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This video is also available on our YouTube channel.
", "items": [ { "id": 278309, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 440522, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004300/a004349/moon.0600_print.jpg", "filename": "moon.0600_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The geometry of the Moon's orbit in motion, from the end of August until the supermoon eclipse on September 27-28, 2015. The inner blue circle shows perigee distance, the outer blue circle shows apogee distance, and the off-center, light gray circle shows the Moon's orbit. 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On September 28, 2015 (the night of the 27th in many places), the Moon will be full at the same time that it is closest to Earth for the year, a coincidence sometimes called a supermoon. As it happens, this largest Full Moon occurs within the Earth's shadow, creating the added spectacle of a total lunar eclipse.

The Moon's orbit is very slightly elliptical and therefore somewhat off-center relative to the Earth. Each month, the Moon passes through points in its orbit called perigee and apogee, the closest and farthest points from the Earth for that month. Some perigees are a little closer than others. The closest perigee for 2015 occurs on September 28 at around 1:52 Universal Time, when the Moon will be 356,877 kilometers (221,753 miles) away. This is only an hour before the time of peak full Moon at 2:51 UT, when the Moon's ecliptic longitude differs from the Sun's by exactly 180 degrees.

All of this takes place during a total lunar eclipse. The Moon makes first contact with the umbra, the central part of the Earth's shadow, at 1:07 UT, and it doesn't completely emerge until 4:27 UT.

If we define a supermoon as a Full Moon that coincides with the closest perigee in a given year, then supermoons occur every 14 months, with occasional skips. The anomalistic month — the time between two perigees — is two days shorter than the cycle of phases, called the synodic month; the perigees \"lap\" the phases after 14 months.

Total lunar eclipses involve a third cycle, the draconic month. The Moon's tilted orbit crosses the Earth-Sun plane at one of two points called nodes; a draconic month is the time it takes the Moon to return to the same node. Total lunar eclipses happen when a node crossing coincides with a Full Moon. Only then does the Moon's orbit carry it close enough to the Earth-Sun line to actually pass through the shadow cast by the Earth.

A supermoon eclipse requires the alignment of all three cycles, the synodic, anomalistic, and draconic months, and this happens every 18 years 11 days, a period known as a saros. Eclipses separated by this period tend to share certain properties and are grouped into families, or saros series. The 2015 supermoon eclipse is the first in Saros 137. There will be seven more supermoon eclipses in this series, the last in December of 2141.

The animation begins at the end of August showing that perigee and Full Moon miss each other by about a day. It then shows apogee on September 14, when the Moon is almost 32 Earth diameters away. It ends on September 28, the day of the supermoon eclipse, when the distance to the Moon is 28 Earth diameters. The Moon graphic in the upper left shows the change in the Moon's apparent size as it moves closer and farther in its orbit, as well as its copper color during the eclipse.

The relative sizes of the Earth and Moon in the main orbit graphic are exaggerated by a factor of 15 to make them more easily visible.
", "items": [], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 336910, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4349/#media_group_336910", "widget": "Video player", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "A simpler version of the animation, showing the Moon's orbital motion from apogee on September 14 to the perigee Full Moon and total lunar eclipse on September 27-28.", "items": [ { "id": 278317, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 440530, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004300/a004349/moon.0450_print.jpg", "filename": "moon.0450_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A simpler version of the animation, showing the Moon's orbital motion from apogee on September 14 to the perigee Full Moon and total lunar eclipse on September 27-28.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 278313, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 440526, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004300/a004349/supermoon2_1080p30.mp4", "filename": "supermoon2_1080p30.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "A simpler version of the animation, showing the Moon's orbital motion from apogee on September 14 to the perigee Full Moon and total lunar eclipse on September 27-28.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 278314, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 440527, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004300/a004349/supermoon2_720p30.mp4", "filename": "supermoon2_720p30.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "A simpler version of the animation, showing the Moon's orbital motion from apogee on September 14 to the perigee Full Moon and total lunar eclipse on September 27-28.", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } }, { "id": 278316, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 440529, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004300/a004349/frames/1920x1080_16x9_30p/simple/", "filename": "simple", "media_type": "Frames", "alt_text": "A simpler version of the animation, showing the Moon's orbital motion from apogee on September 14 to the perigee Full Moon and total lunar eclipse on September 27-28.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 278318, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 440531, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004300/a004349/supermoon2_720p30.webm", "filename": "supermoon2_720p30.webm", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "A simpler version of the animation, showing the Moon's orbital motion from apogee on September 14 to the perigee Full Moon and total lunar eclipse on September 27-28.", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } }, { "id": 278315, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 440528, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004300/a004349/supermoon2_360p30.mp4", "filename": "supermoon2_360p30.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "A simpler version of the animation, showing the Moon's orbital motion from apogee on September 14 to the perigee Full Moon and total lunar eclipse on September 27-28.", "width": 640, "height": 360, "pixels": 230400 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 336911, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4349/#media_group_336911", "widget": "Basic text with HTML", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "

