Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott Wiessinger
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"description": "Japan’s XRISM (X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission, pronounced “crism”) observatory will provide an unprecedented view into some of the hottest places in the universe. And it will do so using an instrument that’s actually colder than the frostiest cosmic location now known.
XRISM’s Resolve instrument will let astronomers peer into the make-up of cosmic X-ray sources to a degree that hasn’t been possible before. They anticipate many new insights about the hottest objects in the universe, which include exploding stars, black holes and galaxies powered by them, and clusters of galaxies.
This infographic illustrates the enormous range of cosmic temperatures. At the bottom of the scale is absolute zero Kelvin, or 459.67 degrees below zero Fahrenheit (minus 273.15 Celsius).
The detector for XRISM’s Resolve instrument is just a few hundredths of a degree warmer than this. It’s 20 times chillier than the Boomerang Nebula the coldest-known natural environment and about 50 times colder than the temperature of deep space, which is warmed only by the oldest light in the universe, the cosmic microwave background.
The instrument, a collaboration between NASA and JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency), must be kept so cold because it works by measuring the tiny temperature increase created when X-rays strike its detector. This information builds up a picture of how bright the source is in various X-ray energies the equivalent of colors of visible light and lets astronomers identify chemical elements by their unique X-ray fingerprints, called spectra.
With current instruments, we’re only capable of seeing these fingerprints in a comparatively blurry way. Resolve will effectively give X-ray astrophysics a spectrometer with a magnifying glass
XRISM’s other instrument, called Xtend, developed by JAXA and Japanese universities, is an X-ray imager that will perform simultaneous observations with Resolve, providing complementary information. Both instruments rely on two identical X-ray Mirror Assemblies developed at Goddard.
XRISM is a collaborative mission between JAXA and NASA, with participation by ESA (European Space Agency). NASA’s contribution includes science participation from the Canadian Space Agency.
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Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott Wiessinger",
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Individual illustration elements with labels are available in the Download dropdown as 16x9, square, and in some cases, animated formats. See them in this Tumblr post.
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"description": "Just slightly warmer than absolute zero is the Resolve sensor inside XRISM, pronounced “crism,” short for the X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission. This is an international collaboration led by JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) with NASA and ESA (European Space Agency). Resolve operates at one twentieth of a degree above 0 K. Why? To measure the heat from individual X-rays striking its 36 pixels!
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
Alt Text: Cartoon of JAXA’s XRISM telescope gently rocking and back and forth on a dark blue background. The spacecraft has a roughly cylindrical body, which is depicted in light blue with various hardware shown as gray lines and shapes. Solar array \"wings\" extend on either side and a smaller, rounded cylindrical section pointing toward the right has small tubes extending from the end. 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Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott Wiessinger
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Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott Wiessinger
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Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott Wiessinger
Alt Text: Cartoon of Death Valley in an oval inside a dark blue background. A yellow sun slowly sets in a golden sky behind abstract dark brown mountains. Text at the top of the scene reads “Death Valley,” and text below says “330 K, 134°F (56.7°C).”", "items": [ { "id": 435413, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097955, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temp_Infographic_Individual_16x9_MOVEMENT_death_valley.2023-09-29_08_41_56.gif", "filename": "Temp_Infographic_Individual_16x9_MOVEMENT_death_valley.2023-09-29_08_41_56.gif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Bringing things closer to home, according to NOAA, Death Valley set the world’s surface air temperature record on July 10, 1913. This record of 330 K has yet to be broken — but recent heat waves have come close.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott WiessingerAlt Text: Cartoon of Death Valley in an oval inside a dark blue background. A yellow sun slowly sets in a golden sky behind abstract dark brown mountains. Text at the top of the scene reads “Death Valley,” and text below says “330 K, 134°F (56.7°C).”", "width": 500, "height": 281, "pixels": 140500 } }, { "id": 435414, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097956, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temperature_100_DeathValley_16x9.jpg", "filename": "Temperature_100_DeathValley_16x9.