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"2025-03-10T00:07:07.530395-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 410018, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004500/a004594/IRIDaily.limbwICON_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.000870_print.jpg", "filename": "IRIDaily.limbwICON_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.000870_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "ICON orbits Earth at 575 kilometers altitude, measuring the composition and motions of the ionosphere.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 }, "main_video": null, "main_credits": { "Visualizations by": [ { "name": "Tom Bridgman", "employer": "Global Science and Technology, Inc." } ], "Scientific consulting by": [ { "name": "Tom Immel", "employer": "SSL Berkeley" } ] }, "progress": "Complete", "media_groups": [ { "id": 328700, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4594/#media_group_328700", "widget": "Video player", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "ICON orbits Earth at 575 kilometers altitude, measuring the composition and motions of the 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"height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 254303, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 410019, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004500/a004594/frames/3840x2160_16x9_30p/", "filename": "3840x2160_16x9_30p", "media_type": "Frames", "alt_text": "ICON orbits Earth at 575 kilometers altitude, measuring the composition and motions of the ionosphere.", "width": 3840, "height": 2160, "pixels": 8294400 } }, { "id": 254305, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 410021, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004500/a004594/IRIDaily.limbwICON_OionHwindIGRF.UHD3840_2160p30.mp4", "filename": "IRIDaily.limbwICON_OionHwindIGRF.UHD3840_2160p30.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "ICON orbits Earth at 575 kilometers altitude, measuring the composition and motions of the ionosphere.", "width": 3840, "height": 2160, "pixels": 8294400 } }, { "id": 438722, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1100410, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004500/a004594/IRIDaily.limbwICON_OionHwindIGRF.HD1080i_p30.mp4.hwshow", "filename": "IRIDaily.limbwICON_OionHwindIGRF.HD1080i_p30.mp4.hwshow", "media_type": "HyperwallShow", "alt_text": "", "width": 0, "height": 0, "pixels": null } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 328699, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4594/#media_group_328699", "widget": "Basic text with HTML", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "The ICON (Ionospheric Connection Explorer) satellite orbits Earth at an altitude of 575 kilometers. In this visualization, we show the ICON spacecraft with the fields-of-view of four instruments for measuring the properties of the ionosphere.

ICON has an EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet) and FUV (Far Ultraviolet) imagers (violet colored frustrums directed from spacecraft) pointing perpendicular to the orbit direction for detecting ionospheric emissions. Two Doppler interferometer imagers, MIGHTI (Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging), represented by the blue frustrums, are directed at 45 degrees from the EUV and FUV imagers to measure ionospheric wind velocities.

Three reference models important in ionospheric physics are presented in this visualization. One of the goals of ICON is to improve on these models.

International Reference Ionosphere (IRI)


This model provides parameters such as electron temperature and density, ion temperature and the densities of various ions (O+, H+, He+, NO+, O2+). In this visualization, we display the atomic oxygen positive ion (a single atom ion) density at an altitude of 350 kilometers. On the limb of Earth, we present a vertical cross-section of the model, illustrating how the density varies with altitude and providing an altitude scale for comparison.

This dataset exhibits two notable characteristics.

  1. Daily variation: The oxygen ion density increases during the day and then decreases after nightfall. This is due to photoionization by solar ultraviolet light, which increases with sunrise to a maximum at local noon, and then decreases towards evening.

  2. Appleton Anomaly: One of the more striking features of the ion density is the daytime enhancement is split into two regions, distributed symmetrically above and below the magnetic equator. This feature was discovered by Edward Appleton in 1946. It is now understood to be an effect of the interaction of Earth's geomagnetic field with upper atmosphere electric fields, and often referred to as the 'fountain effect,' explained in 1965. The electric fields lift ions and electrons upward by E-cross-B drift (Plasma Zoo). At higher altitudes, the upward drift decreases and the geomagnetic field and gravity dominate the motion, guiding the charged particles earthward.

Horizontal Wind Model (HWM)


This model provides speed and direction of horizontal (parallel to Earth's surface) winds constructed from over 70 million ground-based and satellite measurements. Two altitude levels are displayed in this visualization: 350 kilometers (same altitude as the IRI oxygen ion data) in violet glyphs, and 100 kilometers (white glyphs). This model only extends to 60 degrees latitude, so there are gaps around the poles in this visualization.

