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"release_date": "2015-02-02T00:00:00-05:00",
"update_date": "2023-05-03T13:50:03.846201-04:00",
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"description": "Motions of charged particles in electromagnetic fields are important in understanding the behaviors of plasmas in space. In Plasma Zoo, we present visualizations of particle motions in simple electromagnetic field configurations.
Consider a magnetic field which fills a region of space with uniform intensity and direction. Here we represent that magnetic field (designated with the letter 'B') as a cyan (light green) arrow, its direction representing the direction of the field vector.
One of the more fundamental motions of charged particles in a magnetic field is gyro-motion, or cyclotron motion. If a charged particle is moving in a magnetic field, the particle experiences a force perpendicular to the direction of the charge motion and the field. This direction is determined by the Right-Hand Rule (Wikipedia).
In the simplest case, this curves the particle path into a circle. The direction of the force also depends on the charge of the particle, with negative particles (labelled '-') being directed in circles in a sense opposite to positive particles (labelled '+'). If we view along the direction the magnetic field is pointing, we will see that the positive particles gyrate anti-clockwise while the negative particles gyrate clockwise.
In this visualization, we have two charged particles, with the same mass and speed, one positive and one negative, moving in a 3-dimensional space. Similar to the resuts we see in Plasma Zoo: Gyromotion in Two Dimensions, we see that the two charged particles, starting out in the same direction, have their trajectories bent into circles and traverse the circular path in opposite directions.
The magnetic field is uniform and directed perpendicular to the plane. In this case, the circular path of the particle becomes a helical path.
Important Note: The example here shows particles with the same speed and mass. If the masses are different (for example, a positive proton has about 1836 times more mass than an electron), the radius of the gyromotion will be proportionally larger for the same speed.",
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{
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{
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"employer": "NASA/GSFC"
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"id": 4649,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4649/",
"page_type": "Visualization",
"title": "Plasma Zoo: Gyroresonant Scattering",
"description": "In a background magnetic field, represented by the cyan arrows, two electrons are propagating to the right, executing identical gyromotion. A circularly polarized electromagnetic wave approaches the upper electron from the left. || GyroresonanceV3_RideAlong_inertial.HD1080i.0150_print.jpg (1024x576) [85.3 KB] || GyroresonanceV3_RideAlong_inertial.HD1080i.0150_searchweb.png (320x180) [55.9 KB] || GyroresonanceV3_RideAlong_inertial.HD1080i.0150_thm.png (80x40) [4.3 KB] || RideAlong (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || GyroresonanceV3_RideAlong.HD1080i_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [17.2 MB] || GyroresonanceV3_RideAlong.HD1080i_p30.webm (1920x1080) [2.3 MB] || GyroresonanceV3_RideAlong_inertial.HD1080i.0150.tif (1920x1080) [2.4 MB] || RideAlong (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || GyroresonanceV3_RideAlong.UHD3840_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [49.4 MB] || GyroresonanceV3_RideAlong.HD1080i_p30.mp4.hwshow [203 bytes] || ",
"release_date": "2018-05-29T10:00:00-04:00",
"update_date": "2025-01-06T00:12:56.233070-05:00",
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"filename": "GyroresonanceV3_RideAlong_inertial.HD1080i.0150_print.jpg",
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"alt_text": "In a background magnetic field, represented by the cyan arrows, two electrons are propagating to the right, executing identical gyromotion. A circularly polarized electromagnetic wave approaches the upper electron from the left.",
"width": 1024,
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}
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{
"id": 4580,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4580/",
"page_type": "Visualization",
"title": "Electromagnetic Waves and Polarization",
"description": "Representations of electromagnetic waves of different polarizations: Right circular polarization (upper/right); Linear polarization (middle); and Left circular polarization (lower/left). Yellow arrows are the electric field, green arrows are the magnetic field. || EMWaveTrains_tourX2Oblique_inertial.HD1080i.0900_print.jpg (1024x576) [110.0 KB] || EMWaveTrains_tourX2Oblique_inertial.HD1080i.0900_searchweb.png (320x180) [66.5 KB] || EMWaveTrains_tourX2Oblique_inertial.HD1080i.0900_thm.png (80x40) [4.1 KB] || ThreeWaves (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || EMWaveTrains_tourX2Oblique.HD1080i_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [51.5 MB] || EMWaveTrains_tourX2Oblique.HD1080i_p30.webm (1920x1080) [4.7 MB] || ThreeWaves (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || EMWaveTrains_tourX2Oblique_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [165.4 MB] || EMWaveTrains_tourX2Oblique.HD1080i_p30.mp4.hwshow [204 bytes] || ",
"release_date": "2017-07-07T14:00:00-04:00",
"update_date": "2025-01-05T23:21:35.891439-05:00",
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"alt_text": "Representations of electromagnetic waves of different polarizations: Right circular polarization (upper/right); Linear polarization (middle); and Left circular polarization (lower/left). Yellow arrows are the electric field, green arrows are the magnetic field.",
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},
{
"id": 4513,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4513/",
"page_type": "Visualization",
"title": "Shock Drift Acceleration (SDA)",