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Bringing things closer to home, according to NOAA, Death Valley set the world’s surface air temperature record on July 10, 1913. This record of 330 K has yet to be broken — but recent heat waves have come close.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott WiessingerAlt Text: Cartoon of Death Valley in an oval inside a dark blue background. A yellow sun slowly sets in a golden sky behind abstract dark brown mountains. Text at the top of the scene reads “Death Valley,” and text below says “330 K, 134°F (56.7°C).”", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 435415, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097957, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temperature_100_DeathValley_Square.jpg", "filename": "Temperature_100_DeathValley_Square.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Bringing things closer to home, according to NOAA, Death Valley set the world’s surface air temperature record on July 10, 1913. This record of 330 K has yet to be broken — but recent heat waves have come close.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott WiessingerAlt Text: Cartoon of Death Valley in an oval inside a dark blue background. A yellow sun slowly sets in a golden sky behind abstract dark brown mountains. Text at the top of the scene reads “Death Valley,” and text below says “330 K, 134°F (56.7°C).”", "width": 1080, "height": 1080, "pixels": 1166400 } }, { "id": 435574, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097977, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temp_Infographic_Individual_16x9_MOVEMENT_death_valley.mp4", "filename": "Temp_Infographic_Individual_16x9_MOVEMENT_death_valley.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "Bringing things closer to home, according to NOAA, Death Valley set the world’s surface air temperature record on July 10, 1913. This record of 330 K has yet to be broken — but recent heat waves have come close.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott WiessingerAlt Text: Cartoon of Death Valley in an oval inside a dark blue background. A yellow sun slowly sets in a golden sky behind abstract dark brown mountains. Text at the top of the scene reads “Death Valley,” and text below says “330 K, 134°F (56.7°C).”", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 375574, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14374/#media_group_375574", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Earth’s inner core is a solid sphere made of iron and nickel that’s about 760 miles (1,220 kilometers) in radius. It reaches temperatures up to 5,600 K.
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott Wiessinger
Alt Text: Cartoon of Earth against a deep purple background. The surface of Earth shows royal blue water and the green shapes of landforms. A triangular wedge has been removed from the side facing us, revealing the layers inside. The innermost layer is a blazing white, followed by yellow, orange, and red as they near the surface. Text above reads “Earth’s core,” and text below says “5,600 K, 10,000°F (5,300°C).”", "items": [ { "id": 435439, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097953, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temperature_1000_EarthCore_16x9.jpg", "filename": "Temperature_1000_EarthCore_16x9.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Earth’s inner core is a solid sphere made of iron and nickel that’s about 760 miles (1,220 kilometers) in radius. It reaches temperatures up to 5,600 K.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott WiessingerAlt Text: Cartoon of Earth against a deep purple background. The surface of Earth shows royal blue water and the green shapes of landforms. A triangular wedge has been removed from the side facing us, revealing the layers inside. The innermost layer is a blazing white, followed by yellow, orange, and red as they near the surface. Text above reads “Earth’s core,” and text below says “5,600 K, 10,000°F (5,300°C).”", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 435440, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097954, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temperature_1000_EarthCore_Square.jpg", "filename": "Temperature_1000_EarthCore_Square.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Earth’s inner core is a solid sphere made of iron and nickel that’s about 760 miles (1,220 kilometers) in radius. It reaches temperatures up to 5,600 K.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott WiessingerAlt Text: Cartoon of Earth against a deep purple background. The surface of Earth shows royal blue water and the green shapes of landforms. A triangular wedge has been removed from the side facing us, revealing the layers inside. The innermost layer is a blazing white, followed by yellow, orange, and red as they near the surface. Text above reads “Earth’s core,” and text below says “5,600 K, 10,000°F (5,300°C).”", "width": 1080, "height": 1080, "pixels": 1166400 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 375575, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14374/#media_group_375575", "widget": "Video player", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "We might assume stars would be much hotter than our planet, but the surface of Rigel is only about twice the temperature of Earth’s core at 11,000 K. Rigel is a young, blue star in the constellation Orion, and one of the brightest stars in our night sky.
