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"title": "The CME Heard 'Round the Solar System",
"description": "As the CMEs and SIRs move through the solar system, we include graphs of particle fluxes measured at Earth, Mars, and STEREO-A. || SEPsAtMars.topfixed.UHDframes.clockSlate_HAE.UHD3840.01000_print.jpg (1024x576) [100.6 KB] || SEPsAtMars.topfixed.UHDframes.clockSlate_HAE.UHD3840.01000_thm.png (80x40) [6.5 KB] || SEPsAtMars.topfixed.UHDframes.clockSlate_HAE.UHD3840.01000_searchweb.png (320x180) [87.5 KB] || SEPsAtMars.topfixed_HAE.HD1080i_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [19.4 MB] || 1920x1080_16x9_30p (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || SEPsAtMars.topfixed_HAE.HD1080i_p30.webm (1920x1080) [3.0 MB] || SEPsAtMars.topfixed_HAE_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [61.6 MB] || 3840x2160_16x9_30p (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || ",
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"description": "Energetic events at the Sun can reverberate around the solar system.
This visualization combines data from particle detectors around the solar system with an Enlil simulation of multiple coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in early September 2017. The Enlil model extends from 0.1 astronomical units (AUs) from the Sun (this is reponsible for the empty region around the Sun at the center of the system) out to 5 AUs.
Stream Interaction Regions (SIRs) are created by the interaction at boundaries between the fast and slow solar wind (usually defined by coronal holes). In this model, they are represented by blue spirals streaming out from the sun at the center.
Active Region 12673 erupted with several X-class flares and CMEs on September 9-10, 2017. The initial CME was slow (500 km/s) and the subsequent CMEs were faster (1000 km/s and 2600 km/s, respectively). Eventually the CMEs merged together and continued outward.
At Earth, the particle detector on GOES detects the initial flare. The energetic proton flux decays with time and has a sharper decrease as the CME and SIR pass Earth.
The initial flare is also detected at Mars by Mars EXpress, after which the flux declines. The flux experiences an additional sharp drop as the CME passes Mars.
There is a small flux increase at STEREO-A at the time of the flare. However, the flux increases dramatically as the SIR passes, then slowly decays.",
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"description": "First frame of the visualization, illustrating regions of high temperature (red), high particle density (green), and the stream interaction region (SIR, blue).",
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"description": "Color bar representing changes in plasma density, in atomic mass units (AMU) per cubic centimeter. This is roughly equal to the number of hydrogen ions per cubic centimeter.",
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"alt_text": "Color bar representing changes in plasma density, in atomic mass units (AMU) per cubic centimeter. This is roughly equal to the number of hydrogen ions per cubic centimeter.",
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"alt_text": "Color bar representing changes in plasma density, in atomic mass units (AMU) per cubic centimeter. This is roughly equal to the number of hydrogen ions per cubic centimeter.",
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"description": "Color bar representing the plasma temperature.",
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"related": [
{
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"title": "STEREO-A Returns by Earth",
"description": "The Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) mission was launched on October 25, 2006, with the purpose of tracing the flow of energy and matter from the Sun to Earth. The STEREO mission began with two spacecraft: STEREO-A and STEREO-B. Each was launched into Sun-orbiting trajectories - STEREO-A moving ahead of Earth, and STEREO-B moving behind Earth (STEREO's Routes to Solar Orbits). In mid-August 2023, the still-operational STEREO-A (STEREO-B went offline in October 2014) will pass Earth for the first time since its launch 17 years ago. Like race cars driving different speeds around a circular track, STEREO-A is traveling slightly faster than Earth around the Sun. After launch, STEREO-A pulled ahead of Earth and extended its lead a little bit more with each orbit. Now, STEREO-A’s lead is so great that it is catching up to Earth from behind and is about to “lap” Earth, having completed 18 circuits around the Sun while Earth completed just 17. || ",
"release_date": "2023-08-22T00:00:00-04:00",
"update_date": "2025-01-06T00:44:34.491471-05:00",
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"alt_text": "A view of the orbit of STEREO-A relative to Earth from mid-June 2023 to mid-October 2023, as it passes Earth. The camera is anchored on the Earth-Sun line so Earth and the Sun appear fixed while the distant stars appear to move around the camera. This movie starts with a wide view of the inner solar system with STEREO-A and Earth marked. The camera then zooms in to a closer view of Earth showing Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) orbiting Earth, the heliophysics missions orbiting the L1 Lagrange Point (the green cross), and the orbit of the Moon.",
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{
"id": 4491,
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"title": "The X8.2 Flare of September 2017, as Seen by SDO",
"description": "40 hours of AIA 131 angstrom imager at 12 second cadence viewing the time around the X8.2 solar flare. || Sept2017_X8Flare_131A_stand.UHD3840.07800_print.jpg (1024x576) [61.1 KB] || AIA131A (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || Sept2017_X8Flare_131A.HD1080i_p30.webm (1920x1080) [47.6 MB] || Sept2017_X8Flare_131A.HD1080i_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [843.8 MB] || AIA131A (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || Sept2017_X8Flare_131A.HD1080i_p30.mp4.hwshow || ",
"release_date": "2019-05-01T00:00:00-04:00",
"update_date": "2025-05-28T00:07:50.233342-04:00",
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"media_type": "Image",
"alt_text": "40 hours of AIA 171 angstrom imager (4Kx4K) at 12 second cadence viewing the time around the X8.2 solar flare.",
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],
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"products": [
{
"id": 13275,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13275/",
"page_type": "Produced Video",
"title": "How NASA Will Protect Astronauts From Space Radiation",
"description": "Today, the Apollo-era flares serve as a reminder of the threat of radiation exposure for technology and astronauts in space. Understanding and predicting solar eruptions is crucial for safe space exploration. Almost 50 years since those 1972 storms, the data, technology and resources available to NASA have improved, enabling advancements towards space weather forecasts and astronaut protection — key to NASA’s Artemis program to return astronauts to the Moon.",
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"alt_text": "Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.Complete transcript available.Music credits: “Boreal Moment” by Benoit Scarwell [SACEM]; “Sensory Questioning”, “Natural Time Cycles”, “Emerging Designer”, and “Experimental Design” by Laurent Dury [SACEM]; “Superluminal” by Lee Groves [PRS], Peter George Marett [PRS] from Killer Tracks",
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