Landsat satellite imagery reveals that in the last 10 years, wetlands that once covered as much as 20,000 square km in parts of Iraq and Iran have been reduced to a small fraction of their original size. The authors of a new report released by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) at the 11th Stockholm Water Symposium on August 13, 2001, warn that the marshlands could completely disappear within the next 3-5 years unless dramatic steps are taken immediately to reverse the damage being done.
The UNEP Executive Director described the wetlands' condition as 'a major environmental catastrophe that will be remembered as one of humanity's worst engineered disasters.' He noted that 'the tragic loss of this rare wetland has occurred in approximately the same period since world leaders pledged to safeguard the environment at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Earth Summit) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.' Regarded by historians as one of the cradles of civilization, the Mesopotamian Fertile Crescent has supported Marsh Arab society for millennia. But through the damming and siphoning off of waters from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, the countries of Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria have decimated the ecosystem and, with it, a culture rooted in the dawn of human history (dating back to ancient Sumeria about 5,000 years ago).", "items": [], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 364139, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2210/#media_group_364139", "widget": "Video player", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "The ancient marshlands of Mesopotamia as seen by Landsat images from 1973 to 2000.", "items": [ { "id": 376953, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531755, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/a002210_pre.jpg", "filename": "a002210_pre.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The ancient marshlands of Mesopotamia as seen by Landsat images from 1973 to 2000.", "width": 320, "height": 240, "pixels": 76800 } }, { "id": 376955, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531756, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/preview_made_from_dv.00260_print.png", "filename": "preview_made_from_dv.00260_print.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The ancient marshlands of Mesopotamia as seen by Landsat images from 1973 to 2000.", "width": 320, "height": 240, "pixels": 76800 } }, { "id": 376954, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531757, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/a002210.webmhd.webm", "filename": "a002210.webmhd.webm", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "The ancient marshlands of Mesopotamia as seen by Landsat images from 1973 to 2000.", "width": 960, "height": 540, "pixels": 518400 } }, { "id": 376952, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531754, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/a002210.mpg", "filename": "a002210.mpg", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "The ancient marshlands of Mesopotamia as seen by Landsat images from 1973 to 2000.", "width": 320, "height": 240, "pixels": 76800 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 364140, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2210/#media_group_364140", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Landsat image in 1973 with the rivers, marshes, and countries labeled", "items": [ { "id": 376958, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531760, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/MO3B210909000934C.jpg", "filename": "MO3B210909000934C.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Landsat image in 1973 with the rivers, marshes, and countries labeled", "width": 870, "height": 1024, "pixels": 890880 } }, { "id": 376957, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531759, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/MO3B210909000934C_web.jpg", "filename": "MO3B210909000934C_web.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Landsat image in 1973 with the rivers, marshes, and countries labeled", "width": 320, "height": 376, "pixels": 120320 } }, { "id": 376956, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531758, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/MO3B210909000934C.tif", "filename": "MO3B210909000934C.tif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Landsat image in 1973 with the rivers, marshes, and countries labeled", "width": 870, "height": 1024, "pixels": 890880 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 364141, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2210/#media_group_364141", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Landsat image in 2000 with the damns, dikes, rivers, marshes, and countries labeled", "items": [ { "id": 376961, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531763, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/MO3B210A1A001934C.jpg", "filename": "MO3B210A1A001934C.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Landsat image in 2000 with the damns, dikes, rivers, marshes, and countries labeled", "width": 832, "height": 1024, "pixels": 851968 } }, { "id": 376960, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531762, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/MO3B210A1A001934C_web.jpg", "filename": "MO3B210A1A001934C_web.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Landsat image in 2000 with the damns, dikes, rivers, marshes, and countries labeled", "width": 320, "height": 393, "pixels": 125760 } }, { "id": 376959, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531761, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/MO3B210A1A001934C.tif", "filename": "MO3B210A1A001934C.tif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Landsat image in 2000 with the damns, dikes, rivers, marshes, and countries labeled", "width": 832, "height": 1024, "pixels": 851968 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 364142, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2210/#media_group_364142", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Mesopotamia 1973. Zoom into Euphrates, Tigris, and Shatt-al-Arab Rivers", "items": [ { "id": 376966, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531768, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/close.0245.jpg", "filename": "close.0245.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Mesopotamia 1973. Zoom into Euphrates, Tigris, and Shatt-al-Arab Rivers", "width": 1440, "height": 972, "pixels": 1399680 } }, { "id": 376963, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531765, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/close.0245_web.jpg", "filename": "close.0245_web.