The data in the table for the entire year can be downloaded as a JSON file or as a text file.
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More in this series:
Moon Phase and Libration Gallery
This marks the first time that accurate shadows at this level of detail are possible in such a computer simulation. The shadows are based on the global elevation map being developed from measurements by the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). LOLA has already taken more than 10 times as many elevation measurements as all previous missions combined.
The Moon always keeps the same face to us, but not exactly the same face. Because of the tilt and shape of its orbit, we see the Moon from slightly different angles over the course of a month. When a month is compressed into 12 seconds, as it is in this animation, our changing view of the Moon makes it look like it's wobbling. This wobble is called libration.
The word comes from the Latin for \"balance scale\" (as does the name of the zodiac constellation Libra) and refers to the way such a scale tips up and down on alternating sides. The sub-Earth point gives the amount of libration in longitude and latitude. The sub-Earth point is also the apparent center of the Moon's disk and the location on the Moon where the Earth is directly overhead.
The Moon is subject to other motions as well. It appears to roll back and forth around the sub-Earth point. The roll angle is given by the position angle of the axis, which is the angle of the Moon's north pole relative to celestial north. The Moon also approaches and recedes from us, appearing to grow and shrink. The two extremes, called perigee (near) and apogee (far), differ by more than 10%.
The most noticed monthly variation in the Moon's appearance is the cycle of phases, caused by the changing angle of the Sun as the Moon orbits the Earth. The cycle begins with the waxing (growing) crescent Moon visible in the west just after sunset. By first quarter, the Moon is high in the sky at sunset and sets around midnight. The full Moon rises at sunset and is high in the sky at midnight. The third quarter Moon is often surprisingly conspicuous in the daylit western sky long after sunrise.
Celestial north is up in these images, corresponding to the view from the northern hemisphere. The descriptions of the print resolution stills also assume a northern hemisphere orientation. To adjust for southern hemisphere views, rotate the images 180 degrees, and substitute \"north\" for \"south\" in the descriptions.
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Pictured here is the traditional New Moon, the earliest visible waxing crescent, which signals the start of a new month in many lunar and lunisolar calendars.", "width": 2400, "height": 2400, "pixels": 5760000 } } ], "extra_data": {} } ], "studio": "svs", "funding_sources": [ "LRO" ], "credits": [ { "role": "Animator", "people": [ { "name": "Ernie Wright", "employer": "UMBC" }, { "name": "Marte Newcombe", "employer": "Global Science and Technology, Inc." } ] }, { "role": "Producer", "people": [ { "name": "Chris Smith", "employer": "HTSI" } ] }, { "role": "Scientist", "people": [ { "name": "Richard Vondrak", "employer": "NASA/GSFC" } ] }, { "role": "Project support", "people": [ { "name": "Joycelyn Thomson Jones", "employer": "NASA/GSFC" } ] } ], "missions": [ "Clementine", "LRO (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter)" ], "series": [ "LRO - Animations", "The Moon" ], "tapes": [], "papers": [], "datasets": [ { "name": "750-nm Basemap", "common_name": "", "platform": "Clementine", "sensor": "UVVIS Camera", "type": "Mosaic", "organizations": [], "description": "", "credit": "", "url": "", "date_range": "1994-02-26 to 1994-04-21" }, { "name": "Digital Elevation Map", "common_name": "DEM", "platform": "LRO", "sensor": "LOLA", "type": "Other", "organizations": [], "description": "", "credit": "", "url": "", "date_range": "August 2009 - September 2010" } ], "nasa_science_categories": [ "Planets & Moons" ], "keywords": [ "Elevation data", "HDTV", "Laser Altimeter", "LOLA", "LRO", "Lunar", "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter", "Moon" ], "recommended_pages": [], "related": [ { "id": 4404, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4404/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Moon Phase and Libration, 2016", "description": " || Click on the image to download a high-resolution version with labels for craters near the terminator.The data in the table for the entire year can be downloaded as a JSON file or as a text file. || moon.0001.jpg (730x730) [74.4 KB] || comp.0001.tif (1920x1080) [2.5 MB] || ", "release_date": "2015-12-10T12:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-02-02T22:24:39.258207-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 437175, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004400/a004404/comp.0001_print.jpg", "filename": "comp.0001_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The phase and libration of the Moon for 2016, at hourly intervals. Includes supplemental graphics that display the Moon's orbit, subsolar and sub-Earth points, and the Moon's distance from Earth at true scale. Craters near the terminator are labeled.This video is also available on our YouTube channel.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4405, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4405/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Moon Phase and Libration, 2016 South Up", "description": " || Click on the image to download a high-resolution version with labels for craters near the terminator.The data in the table for the entire year can be downloaded as a JSON file or as a text file. || moon.0001.jpg (730x730) [74.4 KB] || comp.0001.tif (3840x2160) [7.1 MB] || ", "release_date": "2015-12-10T12:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-02-02T00:08:01.642505-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 437264, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004400/a004405/comp.0001_print.jpg", "filename": "comp.0001_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The phase and libration of the Moon for 2016, at hourly intervals. Includes supplemental graphics that display the Moon's orbit, subsolar and sub-Earth points, and the Moon's distance from Earth at true scale. Craters near the terminator are labeled.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4236, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4236/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Moon Phase and Libration, 2015", "description": " || New: Click on the image to download a high-resolution version with labels for craters near the terminator. The data in the table for the entire year can be downloaded as a JSON file or as a text file. || moon.0001.jpg (730x730) [92.5 KB] || comp.0001.tif (1920x1080) [2.5 MB] || ", "release_date": "2014-12-09T06:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-02-02T22:17:11.528357-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 449201, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004236/phase_waxing_crescent.0557_preview.jpg", "filename": "phase_waxing_crescent.0557_preview.