s ICON, new science results from NASA’s GOLD, and observations of a fleeting, never-before-studied aurora. Together, they bring color to invisible processes that have widespread implications for the part of space that is closest to home.SPEAKERS:• Jennifer Briggs, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California, United States• Richard Eastes, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States• Thomas Immel, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States || ",
"release_date": "2019-12-10T17:00:00-05:00",
"update_date": "2023-05-03T13:45:22.823378-04:00",
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"filename": "1_Solar_Wind.00001_print.jpg",
"media_type": "Image",
"alt_text": "In this animation of the solar wind, particles stream from the Sun towards Earth. Solar radiation ionizes the upper atmosphere, creating a sea of charged particles: the ionosphere. Credit: NASA",
"width": 1024,
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}
},
{
"id": 4617,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4617/",
"page_type": "Visualization",
"title": "Interface to Space: The Equatorial Fountain",
"description": "Visualization illustrating the Fountain Effect of ions in the near-Earth electric and magnetic fields. || IRIConceptual.Limb2PullOut_OionFountainIGRF.noslate_CRTT.HD1080i.000660_print.jpg (1024x576) [114.5 KB] || IRIConceptual.Limb2PullOut_OionFountainIGRF.noslate_CRTT.HD1080i.000660_searchweb.png (320x180) [87.8 KB] || IRIConceptual.Limb2PullOut_OionFountainIGRF.noslate_CRTT.HD1080i.000660_thm.png (80x40) [7.2 KB] || frames/1920x1080_16x9_30p/ (1920x1080) [128.0 KB] || IRIConceptual.Limb2PullOut_OionFountainIGRF.HD1080i_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [32.1 MB] || IRIConceptual.Limb2PullOut_OionFountainIGRF.HD1080i_p30.webm (1920x1080) [4.2 MB] || frames/3840x2160_16x9_30p/ (3840x2160) [128.0 KB] || IRIConceptual.Limb2PullOut_OionFountainIGRF_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [96.1 MB] || ",
"release_date": "2018-01-31T14:00:00-05:00",
"update_date": "2023-11-15T00:11:28.702041-05:00",
"main_image": {
"id": 407509,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004600/a004617/IRIConceptual.Limb2PullOut_OionFountainIGRF.noslate_CRTT.HD1080i.000660_print.jpg",
"filename": "IRIConceptual.Limb2PullOut_OionFountainIGRF.noslate_CRTT.HD1080i.000660_print.jpg",
"media_type": "Image",
"alt_text": "Visualization illustrating the Fountain Effect of ions in the near-Earth electric and magnetic fields.",
"width": 1024,
"height": 576,
"pixels": 589824
}
},
{
"id": 4610,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4610/",
"page_type": "Visualization",
"title": "GOLD: Instrument Scanning Coverage",
"description": "Visualization of GOLD orbiting Earth with image scanning. This version presents the singly-ionized oxygen density from the IRI model. || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_Oion.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.001400_print.jpg (1024x576) [90.3 KB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_Oion.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.001400_searchweb.png (320x180) [79.2 KB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_Oion.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.001400_thm.png (80x40) [6.1 KB] || frames/1920x1080_16x9_30p/ (1920x1080) [512.0 KB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview4_Oion.HD1080i_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [38.5 MB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview4_Oion.HD1080i_p30.webm (1920x1080) [10.0 MB] || ",
"release_date": "2018-01-19T15:00:00-05:00",
"update_date": "2023-11-15T00:11:25.756764-05:00",
"main_image": {
"id": 407532,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004600/a004610/IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_Oion.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.001400_print.jpg",
"filename": "IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_Oion.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.001400_print.jpg",
"media_type": "Image",
"alt_text": "Visualization of GOLD orbiting Earth with image scanning. This version presents the singly-ionized oxygen density from the IRI model.",
"width": 1024,
"height": 576,
"pixels": 589824
}
},
{
"id": 4607,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4607/",
"page_type": "Visualization",
"title": "GOLD in Geostationary Orbit",
"description": "The GOLD instrument orbits Earth in a geostationary orbit over the western hemisphere. || IRIDaily.oblique_.noslate_CRTT.HD1080i.000450_print.jpg (1024x576) [43.8 KB] || IRIDaily.oblique_.noslate_CRTT.HD1080i.000450_searchweb.png (320x180) [44.0 KB] || IRIDaily.oblique_.noslate_CRTT.HD1080i.000450_thm.png (80x40) [2.3 KB] || frames/1920x1080_16x9_30p/ (1920x1080) [256.0 KB] || IRIDaily.oblique_GOLD.HD1080i_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [22.4 MB] || IRIDaily.oblique_GOLD.HD1080i_p30.webm (1920x1080) [8.5 MB] || frames/3840x2160_16x9_30p/ (3840x2160) [256.0 KB] || IRIDaily.oblique_GOLD.UHD3840_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [90.1 MB] || ",
"release_date": "2018-01-04T10:00:00-05:00",
"update_date": "2023-11-15T00:11:25.101100-05:00",
"main_image": {
"id": 408091,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004600/a004607/IRIDaily.oblique_.noslate_CRTT.HD1080i.000450_print.jpg",
"filename": "IRIDaily.oblique_.noslate_CRTT.HD1080i.000450_print.jpg",
"media_type": "Image",