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott Wiessinger
Alt Text: Cartoon of Rigel and the constellation Orion against a deep purple background. On the right is a glowing light blue star with a slightly mottled surface that slowly spins. To its left is a pattern of dots connected with lines, showing the shape of Orion, which very loosely resembles a human with a bow. Rigel’s location is marked in the lower right of the constellation and connected to the larger star with a translucent triangle. Text above reads “Surface of Rigel,” and text below says “11,000 K, 20,000°F.”", "items": [ { "id": 435467, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097937, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temp_Infographic_Individual_16x9_MOVEMENT_Rigel.2023-09-29_08_43_53.gif", "filename": "Temp_Infographic_Individual_16x9_MOVEMENT_Rigel.2023-09-29_08_43_53.gif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "We might assume stars would be much hotter than our planet, but the surface of Rigel is only about twice the temperature of Earth’s core at 11,000 K. Rigel is a young, blue star in the constellation Orion, and one of the brightest stars in our night sky.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott WiessingerAlt Text: Cartoon of Rigel and the constellation Orion against a deep purple background. On the right is a glowing light blue star with a slightly mottled surface that slowly spins. To its left is a pattern of dots connected with lines, showing the shape of Orion, which very loosely resembles a human with a bow. Rigel’s location is marked in the lower right of the constellation and connected to the larger star with a translucent triangle. Text above reads “Surface of Rigel,” and text below says “11,000 K, 20,000°F.”", "width": 500, "height": 281, "pixels": 140500 } }, { "id": 435468, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097938, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temperature_10-4_Rigel_16x9.jpg", "filename": "Temperature_10-4_Rigel_16x9.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "We might assume stars would be much hotter than our planet, but the surface of Rigel is only about twice the temperature of Earth’s core at 11,000 K. Rigel is a young, blue star in the constellation Orion, and one of the brightest stars in our night sky.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott WiessingerAlt Text: Cartoon of Rigel and the constellation Orion against a deep purple background. On the right is a glowing light blue star with a slightly mottled surface that slowly spins. To its left is a pattern of dots connected with lines, showing the shape of Orion, which very loosely resembles a human with a bow. Rigel’s location is marked in the lower right of the constellation and connected to the larger star with a translucent triangle. Text above reads “Surface of Rigel,” and text below says “11,000 K, 20,000°F.”", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 435469, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097939, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temperature_10-4_Rigel_Square.jpg", "filename": "Temperature_10-4_Rigel_Square.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "We might assume stars would be much hotter than our planet, but the surface of Rigel is only about twice the temperature of Earth’s core at 11,000 K. Rigel is a young, blue star in the constellation Orion, and one of the brightest stars in our night sky.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott WiessingerAlt Text: Cartoon of Rigel and the constellation Orion against a deep purple background. On the right is a glowing light blue star with a slightly mottled surface that slowly spins. To its left is a pattern of dots connected with lines, showing the shape of Orion, which very loosely resembles a human with a bow. Rigel’s location is marked in the lower right of the constellation and connected to the larger star with a translucent triangle. Text above reads “Surface of Rigel,” and text below says “11,000 K, 20,000°F.”", "width": 1080, "height": 1080, "pixels": 1166400 } }, { "id": 435575, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097978, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temp_Infographic_Individual_16x9_MOVEMENT_Rigel.mp4", "filename": "Temp_Infographic_Individual_16x9_MOVEMENT_Rigel.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "We might assume stars would be much hotter than our planet, but the surface of Rigel is only about twice the temperature of Earth’s core at 11,000 K. Rigel is a young, blue star in the constellation Orion, and one of the brightest stars in our night sky.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott WiessingerAlt Text: Cartoon of Rigel and the constellation Orion against a deep purple background. On the right is a glowing light blue star with a slightly mottled surface that slowly spins. To its left is a pattern of dots connected with lines, showing the shape of Orion, which very loosely resembles a human with a bow. Rigel’s location is marked in the lower right of the constellation and connected to the larger star with a translucent triangle. Text above reads “Surface of Rigel,” and text below says “11,000 K, 20,000°F.”", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 375576, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14374/#media_group_375576", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "The electrons in hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe, can be stripped away from their atoms in a process called ionization at a temperature around 158,000 K. When these electrons join back up with ionized atoms, light is produced.