"description": "This visualization of particle acceleration across a shock is a simplied representation of shock drift acceleration (SDA) showing the motion of electrons (yellow) and protons (blue). It is presented with the same color table designations as other critters in our Plasma Zoo. || SDAShock_tour_inertial.HD1080i.1000_print.jpg (1024x576) [124.6 KB] || SDAShock_tour_inertial.HD1080i.1000_searchweb.png (320x180) [83.0 KB] || SDAShock_tour_inertial.HD1080i.1000_thm.png (80x40) [5.3 KB] || StandardVersion (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || SDAShock_tour_standard.HD1080i_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [72.8 MB] || SDAShock_tour_standard.HD1080i_p30.webm (1920x1080) [7.1 MB] || StandardVersion (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || SDAShock_tour_standard.UHD3840_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [232.9 MB] || SDAShock_tour_standard.HD1080i_p30.mp4.hwshow [200 bytes] || ",
"release_date": "2016-11-14T13:00:00-05:00",
"update_date": "2025-01-05T23:09:02.852697-05:00",
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"media_type": "Image",
"alt_text": "This visualization of particle acceleration across a shock is a simplied representation of shock drift acceleration (SDA) showing the motion of electrons (yellow) and protons (blue). It is presented with the same color table designations as other critters in our Plasma Zoo.",
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},
{
"id": 4261,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4261/",
"page_type": "Visualization",
"title": "Plasma Zoo: Gyromotion in Two Dimensions",
"description": "Visualization from two camera positions of simple 2-dimensional gyro-motion of charged particles in a magnetic field. || GyromotionPlane_inertial.HD1080i.0600_print.jpg (1024x576) [120.0 KB] || GyromotionPlane_inertial.HD1080i.0600_searchweb.png (320x180) [77.2 KB] || GyromotionPlane_inertial.HD1080i.0600_thm.png (80x40) [5.3 KB] || GyromotionPlane_inertial.HD1080i.0600_web.png (320x180) [77.2 KB] || 1920x1080_16x9_30p (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || GyromotionPlane.HD1080.webm (1920x1080) [3.6 MB] || GyromotionPlane_inertial_1080.mp4 (1920x1080) [21.6 MB] || GyromotionPlane.HD1080.mov (1920x1080) [117.5 MB] || ",
"release_date": "2015-02-02T00:00:00-05:00",
"update_date": "2023-05-03T13:50:03.756118-04:00",
"main_image": {
"id": 447169,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004261/GyromotionPlane_inertial.HD1080i.0600_print.jpg",
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"alt_text": "Visualization from two camera positions of simple 2-dimensional gyro-motion of charged particles in a magnetic field.",
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},
{
"id": 4263,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4263/",
"page_type": "Visualization",
"title": "Plasma Zoo: Particle Drift in a Magnetic Gradient",
"description": "Visualization from two camera positions of simple gyro-motion of charged particles in a changing magnetic field. || BGradient_inertial.HD1080i.0600_print.jpg (1024x576) [124.3 KB] || BGradient_inertial.HD1080i.0600_searchweb.png (320x180) [81.3 KB] || BGradient_inertial.HD1080i.0600_thm.png (80x40) [5.6 KB] || BGradient_inertial.HD1080i.0600_web.png (320x180) [81.3 KB] || 1920x1080_16x9_30p (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || BGradient.HD1080.webm (1920x1080) [3.7 MB] || BGradient_inertial_1080.mp4 (1920x1080) [22.2 MB] || BGradient.HD1080.mov (1920x1080) [121.1 MB] || ",
"release_date": "2015-02-02T00:00:00-05:00",
"update_date": "2023-05-03T13:50:03.943038-04:00",
"main_image": {
"id": 447185,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004263/BGradient_inertial.HD1080i.0600_print.jpg",
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"media_type": "Image",
"alt_text": "Visualization from two camera positions of simple gyro-motion of charged particles in a changing magnetic field.",
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"height": 576,
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},
{
"id": 4264,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4264/",
"page_type": "Visualization",
"title": "Plasma Zoo: Field-Aligned Current (Birkeland Current)",
"description": "Visualization from two camera positions of gyro-motion of charged particles in parallel electric and magnetic fields. || EBParallel_inertial.HD1080i.0600_print.jpg (1024x576) [123.4 KB] || EBParallel_inertial.HD1080i.0600_searchweb.png (320x180) [80.8 KB] || EBParallel_inertial.HD1080i.0600_web.png (320x180) [80.8 KB] || EBParallel_inertial.HD1080i.0600_thm.png (80x40) [5.6 KB] || EBParallel.cam1 (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || EBParallel.cam1.HD1080.webm (1920x1080) [3.6 MB] || EBParallel_cam1_HD1080.mp4 (1920x1080) [22.3 MB] || EBParallel.cam1.HD1080.mov (1920x1080) [120.0 MB] || ",
"release_date": "2015-02-02T00:00:00-05:00",
"update_date": "2023-05-03T13:50:04.045655-04:00",
"main_image": {
"id": 447194,
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"media_type": "Image",
"alt_text": "Visualization from two camera positions of gyro-motion of charged particles in parallel electric and magnetic fields.",
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},
{
"id": 4265,
"url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4265/",
"page_type": "Visualization",
"title": "Plasma Zoo: E-cross-B Drift",
"description": "Visualization from two camera positions of gyro-motion of charged particles in perpendicular electric and magnetic fields. || EBvOrthogonal_inertial.HD1080i.0600_print.jpg (1024x576) [123.3 KB] || EBvOrthogonal_inertial.HD1080i.0600_searchweb.png (320x180) [79.0 KB] || EBvOrthogonal_inertial.HD1080i.0600_thm.png (80x40) [5.5 KB] || EBvOrthogonal_inertial.HD1080i.0600_web.png (320x180) [79.0 KB] || 1920x1080_16x9_30p (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || EBvOrthogonal.HD1080.webm (1920x1080) [3.6 MB] || EBvOrthogonal_inertial_1080.mp4 (1920x1080) [22.2 MB] || EBvOrthogonal.HD1080.mov (1920x1080) [120.0 MB] || ",
"release_date": "2015-02-02T00:00:00-05:00",
"update_date": "2023-05-03T13:50:04.137017-04:00",
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