"alt_text": "The GOLD instrument orbits Earth in a geostationary orbit over the western hemisphere.",
"width": 1024,
"height": 576,
"pixels": 589824
}
},
{
"id": 4527,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4527/",
"page_type": "Visualization",
"title": "ICON and GOLD: Instrument Scanning Coverage",
"description": "Visualization of ICON and GOLD orbiting Earth with image scanning. This version presents several geospace models, including the singly-ionized oxygen density, the low-latitude geomagnetic field, and the high-altitude winds (100km and 350km altitudes). || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.001140_print.jpg (1024x576) [130.5 KB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.001140_searchweb.png (320x180) [85.0 KB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.001140_thm.png (80x40) [5.9 KB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF.HD1080i_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [82.0 MB] || frames/1920x1080_16x9_30p/IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF/ (1920x1080) [512.0 KB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF.HD1080i_p30.webm (1920x1080) [7.6 MB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [258.1 MB] || frames/3840x2160_16x9_30p/IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF/ (3840x2160) [512.0 KB] || ",
"release_date": "2016-12-14T14:00:00-05:00",
"update_date": "2023-11-14T00:08:30.690462-05:00",
"main_image": {
"id": 420103,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004500/a004527/IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.001140_print.jpg",
"filename": "IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.001140_print.jpg",
"media_type": "Image",
"alt_text": "Visualization of ICON and GOLD orbiting Earth with image scanning. This version presents several geospace models, including the singly-ionized oxygen density, the low-latitude geomagnetic field, and the high-altitude winds (100km and 350km altitudes).",
"width": 1024,
"height": 576,
"pixels": 589824
}
},
{
"id": 4498,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4498/",
"page_type": "Visualization",
"title": "ICON and GOLD: Exploring the Interface to Space",
"description": "A basic view of the orbits for ICON (Ionospheric Connections Explorer) and GOLD (Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk). These missions will conduct measurements of ionospheric composition, ionization, and winds to better understand the connection between space weather and its terrestrial impacts.In this visualization, we present GOLD (in geostationary orbit around Earth) and ICON (in low Earth orbit). The colors over Earth represent model data from the IRI (International Reference Ionosphere) model of the density of the singly-ionized oxygen atom at an altitude of 350 kilometers. Red represents high density. The ion density is enhanced above and below the geomagnetic equator (not perfectly aligned with the geographic equator) on the dayside due to the ionizing effects of solar ultraviolet radiation combined with the effects of high-altitude winds and the geomagnetic field. || ",
"release_date": "2016-10-27T14:00:00-04:00",
"update_date": "2023-11-14T00:08:14.883373-05:00",
"main_image": {
"id": 420040,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004400/a004498/IRIDaily.SimplePushIn_O+ion.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.000101_print.jpg",
"filename": "IRIDaily.SimplePushIn_O+ion.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.000101_print.jpg",
"media_type": "Image",
"alt_text": "A simple view of the orbits for ICON and GOLD. This version interpolates the IRI model to a higher time cadence for a smoother animation.",
"width": 1024,
"height": 576,
"pixels": 589824
}
},
{
"id": 4503,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4503/",
"page_type": "Visualization",
"title": "Exploring the Ionosphere: The View from GOLD",
"description": "Closeup view of Earth from the perspective of the GOLD instrument. This version interpolates the IRI model to a higher time cadence for a smoother animation. || IRIDaily.GOLDview_O+ion_O+ionSlice.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.001002_print.jpg (1024x576) [50.7 KB] || IRIDaily.GOLDview_O+ion_O+ionSlice.IRIinterp.HD1080i_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [56.7 MB] || frames/1920x1080_16x9_30p/IRI.interpolate/ (1920x1080) [512.0 KB] || IRIDaily.GOLDview_O+ion_O+ionSlice.IRIinterp.HD1080i_p30.webm (1920x1080) [17.1 MB] || IRIDaily.GOLDview_O+ion_O+ionSlice.IRIinterp_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [200.2 MB] || frames/3840x2160_16x9_30p/IRI.interpolate/ (3840x2160) [512.0 KB] || IRIDaily.GOLDview_O+ion_O+ionSlice.IRIinterp_4503.key [57.9 MB] || IRIDaily.GOLDview_O+ion_O+ionSlice.IRIinterp_4503.pptx [57.6 MB] || ",
"release_date": "2016-10-27T14:00:00-04:00",
"update_date": "2023-11-14T00:08:14.999862-05:00",
"main_image": {
"id": 420062,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004500/a004503/IRIDaily.GOLDview_O+ion_O+ionSlice.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.001002_print.jpg",
"filename": "IRIDaily.GOLDview_O+ion_O+ionSlice.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.001002_print.jpg",
"media_type": "Image",
"alt_text": "Closeup view of Earth from the perspective of the GOLD instrument. This version interpolates the IRI model to a higher time cadence for a smoother animation.",
"width": 1024,
"height": 576,
"pixels": 589824
}
}
],
"sources": [],
"products": [],
"newer_versions": [],
"older_versions": [],
"alternate_versions": []
}