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott Wiessinger
Alt Text: Cartoon of a cloud of ionized hydrogen against a purple background. Concentric magenta blobs fill the center of the image, getting lighter toward the center. A bright white point is slightly right of center, surrounded by a yellow-orange haze and X-shaped spikes of light. Text above reads “Hydrogen ionizes,” and text below says “158,000 K, 284,000°F.”", "items": [ { "id": 435470, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097940, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temperature_10-5_HydrogenIon_16x9.jpg", "filename": "Temperature_10-5_HydrogenIon_16x9.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The electrons in hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe, can be stripped away from their atoms in a process called ionization at a temperature around 158,000 K. When these electrons join back up with ionized atoms, light is produced.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott Wiessinger Alt Text: Cartoon of a cloud of ionized hydrogen against a purple background. Concentric magenta blobs fill the center of the image, getting lighter toward the center. A bright white point is slightly right of center, surrounded by a yellow-orange haze and X-shaped spikes of light. Text above reads “Hydrogen ionizes,” and text below says “158,000 K, 284,000°F.”", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 435471, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097941, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temperature_10-5_HydrogenIon_Square.jpg", "filename": "Temperature_10-5_HydrogenIon_Square.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The electrons in hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe, can be stripped away from their atoms in a process called ionization at a temperature around 158,000 K. When these electrons join back up with ionized atoms, light is produced.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott Wiessinger Alt Text: Cartoon of a cloud of ionized hydrogen against a purple background. Concentric magenta blobs fill the center of the image, getting lighter toward the center. A bright white point is slightly right of center, surrounded by a yellow-orange haze and X-shaped spikes of light. Text above reads “Hydrogen ionizes,” and text below says “158,000 K, 284,000°F.”", "width": 1080, "height": 1080, "pixels": 1166400 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 375577, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14374/#media_group_375577", "widget": "Video player", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Our Sun’s surface is about 5,800 K (10,000°F or 5,500°C), but the outermost layer of the solar atmosphere, called the corona, can reach millions of kelvins. Why? This is one of the mysteries that solar scientists have been trying to figure out for years.
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott Wiessinger
Alt Text: Cartoon of the Sun and its corona against a dark purple background. The Sun is a glowing yellow circle at the center, surrounded by wispy white streaks extending outward that gently wave, representing the corona. Occasionally, smaller white filaments travel inward or outward along very subtle white lines that curve around the Sun, depicting its magnetic field. Text above reads “Solar corona,” and text below says “3 million K, 5.4 million°F.”", "items": [ { "id": 435472, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097942, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temp_Infographic_Individual_16x9_MOVEMENT_corona.2023-10-03_07_35_08.gif", "filename": "Temp_Infographic_Individual_16x9_MOVEMENT_corona.2023-10-03_07_35_08.gif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Our Sun’s surface is about 5,800 K (10,000°F or 5,500°C), but the outermost layer of the solar atmosphere, called the corona, can reach millions of kelvins. Why? This is one of the mysteries that solar scientists have been trying to figure out for years.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott WiessingerAlt Text: Cartoon of the Sun and its corona against a dark purple background. The Sun is a glowing yellow circle at the center, surrounded by wispy white streaks extending outward that gently wave, representing the corona. Occasionally, smaller white filaments travel inward or outward along very subtle white lines that curve around the Sun, depicting its magnetic field. Text above reads “Solar corona,” and text below says “3 million K, 5.4 million°F.”", "width": 500, "height": 281, "pixels": 140500 } }, { "id": 435473, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097943, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temperature_10-6_Corona_16x9.jpg", "filename": "Temperature_10-6_Corona_16x9.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Our Sun’s surface is about 5,800 K (10,000°F or 5,500°C), but the outermost layer of the solar atmosphere, called the corona, can reach millions of kelvins. Why? This is one of the mysteries that solar scientists have been trying to figure out for years.