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Waxing crescent. Visible toward the southwest in early evening.", "width": 1024, "height": 1024, "pixels": 1048576 } }, { "id": 4237, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4237/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Moon Phase and Libration, 2015 South Up", "description": " || New: Click on the image to download a high-resolution version with labels for craters near the terminator. The data in the table for the entire year can be downloaded as a JSON file or as a text file. || moon.0001.jpg (730x730) [92.6 KB] || comp.0001.tif (1920x1080) [2.5 MB] || ", "release_date": "2014-12-09T06:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-02-02T22:18:13.963210-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 449291, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004237/phase_waxing_crescent.0557_preview.jpg", "filename": "phase_waxing_crescent.0557_preview.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Waxing crescent. Visible toward the northwest in early evening.", "width": 1024, "height": 1024, "pixels": 1048576 } }, { "id": 4118, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4118/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Moon Phase and Libration, 2014", "description": " || The data in the table for the entire year can be downloaded as a JSON file or as a text file. || moon.0001.jpg (730x730) [27.9 KB] || comp.0001.tif (1920x1080) [1.5 MB] || ", "release_date": "2013-12-06T00:01:00-05:00", "update_date": "2023-11-09T10:49:50.128083-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 461425, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004100/a004118/comp.0210.jpg", "filename": "comp.0210.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The phase and libration of the Moon for 2014, at hourly intervals. Includes supplemental graphics that display the Moon's orbit, subsolar and sub-Earth points, and the Moon's distance from Earth at true scale.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 4119, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4119/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Moon Phase and Libration, 2014 South Up", "description": " || The data in the table for the entire year can be downloaded as a JSON file or as a text file. || moon.0001.jpg (730x730) [27.7 KB] || comp.0001.tif (1920x1080) [1.5 MB] || ", "release_date": "2013-12-06T00:01:00-05:00", "update_date": "2023-11-09T10:52:35.923261-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 461500, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004100/a004119/comp.0210.jpg", "filename": "comp.0210.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The phase and libration of the Moon for 2014, at hourly intervals. Includes supplemental graphics that display the Moon's orbit, subsolar and sub-Earth points, and the Moon's distance from Earth at true scale.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 4067, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4067/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Moon Phase and Libration, 2013 South Up", "description": " || The data in the table for the entire year can be downloaded as a JSON file or as a text file. || moon.0002.jpg (730x730) [94.7 KB] || comp.0001.tif (1920x1080) [2.3 MB] || ", "release_date": "2013-06-05T11:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-11-13T13:43:45.415838-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 466151, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004000/a004067/comp.0708.jpg", "filename": "comp.0708.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The phase and libration of the Moon for 2013, at hourly intervals. Includes supplemental graphics that display the Moon's orbit, subsolar and sub-Earth points, and the Moon's distance from Earth at true scale.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 4000, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4000/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Moon Phase and Libration, 2013", "description": " || The data in the table for the entire year can be downloaded as a JSON file or as a text file. || moon.0002.jpg (730x730) [94.6 KB] || comp.0001.tif (1920x1080) [2.3 MB] || ", "release_date": "2012-11-20T12:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2023-11-07T14:03:54.605126-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 471611, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004000/a004000/comp.0708.jpg", "filename": "comp.0708.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The phase and libration of the Moon for 2013, at hourly intervals. Includes supplemental graphics that display the Moon's orbit, subsolar and sub-Earth points, and the Moon's distance from Earth at true scale.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 3894, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3894/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Moon Phase and Libration, 2012", "description": " || The data in the table for the entire year can be downloaded as a JSON file or as a text file. || moon.0001.jpg (730x730) [67.4 KB] || moon.0001.tif (1920x1080) [1.1 MB] || ", "release_date": "2012-01-01T00:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-02-02T22:04:56.141127-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 480361, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a003800/a003894/moon.0100.jpg", "filename": "moon.0100.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The phase and libration of the Moon for 2012, at hourly intervals. The full-resolution frames include an alpha channel.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 10836, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10836/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Moon Wobble", "description": "From Earth we only see one face of the moon. But it's not always the exact same face. The moon rotates once on its own axis during each 27-day journey around the Earth. But as the moon makes its elliptical orbit, its velocity varies and alters that synchronicity, causing our perspective of the \"light side\" to appear at slightly different angles throughout any given month. In short, the moon wobbles. At least, it does to our eyes. A casual glance skyward won't reveal this, but when a full month of lunar views gets compressed into 12 seconds, as in the visualization below, it's impossible to miss. This rocking like a ship at sea is called libration, from the Latin for balance scale. Instead of just one side, we actually see about 59 percent of the lunar surface over the course of an orbit. The sped up view also reveals how the apparent size of the moon changes in the sky depending on where it is in its elliptical orbit. Its farthest point, the apogee, and nearest point, perigee, differ by more than 10 percent. Watch in the visualization below just how much the moon's face, from a Northern Hemisphere perspective, has wobbled throughout this year. || ", "release_date": "2011-10-20T00:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:53:32.904933-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 483136, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a010800/a010836/moon_3800_cover_1024x576.jpg", "filename": "moon_3800_cover_1024x576.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A modeled visualization of the moon's phases and libration reveals its changing appearance over 2011 so far.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ], "sources": [], "products": [], "newer_versions": [], "older_versions": [], "alternate_versions": [] }