Eccentricity

The farthest apogee of 2015 occurs on September 14, when the Moon is 406,472 kilometers (252,257 miles) away. The ratio of the apogee to the perigee,

ra / rp = 1.139
is the basis of the statement that the Moon's distance and apparent diameter vary by 14%.

In principle, this ratio can also be used to calculate the oblongness or eccentricity of the Moon's elliptical orbit.

e = 1 − 2 / (( ra / rp ) + 1 )
Plugging in the closest perigee and the farthest apogee, we get an eccentricity e = 0.065. Can that be right? Most references (this NASA one, for example) say that for the Moon, e = 0.055. What's going on here?

As it turns out, the Moon's e isn't constant! It's changing all the time, mostly due to the strong influence of the Sun's gravity. The value given in references is a long-term average. During 2015, as the following graph shows, the eccentricity varies from a low of e = 0.0283 in June to a high of e = 0.0747 on the night of the supermoon eclipse.

", "items": [], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 336912, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4349/#media_group_336912", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "The osculating eccentricity of the Moon's orbit during 2015.", "items": [ { "id": 278321, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 440533, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004300/a004349/moon_ecc_print.jpg", "filename": "moon_ecc_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The osculating eccentricity of the Moon's orbit during 2015.", "width": 1024, "height": 683, "pixels": 699392 } }, { "id": 278319, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 440534, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004300/a004349/moon_ecc_600dpi.png", "filename": "moon_ecc_600dpi.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The osculating eccentricity of the Moon's orbit during 2015.", "width": 5286, "height": 3524, "pixels": 18627864 } }, { "id": 278320, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 440532, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004300/a004349/moon_ecc_300dpi.png", "filename": "moon_ecc_300dpi.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The osculating eccentricity of the Moon's orbit during 2015.", "width": 2643, "height": 1762, "pixels": 4656966 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 336913, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4349/#media_group_336913", "widget": "Basic text with HTML", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": " There are two major cycles apparent in the graph, one with a period of roughly a month (31.8 days) and the other repeating about every half-year (205.9 days). Both of these cycles arise from the orientation of the Moon's orbit with respect to the Sun.