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott WiessingerAlt Text: Cartoon of the Sun and its corona against a dark purple background. The Sun is a glowing yellow circle at the center, surrounded by wispy white streaks extending outward that gently wave, representing the corona. Occasionally, smaller white filaments travel inward or outward along very subtle white lines that curve around the Sun, depicting its magnetic field. Text above reads “Solar corona,” and text below says “3 million K, 5.4 million°F.”", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 435474, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097944, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temperature_10-6_Corona_Square.jpg", "filename": "Temperature_10-6_Corona_Square.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Our Sun’s surface is about 5,800 K (10,000°F or 5,500°C), but the outermost layer of the solar atmosphere, called the corona, can reach millions of kelvins. Why? This is one of the mysteries that solar scientists have been trying to figure out for years.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott WiessingerAlt Text: Cartoon of the Sun and its corona against a dark purple background. The Sun is a glowing yellow circle at the center, surrounded by wispy white streaks extending outward that gently wave, representing the corona. Occasionally, smaller white filaments travel inward or outward along very subtle white lines that curve around the Sun, depicting its magnetic field. Text above reads “Solar corona,” and text below says “3 million K, 5.4 million°F.”", "width": 1080, "height": 1080, "pixels": 1166400 } }, { "id": 435576, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097979, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temp_Infographic_Individual_16x9_MOVEMENT_Corona.mp4", "filename": "Temp_Infographic_Individual_16x9_MOVEMENT_Corona.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "Our Sun’s surface is about 5,800 K (10,000°F or 5,500°C), but the outermost layer of the solar atmosphere, called the corona, can reach millions of kelvins. Why? This is one of the mysteries that solar scientists have been trying to figure out for years.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott WiessingerAlt Text: Cartoon of the Sun and its corona against a dark purple background. The Sun is a glowing yellow circle at the center, surrounded by wispy white streaks extending outward that gently wave, representing the corona. Occasionally, smaller white filaments travel inward or outward along very subtle white lines that curve around the Sun, depicting its magnetic field. Text above reads “Solar corona,” and text below says “3 million K, 5.4 million°F.”", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 375578, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14374/#media_group_375578", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Located about 240 million light-years away, the Perseus galaxy cluster contains thousands of galaxies. It’s surrounded by a vast cloud of gas heated up to tens of millions of kelvins that glows in X-ray light.
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott Wiessinger
Cartoon of a galaxy cluster against a bright purple background. The cluster is depicted as a dozen orange and yellow ovals and abstract spiral galaxies within a cloud in shades of brown with a small tan blob at its center. Text above reads “Perseus galaxy cluster,” and text below says “50 million K, 90 million°F.”", "items": [ { "id": 435477, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097945, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temperature_10-7_PerseusCluster_16x9.jpg", "filename": "Temperature_10-7_PerseusCluster_16x9.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Located about 240 million light-years away, the Perseus galaxy cluster contains thousands of galaxies. It’s surrounded by a vast cloud of gas heated up to tens of millions of kelvins that glows in X-ray light.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott WiessingerCartoon of a galaxy cluster against a bright purple background. The cluster is depicted as a dozen orange and yellow ovals and abstract spiral galaxies within a cloud in shades of brown with a small tan blob at its center. Text above reads “Perseus galaxy cluster,” and text below says “50 million K, 90 million°F.”", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 435478, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097946, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temperature_10-7_PerseusCluster_Square.jpg", "filename": "Temperature_10-7_PerseusCluster_Square.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Located about 240 million light-years away, the Perseus galaxy cluster contains thousands of galaxies. It’s surrounded by a vast cloud of gas heated up to tens of millions of kelvins that glows in X-ray light.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott WiessingerCartoon of a galaxy cluster against a bright purple background. The cluster is depicted as a dozen orange and yellow ovals and abstract spiral galaxies within a cloud in shades of brown with a small tan blob at its center. Text above reads “Perseus galaxy cluster,” and text below says “50 million K, 90 million°F.”", "width": 1080, "height": 1080, "pixels": 1166400 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 375579, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14374/#media_group_375579", "widget": "Video player", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "When massive stars — ones with eight times the mass of our Sun or more — run out of fuel, they put on a show. On their way to becoming black holes or neutron stars, these stars shed their outer layers in a supernova explosion. These layers can reach temperatures of 300 million K!