One of the most notable characteristics in this dataset, particularly the 350 kilometer data, is how the winds are driven by the daily solar heating cycle. As the sun rises, the upper atmosphere is heated by solar ultraviolet light. This creates a high-pressure region which drives the atmosphere away from direct sunlight; westward in the morning and eastward in the afternoon. As the sun sets and the atmosphere cools, we see the wind reverse, filling in the now cooler and lower-pressure region.

International Geomagnetic Reference Field-12 (IGRF-12)


This model provides the structure of Earth's magnetic field which is a dominant influence on the motion of electrons and ions in the ionosphere. The geomagnetic field changes very slowly over decades. For this visualization, we display only a few field lines (golden wire-like structures) near the geomagnetic equator. As we observe the daily variation of the data, particularly the oxygen ions, we see the Appleton anomaly is hedged in by the low-latitude geomagnetic field.

References

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Magenta curves are lines of Earth's geomagnetic field. Field-of-view (FOV) of MIGHTI imagers (green frustums) and the longitudinal wind vectors (green arrows) it measures are shown. MIGHTI imagers FOV eventually fades out. Vertical plasma speed (red arrows) is measured at the spacecraft. Magnetic field lines turn yellow as measurements of winds by MIGHT provide a connection to influence the plasma velocity measured at the spacecraft, redirecting the plasma flow from upward to downward. || ICONDataView.ICONSyncView+x_.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.000750_print.jpg (1024x576) [135.0 KB] || ICONDataView.ICONSyncView+x_.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.000750_searchweb.png (320x180) [79.4 KB] || ICONDataView.ICONSyncView+x_.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.000750_thm.png (80x40) [5.7 KB] || ICONSyncView+x (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || ICONDataView.ICONSyncView+x.HD1080i_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [36.4 MB] || ICONDataView.ICONSyncView+x.HD1080i_p30.webm (1920x1080) [5.1 MB] || ICONSyncView+x (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || ICONDataView.ICONSyncView+x.2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [114.3 MB] || ICONDataView.ICONSyncView+x.HD1080i_p30.mp4.hwshow || ", "release_date": "2021-11-29T11:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-03-10T00:11:07.150773-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 377917, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004900/a004917/ICONDataView.ICONSyncView+x_.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.000750_print.jpg", "filename": "ICONDataView.ICONSyncView+x_.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.000750_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Visualization of ICON in Earth orbit, camera ahead of the spacecraft looking back on spacecraft and limb of Earth. Magenta curves are lines of Earth's geomagnetic field. Field-of-view (FOV) of MIGHTI imagers (green frustums) and the longitudinal wind vectors (green arrows) it measures are shown. MIGHTI imagers FOV eventually fades out. Vertical plasma speed (red arrows) is measured at the spacecraft. Magnetic field lines turn yellow as measurements of winds by MIGHT provide a connection to influence the plasma velocity measured at the spacecraft, redirecting the plasma flow from upward to downward.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 13096, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13096/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "ICON Pre-Launch Live Shots", "description": "B-roll and canned interviews will be added on Wednesday, Oct 24 by 6:00pm || ICON_WebBanner_2018.jpg (3792x597) [550.7 KB] || ICON_WebBanner_2018_print.jpg (1024x161) [101.5 KB] || ICON_WebBanner_2018_searchweb.png (320x180) [119.7 KB] || ICON_WebBanner_2018_thm.png (80x40) [6.5 KB] || ", "release_date": "2018-10-18T13:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:46:19.769172-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 399589, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013000/a013096/ICON_WebBanner_2018_print.jpg", "filename": "ICON_WebBanner_2018_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "B-roll and canned interviews will be added on Wednesday, Oct 24 by 6:00pm", "width": 1024, "height": 161, "pixels": 164864 } }, { "id": 4610, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4610/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "GOLD: Instrument Scanning Coverage", "description": "Visualization of GOLD orbiting Earth with image scanning. This version presents the singly-ionized oxygen density from the IRI model. || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_Oion.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.001400_print.jpg (1024x576) [90.3 KB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_Oion.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.001400_searchweb.png (320x180) [79.2 KB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_Oion.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.001400_thm.png (80x40) [6.1 KB] || 1920x1080_16x9_30p (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview4_Oion.HD1080i_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [38.5 MB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview4_Oion.HD1080i_p30.webm (1920x1080) [10.0 MB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview4_Oion.HD1080i_p30.mp4.hwshow [204 bytes] || ", "release_date": "2018-01-19T15:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-03-10T00:07:13.312177-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 407532, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004600/a004610/IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_Oion.