The graph is based on an expression for the varying or osculating eccentricity in (Simon et al. 1994). Note that the calculation we did earlier, using the closest perigee and the farthest apogee, isn't physically valid, since these occur at two different points in time.", "items": [], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 336914, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4349/#media_group_336914", "widget": "Basic text", "title": "For More Information", "caption": "", "description": "See [2015 Lunar Eclipse Gallery](http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/Gallery/SupermoonLunarEclipseSeptember2015.html)", "items": [], "extra_data": {} } ], "studio": "svs", "funding_sources": [ "LRO" ], "credits": [ { "role": "Visualizer", "people": [ { "name": "Ernie Wright", "employer": "USRA" } ] }, { "role": "Producer", "people": [ { "name": "David Ladd", "employer": "USRA" }, { "name": "Michelle Handleman", "employer": "USRA" }, { "name": "Claire Saravia", "employer": "NASA/GSFC" } ] }, { "role": "Scientist", "people": [ { "name": "Noah Petro", "employer": "NASA/GSFC" }, { "name": "John Keller", "employer": "NASA/GSFC" } ] } ], "missions": [ "LRO (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter)" ], "series": [ "LRO - Animations", "The Moon" ], "tapes": [], "papers": [], "datasets": [ { "name": "Digital Elevation Map", "common_name": "DEM", "platform": "LRO", "sensor": "LOLA", "type": "Other", "organizations": [], "description": "", "credit": "", "url": "", "date_range": null }, { "name": "JPL DE421", "common_name": "DE421", "platform": null, "sensor": null, "type": "Ephemeris", "organizations": [ "NASA/JPL" ], "description": "Planetary ephemerides", "credit": "", "url": "http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?ephemerides#planets", "date_range": null }, { "name": "WAC 643nm High Sun Global Mosaic", "common_name": "", "platform": "LRO", "sensor": "LROC", "type": "Mosaic", "organizations": [], "description": "", "credit": "", "url": "", "date_range": null } ], "nasa_science_categories": [ "Planets & Moons" ], "keywords": [ "Eclipse", "HDTV", "Laser Altimeter", "LOLA", "LROC", "Lunar", "Lunar Elevation Map", "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter", "Lunar Surface", "Lunar Topography", "Moon", "Solar System" ], "recommended_pages": [], "related": [ { "id": 4356, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4356/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "LRO and the September 27-28, 2015 Lunar Eclipse: Telescopic View", "description": "On September 28, 2015 (the night of September 27), the Moon enters the Earth's shadow, creating a total lunar eclipse. This visualization simulates the view through a telescope during the eclipse while also showing the position of the LRO spacecraft.", "release_date": "2015-09-15T00:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2025-01-30T15:16:12.334449-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 439739, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004300/a004356/eclipse.0990_print.jpg", "filename": "eclipse.0990_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The appearance of the Moon during the lunar eclipse at 10 seconds per frame. Displays LRO's orbit, its view of the Sun, and meters for the amount of sunlight LRO is receiving and the charge of its battery.This video is also available on our YouTube channel.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 12000, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12000/", "page_type": "B-Roll", "title": "Supermoon Eclipse 2015 Live Shots Interviews And B-roll", "description": "Interview with Noah Petro - LRO Deputy Project Scientist || Noah_Petro_-_Supermoon_Eclipse.png (1120x634) [1.1 MB] || Noah_Petro_-_Supermoon_Eclipse_print.jpg (1024x579) [113.0 KB] || Noah_Petro_-_Supermoon_Eclipse_searchweb.png (320x180) [103.6 KB] || Noah_Petro_-_Supermoon_Eclipse_thm.png (80x40) [9.9 KB] || Noah_Petro_-_Supermoon_Eclipse.webm (960x540) [146.3 MB] || Noah_Petro_Supermoon_Eclipse.en_US.vtt [7.1 KB] || Noah_Petro_Supermoon_Eclipse.en_US.srt [7.1 KB] || Noah_Petro_-_Supermoon_Eclipse.mov (1280x720) [4.5 GB] || ", "release_date": "2015-09-15T00:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:49:21.933703-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 439768, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012000/a012000/Noah_Petro_-_Supermoon_Eclipse.png", "filename": "Noah_Petro_-_Supermoon_Eclipse.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Interview with Noah Petro - LRO Deputy Project Scientist", "width": 1120, "height": 634, "pixels": 710080 } }, { "id": 4340, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4340/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "September 27, 2015 Total Lunar Eclipse: Shadow View", "description": "Universal Time (UT). The Moon moves right to left, passing through the penumbra and umbra, leaving in its wake an eclipse diagram with the times at various stages of the eclipse. || eclipse_ut_print.jpg (1024x576) [58.4 KB] || eclipse.0432_searchweb.png (180x320) [40.3 KB] || eclipse.0432_thm.png (80x40) [4.0 KB] || eclipse_ut_1080p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [3.0 MB] || eclipse_ut_720p30.mp4 (1280x720) [1.6 MB] || ut (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || eclipse_ut_720p30.webm (1280x720) [1.9 MB] || eclipse_ut_360p30.mp4 (640x360) [597.1 KB] || eclipse_ut_4340.key [4.3 MB] || eclipse_ut_4340.pptx [1.9 MB] || ", "release_date": "2015-08-18T00:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2025-02-02T22:22:07.627187-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 441107, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004300/a004340/eclipse.0432_searchweb.png", "filename": "eclipse.0432_searchweb.