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
Alt Text: Cartoon of layers of material slowly expanding after a supernova explosion against a bright purple background. A bright central dot represents the exploding star, which is surrounded by concentric spiky layers in different shades of pink and purple. Text above reads “Supernova shell,” and text below says “300 million K, 550 million°F.”", "items": [ { "id": 435495, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097947, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temp_Infographic_Individual_16x9_MOVEMENT-SN.2023-09-29_08_44_35.gif", "filename": "Temp_Infographic_Individual_16x9_MOVEMENT-SN.2023-09-29_08_44_35.gif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "When massive stars — ones with eight times the mass of our Sun or more — run out of fuel, they put on a show. On their way to becoming black holes or neutron stars, these stars shed their outer layers in a supernova explosion. These layers can reach temperatures of 300 million K!Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight CenterAlt Text: Cartoon of layers of material slowly expanding after a supernova explosion against a bright purple background. A bright central dot represents the exploding star, which is surrounded by concentric spiky layers in different shades of pink and purple. Text above reads “Supernova shell,” and text below says “300 million K, 550 million°F.”", "width": 500, "height": 281, "pixels": 140500 } }, { "id": 435496, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097948, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temperature_10-8_SupernovaShell_16x9.jpg", "filename": "Temperature_10-8_SupernovaShell_16x9.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "When massive stars — ones with eight times the mass of our Sun or more — run out of fuel, they put on a show. On their way to becoming black holes or neutron stars, these stars shed their outer layers in a supernova explosion. These layers can reach temperatures of 300 million K!Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight CenterAlt Text: Cartoon of layers of material slowly expanding after a supernova explosion against a bright purple background. A bright central dot represents the exploding star, which is surrounded by concentric spiky layers in different shades of pink and purple. Text above reads “Supernova shell,” and text below says “300 million K, 550 million°F.”", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 435497, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097949, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temperature_10-8_SupernovaShell_Square.jpg", "filename": "Temperature_10-8_SupernovaShell_Square.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "When massive stars — ones with eight times the mass of our Sun or more — run out of fuel, they put on a show. On their way to becoming black holes or neutron stars, these stars shed their outer layers in a supernova explosion. These layers can reach temperatures of 300 million K!Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight CenterAlt Text: Cartoon of layers of material slowly expanding after a supernova explosion against a bright purple background. 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These layers can reach temperatures of 300 million K!Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight CenterAlt Text: Cartoon of layers of material slowly expanding after a supernova explosion against a bright purple background. A bright central dot represents the exploding star, which is surrounded by concentric spiky layers in different shades of pink and purple. Text above reads “Supernova shell,” and text below says “300 million K, 550 million°F.”", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 375580, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14374/#media_group_375580", "widget": "Video player", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "When stuff gets too close to a black hole, it can become part of an orbiting debris disk with a conical corona swirling above it. This hot environment, which can reach temperatures of a billion kelvins, helps us study black holes even though they don’t emit light themselves.
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Jeremy Schnittman
Alt Text: Cartoon of material swirling around a black hole, our view distorted by strong gravity, against a deep purple background. The center of the image is a black hole, with a thin ring of orange around it, then a small gap, and then a striped disk of material. The disk in front of the black hole appears as we would expect, with the disk arcing in front of the black hole like a flat pancake. However, the far side of the disk is visible above and below the black hole, instead of being blocked by it. This is due to the black hole’s gravity, which redirects the light on its path to us. Text above reads “Black hole corona,” and text below says “1 billion K, 1.8 billion°F.”", "items": [ { "id": 435498, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097950, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temp_Infographic_Individual_16x9_MOVEMENT_BH.2023-09-29_08_40_26.gif", "filename": "Temp_Infographic_Individual_16x9_MOVEMENT_BH.2023-09-29_08_40_26.gif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "When stuff gets too close to a black hole, it can become part of an orbiting debris disk with a conical corona swirling above it. This hot environment, which can reach temperatures of a billion kelvins, helps us study black holes even though they don’t emit light themselves.