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.001400_print.jpg", "filename": "IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_Oion.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.001400_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Visualization of GOLD orbiting Earth with image scanning. This version presents the singly-ionized oxygen density from the IRI model.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 20265, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20265/", "page_type": "Animation", "title": "ICON Beauty Pass", "description": "Beauty pass showing ICON observing the ionosphere. Credit: NASA/GSFC/CIL || AirGlow_final_ProRes.00001_print.jpg (1024x576) [87.7 KB] || AirGlow_final_ProRes.00001_web.png (320x180) [74.1 KB] || AirGlow_final_ProRes.00001_searchweb.png (180x320) [74.1 KB] || AirGlow_final_ProRes.00001_thm.png (80x40) [6.0 KB] || AirGlow_final_H264.mov (1920x1080) [19.5 MB] || 1920x1080_16x9_60p (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || AirGlow_final_ProRes.webm (1920x1080) [1.0 MB] || AirGlow_final_ProRes.mov (1920x1080) [304.3 MB] || ", "release_date": "2017-04-03T13:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:47:47.482345-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 415357, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a020000/a020200/a020265/AirGlow_final_ProRes.00001_print.jpg", "filename": "AirGlow_final_ProRes.00001_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Beauty pass showing ICON observing the ionosphere. Credit: NASA/GSFC/CIL", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4527, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4527/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "ICON and GOLD: Instrument Scanning Coverage", "description": "Visualization of ICON and GOLD orbiting Earth with image scanning. This version presents several geospace models, including the singly-ionized oxygen density, the low-latitude geomagnetic field, and the high-altitude winds (100km and 350km altitudes). || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.001140_print.jpg (1024x576) [130.5 KB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.001140_searchweb.png (320x180) [85.0 KB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.001140_thm.png (80x40) [5.9 KB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF.HD1080i_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [82.0 MB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF.HD1080i_p30.webm (1920x1080) [7.6 MB] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [258.1 MB] || ", "release_date": "2016-12-14T14:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-03-09T22:29:33.296980-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 420103, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004500/a004527/IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.001140_print.jpg", "filename": "IRIGOLDscan.GOLDview3_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.001140_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Visualization of ICON and GOLD orbiting Earth with image scanning. This version presents several geospace models, including the singly-ionized oxygen density, the low-latitude geomagnetic field, and the high-altitude winds (100km and 350km altitudes).", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4498, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4498/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "ICON and GOLD: Exploring the Interface to Space", "description": "A basic view of the orbits for ICON (Ionospheric Connections Explorer) and GOLD (Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk). These missions will conduct measurements of ionospheric composition, ionization, and winds to better understand the connection between space weather and its terrestrial impacts.In this visualization, we present GOLD (in geostationary orbit around Earth) and ICON (in low Earth orbit). The colors over Earth represent model data from the IRI (International Reference Ionosphere) model of the density of the singly-ionized oxygen atom at an altitude of 350 kilometers. Red represents high density. The ion density is enhanced above and below the geomagnetic equator (not perfectly aligned with the geographic equator) on the dayside due to the ionizing effects of solar ultraviolet radiation combined with the effects of high-altitude winds and the geomagnetic field. || ", "release_date": "2016-10-27T14:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2025-03-02T22:34:54.801413-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 420040, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004400/a004498/IRIDaily.SimplePushIn_O+ion.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.000101_print.jpg", "filename": "IRIDaily.SimplePushIn_O+ion.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.000101_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A simple view of the orbits for ICON and GOLD. This version interpolates the IRI model to a higher time cadence for a smoother animation.