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Mesopotamia 1973. Zoom into Euphrates, Tigris, and Shatt-al-Arab Rivers", "width": 320, "height": 216, "pixels": 69120 } }, { "id": 376964, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531766, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/close.0245_thm.png", "filename": "close.0245_thm.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Mesopotamia 1973. Zoom into Euphrates, Tigris, and Shatt-al-Arab Rivers", "width": 80, "height": 40, "pixels": 3200 } }, { "id": 376965, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531767, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/close.0245_web_searchweb.jpg", "filename": "close.0245_web_searchweb.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Mesopotamia 1973. Zoom into Euphrates, Tigris, and Shatt-al-Arab Rivers", "width": 320, "height": 180, "pixels": 57600 } }, { "id": 376962, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531764, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/close.0245.tif", "filename": "close.0245.tif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Mesopotamia 1973. Zoom into Euphrates, Tigris, and Shatt-al-Arab Rivers", "width": 1440, "height": 972, "pixels": 1399680 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 364143, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2210/#media_group_364143", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Mesopotamia in March 2000. Zoom into Euphrates, Tigris, and Shatt-al-Arab Rivers", "items": [ { "id": 376970, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531772, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/close.0405.jpg", "filename": "close.0405.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Mesopotamia in March 2000. Zoom into Euphrates, Tigris, and Shatt-al-Arab Rivers", "width": 1440, "height": 972, "pixels": 1399680 } }, { "id": 376968, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531770, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/close.0405_web.jpg", "filename": "close.0405_web.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Mesopotamia in March 2000. Zoom into Euphrates, Tigris, and Shatt-al-Arab Rivers", "width": 320, "height": 216, "pixels": 69120 } }, { "id": 376969, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531771, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/close.0405_thm.png", "filename": "close.0405_thm.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Mesopotamia in March 2000. Zoom into Euphrates, Tigris, and Shatt-al-Arab Rivers", "width": 80, "height": 40, "pixels": 3200 } }, { "id": 376967, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531769, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/close.0405.tif", "filename": "close.0405.tif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Mesopotamia in March 2000. Zoom into Euphrates, Tigris, and Shatt-al-Arab Rivers", "width": 1440, "height": 972, "pixels": 1399680 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 364144, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2210/#media_group_364144", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Mesopotamia 1973", "items": [ { "id": 376973, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531775, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/lori_1973c.jpg", "filename": "lori_1973c.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Mesopotamia 1973", "width": 5637, "height": 7264, "pixels": 40947168 } }, { "id": 376972, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531774, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/lori_1973c_web.jpg", "filename": "lori_1973c_web.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Mesopotamia 1973", "width": 320, "height": 412, "pixels": 131840 } }, { "id": 376971, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531773, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/lori_1973c.tif", "filename": "lori_1973c.tif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Mesopotamia 1973", "width": 5637, "height": 7264, "pixels": 40947168 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 364145, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2210/#media_group_364145", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Mesopotamia 2000", "items": [ { "id": 376976, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531778, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/lori_2000c.jpg", "filename": "lori_2000c.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Mesopotamia 2000", "width": 5637, "height": 7264, "pixels": 40947168 } }, { "id": 376975, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531777, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/lori_2000c_web.jpg", "filename": "lori_2000c_web.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Mesopotamia 2000", "width": 320, "height": 412, "pixels": 131840 } }, { "id": 376974, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 531776, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/lori_2000c.tif", "filename": "lori_2000c.tif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Mesopotamia 2000", "width": 5637, "height": 7264, "pixels": 40947168 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 364146, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2210/#media_group_364146", "widget": "Basic text", "title": "For More Information", "caption": "", "description": "See [http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/Mesopotamia_v2.html](http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002200/a002210/Mesopotamia_v2.html)", "items": [], "extra_data": {} } ], "studio": "svs", "funding_sources": [ "EAP" ], "credits": [ { "role": "Animator", "people": [ { "name": "Lori Perkins", "employer": "NASA/GSFC" } ] }, { "role": "Scientist", "people": [ { "name": "Hassan Partow", "employer": "UNEP" } ] } ], "missions": [ "Landsat" ], "series": [], "tapes": [], "papers": [ "mesopotamia.pdf", "mesopotamia.pdf" ], "datasets": [ { "name": "", "common_name": "", "platform": "Landsat-1", "sensor": "MSS", "type": "Other", "organizations": [], "description": "", "credit": "", "url": "", "date_range": "May 1973" }, { "name": "", "common_name": "", "platform": "Landsat-7", "sensor": "ETM+", "type": "Other", "organizations": [], "description": "", "credit": "", "url": "http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/wrs.html", "date_range": "March 2000, May 2000" }, { "name": "Political Boundaries(GNV00019)", "common_name": "", "platform": null, "sensor": null, "type": "Database", "organizations": [ "World Boundary Databank" ], "description": "", "credit": "", "url": "http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_GNV00019.html", "date_range": null } ], "nasa_science_categories": [ "Earth" ], "keywords": [ "Desertification", "Earth Science", "Ecology", "Ecosystem", "Habitat Conversion/fragmentation", "Human Dimensions", "Human geography", "Hydrology", "Iran", "Iraq", "Location", "Marsh", "Marshland", "Mesopotamia", "Syria", "Turkey" ], "recommended_pages": [], "related": [], "sources": [], "products": [], "newer_versions": [], "older_versions": [], "alternate_versions": [] }