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Jeremy SchnittmanAlt Text: Cartoon of material swirling around a black hole, our view distorted by strong gravity, against a deep purple background. The center of the image is a black hole, with a thin ring of orange around it, then a small gap, and then a striped disk of material. The disk in front of the black hole appears as we would expect, with the disk arcing in front of the black hole like a flat pancake. However, the far side of the disk is visible above and below the black hole, instead of being blocked by it. This is due to the black hole’s gravity, which redirects the light on its path to us. 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The center of the image is a black hole, with a thin ring of orange around it, then a small gap, and then a striped disk of material. The disk in front of the black hole appears as we would expect, with the disk arcing in front of the black hole like a flat pancake. However, the far side of the disk is visible above and below the black hole, instead of being blocked by it. This is due to the black hole’s gravity, which redirects the light on its path to us. 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The center of the image is a black hole, with a thin ring of orange around it, then a small gap, and then a striped disk of material. The disk in front of the black hole appears as we would expect, with the disk arcing in front of the black hole like a flat pancake. However, the far side of the disk is visible above and below the black hole, instead of being blocked by it. This is due to the black hole’s gravity, which redirects the light on its path to us. Text above reads “Black hole corona,” and text below says “1 billion K, 1.8 billion°F.”", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 375581, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14374/#media_group_375581", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Just one second after the big bang, our tiny, baby universe consisted of an extremely hot — around 10 billion K — “soup” of light and particles. It had to cool for a few minutes before the first elements could form.
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/CI Lab
Alt Text: Cartoon of the moments of the universe after the big bang, against a pinkish-purple background. A blazing blob of white fills the center of the image, surrounded by a halo of bright pink, with spikes of magenta extending in all directions. Text above reads “Universe's first second,” and text below says “10 billion K, 18 billion°F.”", "items": [ { "id": 435501, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097935, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temperature_10-10_Universe1Sec_16x9.jpg", "filename": "Temperature_10-10_Universe1Sec_16x9.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Just one second after the big bang, our tiny, baby universe consisted of an extremely hot — around 10 billion K — “soup” of light and particles. It had to cool for a few minutes before the first elements could form.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/CI LabAlt Text: Cartoon of the moments of the universe after the big bang, against a pinkish-purple background. A blazing blob of white fills the center of the image, surrounded by a halo of bright pink, with spikes of magenta extending in all directions. Text above reads “Universe's first second,” and text below says “10 billion K, 18 billion°F.”", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 435502, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097936, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temperature_10-10_Universe1Sec_Square.jpg", "filename": "Temperature_10-10_Universe1Sec_Square.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Just one second after the big bang, our tiny, baby universe consisted of an extremely hot — around 10 billion K — “soup” of light and particles. It had to cool for a few minutes before the first elements could form.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/CI LabAlt Text: Cartoon of the moments of the universe after the big bang, against a pinkish-purple background. A blazing blob of white fills the center of the image, surrounded by a halo of bright pink, with spikes of magenta extending in all directions. Text above reads “Universe's first second,” and text below says “10 billion K, 18 billion°F.”", "width": 1080, "height": 1080, "pixels": 1166400 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 375582, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14374/#media_group_375582", "widget": "Video player", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Scientists use the Large Hadron Collider at CERN to smash teensy particles together at superspeeds to simulate the conditions of the early universe. In 2012, they generated a plasma that was over 5 trillion K, setting a world record for the highest human-made temperature.