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ], "sources": [], "products": [], "newer_versions": [], "older_versions": [], "alternate_versions": [ { "id": 4539, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4539/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Exploring Earth's Ionosphere: Limb view with approach", "description": "Oxygen ion enhancements at 350km altitude, ionospheric winds at altitudes of 100 km (white) and 350 km (violet) and the low-latitude geomagnetic field. || IRIDaily.zoom2limb_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.000400_print.jpg (1024x576) [92.1 KB] || IRIDaily.zoom2limb_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.000400_searchweb.png (320x180) [58.1 KB] || IRIDaily.zoom2limb_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.000400_thm.png (80x40) [4.9 KB] || IRIDaily.zoom2limb_OionHwindIGRF.HD1080i_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [89.8 MB] || OionHwindIGRF (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || IRIDaily.zoom2limb_OionHwindIGRF.HD1080i_p30.webm (1920x1080) [8.6 MB] || OionHwindIGRF (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || IRIDaily.zoom2limb_OionHwindIGRF.2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [274.0 MB] || IRIDaily.zoom2limb_OionHwindIGRF.HD1080i_p30.mp4.hwshow [210 bytes] || ", "release_date": "2017-01-13T10:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-03-10T00:06:28.795554-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 417272, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004500/a004539/IRIDaily.zoom2limb_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.000400_print.jpg", "filename": "IRIDaily.zoom2limb_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.000400_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Oxygen ion enhancements at 350km altitude, ionospheric winds at altitudes of 100 km (white) and 350 km (violet) and the low-latitude geomagnetic field.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4540, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4540/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Exploring Earth's Ionosphere: Limb view", "description": "This visualization presents data on the concentration of the singly-ionized oxygen atom (rainbow color table, red is highest concentration), the low-latitude geomagnetic field (gold field lines) and the ionospheric winds at two altitude levels, 100km (white) and 350 km (violet). || IRIDaily.limb_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.000750_print.jpg (1024x576) [101.4 KB] || IRIDaily.limb_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.000750_thm.png (80x40) [5.0 KB] || IRIDaily.limb_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.000750_searchweb.png (320x180) [62.5 KB] || IRIDaily.limb_OionHwindIGRF.HD1080i_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [88.3 MB] || OionHwindIGRF (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || OionHwindIGRF (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || IRIDaily.limb_OionHwindIGRF.2160p30.webm (3840x2160) [12.4 MB] || IRIDaily.limb_OionHwindIGRF.2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [274.0 MB] || IRIDaily.limb_OionHwindIGRF.HD1080i_p30.mp4.hwshow [205 bytes] || ", "release_date": "2017-01-13T10:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-03-10T00:06:29.592499-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 417298, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004500/a004540/IRIDaily.limb_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.000750_print.jpg", "filename": "IRIDaily.limb_OionHwindIGRF.clockSlate_CRTT.HD1080i.000750_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This visualization presents data on the concentration of the singly-ionized oxygen atom (rainbow color table, red is highest concentration), the low-latitude geomagnetic field (gold field lines) and the ionospheric winds at two altitude levels, 100km (white) and 350 km (violet).", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4504, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4504/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Exploring the Ionosphere: The Dayside Ionosphere", "description": "A view of the singly-ionizing oxygen atom on the dayside of Earth. This represents the variation of the enhancments due to variation in the geomagnetic field. This version interpolates the IRI model to a higher time cadence for a smoother animation. || IRIDaily.sunward_O+ion.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.001001_print.jpg (1024x576) [58.1 KB] || IRIDaily.sunward_O+ion.IRIinterp.HD1080i_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [50.1 MB] || IRI.interpolated (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || IRIDaily.sunward_O+ion.IRIinterp.HD1080i_p30.webm (1920x1080) [17.1 MB] || IRIDaily.sunward_O+ion.IRIinterp.UHD3840_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [72.7 MB] || IRI.interpolated (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || IRIDaily.sunward_O+ion.IRIinterp_4504.key [51.9 MB] || IRIDaily.sunward_O+ion.IRIinterp_4504.pptx [51.6 MB] || exploring-the-ionosphere-the-dayside-ionosphere.hwshow [308 bytes] || ", "release_date": "2016-10-27T14:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2025-03-09T00:06:14.577624-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 420087, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004500/a004504/IRIDaily.sunward_O+ion.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.001001_print.jpg", "filename": "IRIDaily.sunward_O+ion.clockSlate_CRTT.UHD3840.001001_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A view of the singly-ionizing oxygen atom on the dayside of Earth. This represents the variation of the enhancments due to variation in the geomagnetic field. This version interpolates the IRI model to a higher time cadence for a smoother animation.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ] }