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Universal Time (UT). The Moon moves right to left, passing through the penumbra and umbra, leaving in its wake an eclipse diagram with the times at various stages of the eclipse.", "width": 180, "height": 320, "pixels": 57600 } }, { "id": 4193, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4193/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Supermoon 2014", "description": "On August 10, 2014, the Moon will be full at the same time that it is closest to Earth for the year. This coincidence is sometimes called a supermoon.The Moon's orbit is very slightly elliptical and therefore somewhat off-center relative to the Earth. Each month, the Moon passes through points in its orbit called perigee and apogee, the closest and farthest points from the Earth for that month. Some perigees are a little closer than others. The closest perigee for 2014 occurs on August 10 at around 17:49 Universal Time, when the Moon will be 356,896 kilometers (221,765 miles) away. As it happens, this is only a few minutes before the time of peak full Moon at 18:10 UT, when the Moon's ecliptic longitude differs from the Sun's by exactly 180 degrees.How often does this happen? The period between perigees, called the anomalistic month, is 27.55 days, on average, while the time between Full Moons, called the synodic month, is 29.53 days. These two periods sync up every 413 days, or 1.13 years. 15 anomalistic months are about as long as 14 synodic months, so that's how often the pattern repeats.Recently, a much broader definition of \"supermoon\" has taken hold. It includes both Full and New Moons, and perigee merely needs to be \"close enough,\" generally within a couple of days. By this definition, there are six or seven supermoons every year, half of which can't be observed. Not so super!The actual shape of the Moon's orbit is another source of confusion. The orbit is often depicted as an almost cigar-shaped ellipse, but this is a misleading exaggeration. If you were to draw the orbit on a sheet of paper, its deviation from a perfect circle would be less than the thickness of your pencil point. The 50,000 kilometer (30,000 mile) difference between perigee and apogee is almost entirely due to the orbit being off-center. The difference between the semimajor and semiminor axes is less than 1000 kilometers (600 miles).The animation begins in mid-July, showing that perigee and Full Moon miss each other by about a day. It then shows apogee on July 28, when the Moon is almost 32 Earth diameters away. It ends on August 10, the day of the supermoon, when the distance to the Moon is 28 Earth diameters. The Moon graphic in the upper left shows the change in the Moon's apparent size as it moves closer and farther in its orbit. (The relative sizes of the Earth and Moon in the main orbit graphic are exaggerated by a factor of 15 to make them more easily visible.) || ", "release_date": "2014-08-08T09:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:50:40.292362-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 452883, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004100/a004193/moon.0600_print.jpg", "filename": "moon.0600_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The geometry of the Moon's orbit in motion, from mid-July until the supermoon on August 10, 2014. The inner blue circle shows perigee distance, the outer blue circle shows apogee distance, and the off-center, light gray circle shows the Moon's orbit. Frame sequences with alpha channels are available for the separate elements of the animation.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4084, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4084/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Supermoon 2013", "description": "On June 23, 2013, the Moon will be full at the same time that it is closest to Earth for the year. This coincidence is sometimes called a supermoon.The Moon's orbit is slightly elliptical and therefore a little off-center relative to the Earth. Each month, the Moon passes through points in its orbit called perigee and apogee, the closest and farthest points from the Earth for that month. Some perigees are a little closer than others. The closest perigee for 2013 occurs on June 23 at around 11:18 Universal Time, when the Moon will be 356,991 kilometers (221,824 miles) away. As it happens, this is only a few minutes before the time of peak full Moon at 11:32 UT, when the Moon's ecliptic longitude differs from the Sun's by exactly 180 degrees.How often does this happen? The period between perigees, called the anomalistic month, is 27.55 days. The time between full Moons, called the synodic month, is 29.53 days. These two periods sync up every 413 days, or 1.13 years. 15 anomalistic months are about as long as 14 synodic months. So that's how often the pattern repeats.The animation begins in May, showing that perigee and full Moon miss each other by about a day. It then shows apogee on June 9, when the Moon is almost 32 Earth diameters away. It ends on June 23, the day of the supermoon, when the distance to the Moon is 28 Earth diameters. The Moon graphic in the upper left shows the change in the Moon's apparent size as it moves closer and farther in its orbit. (The relative sizes of the Earth and Moon in the main orbit graphic are exaggerated by a factor of 15 to make them more easily visible.)By another coincidence, the supermoon occurs just two days after the northern summer solstice, when the Sun reaches its highest point in the northern hemisphere sky. The second animation shows the relationship between the Sun and the Earth at both the summer and winter solstice. || ", "release_date": "2013-06-21T01:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:52:03.081733-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 464516, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004000/a004084/moon.0450_preview.jpg", "filename": "moon.0450_preview.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The geometry of the Moon's orbit in motion, from late May until the supermoon on June 23, 2013. Frame sequences with alpha channel are available for the separate elements of the animation.", "width": 960, "height": 540, "pixels": 518400 } } ], "sources": [], "products": [], "newer_versions": [], "older_versions": [], "alternate_versions": [] }