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott Wiessinger
Alt Text: Cartoon of a plasma formed within CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, against a purple background. A blue spherical cloud slowly expands at the center of the image, electric blue on the outside and a deeper blue at the center. Blue lines and dots surround this cloud, moving outward as it becomes larger. Text above reads “Large Hadron Collider,” and text below says “5.5 trillion K, 9.9 trillion°F.”", "items": [ { "id": 435503, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 1097932, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014374/Temp_Infographic_Individual_16x9_MOVEMENT_LHC.2023-09-29_08_42_34.gif", "filename": "Temp_Infographic_Individual_16x9_MOVEMENT_LHC.2023-09-29_08_42_34.gif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Scientists use the Large Hadron Collider at CERN to smash teensy particles together at superspeeds to simulate the conditions of the early universe. 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In 2012, they generated a plasma that was over 5 trillion K, setting a world record for the highest human-made temperature.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott WiessingerAlt Text: Cartoon of a plasma formed within CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, against a purple background. A blue spherical cloud slowly expands at the center of the image, electric blue on the outside and a deeper blue at the center. Blue lines and dots surround this cloud, moving outward as it becomes larger. 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A blue spherical cloud slowly expands at the center of the image, electric blue on the outside and a deeper blue at the center. Blue lines and dots surround this cloud, moving outward as it becomes larger. 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This artist's concept shows one interpretation of the system. High-resolution X-ray spectroscopy indicates two gas components: a heavy background outflow, or wind, produced by the massive star and a turbulent structure — perhaps a wake carved into the wind — located close to the orbiting companion. As shown here, a black hole's gravity captures some of the wind into an accretion disk around it, and the disk's orbital motion sculpts a path (yellow arc) through the streaming gas. During strong outbursts, the companion emits jets of particles moving near the speed of light, seen here extending above and below the black hole.Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight CenterAlt text: Illustration of the Cygnus X-3 systemImage description: On a cloudy reddish background, a bright blue-white circle — a representation of a hot, bright, massive star — sits near the center. Wisps of blue-white border its edges, and many lines of similar color radiate from it. In the foreground at about 4 o’clock lies a yellowish ring with a black hole in its center. From the ring trails a diffuse yellow arc, sweeping from right to left and exiting at the bottom of the illustration. Extending above and below the black hole are two blue-white triangles representing particle jets. || Cyg_X-3_illustration_4K.jpg (3840x2160) [505.1 KB] || Cyg_X-3_illustration_4K_print.jpg (1024x576) [58.5 KB] || Cyg_X-3_illustration_4K_searchweb.png (320x180) [64.7 KB] || Cyg_X-3_illustration_4K_web.png (320x180) [64.7 KB] || Cyg_X-3_illustration_4K_thm.png (80x40) [6.1 KB] || ", "release_date": "2024-11-25T11:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-01-21T16:25:27-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 1103695, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014700/a014707/Cyg_X3_spectrum_sml.png", "filename": "Cyg_X3_spectrum_sml.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "XRISM’s Resolve instrument has captured the most detailed X-ray spectrum yet acquired of Cygnus X-3. Peaks indicate X-rays emitted by ionized gases, and valleys form where the gases absorb X-rays; many lines are also shifted to both higher and lower energies by gas motions. Top: The full Resolve spectrum, from 2 to 8 keV (kiloelectron volts), tracks X-rays with thousands of times the energy of visible light. Some lines are labeled with the names of the elements that produced them, such as sulfur, argon, and calcium, along with Roman numerals that refer to the number of electrons these atoms have lost. Bottom: A zoom into a region of the spectrum often dominated by features produced by transitions in the innermost electron shell (K shell) of iron atoms. These features form when the atoms interact with high-energy X-rays or electrons and respond by emitting a photon at energies between 6.4 and 7 keV. These details, clearly visible for the first time with XRISM’s Resolve instrument, will help astronomers refine their understanding of this unusual system.Credit: JAXA/NASA/XRISM CollaborationAlt text: XRISM Resolve X-ray spectrum of Cygnus X-3 Image description: Two graphs appear on a dark blue background. The text at the top reads “XRISM Resolve Spectrum of Cygnus X-3.” The top graph, which takes up the upper third of the image, has a lighter blue background that darkens from top to bottom, an even brighter squiggly line that arcs across the graph, and yellow text such as “Sulfur XV” and Calcium XX.” X-ray brightness increases from bottom to top, and X-ray energy (measured in thousands of electron volts, or keV) increases from left to right. An orange box labeled “Area of detail” surrounds a series of peaks and valleys near the right end and identifies the region shown in the bottom graph. The lower chart is labeled “Iron K-alpha region” and shows prominent emission and absorption features produced by iron. ", "width": 1028, "height": 800, "pixels": 822400 } }, { "id": 14492, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14492/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "XRISM Reveals Its First Look at X-ray Cosmos", "description": "XRISM’s Resolve instrument captured data from supernova remnant N132D in the Large Magellanic Cloud to create the most detailed X-ray spectrum of the object ever made. The spectrum reveals peaks associated with silicon, sulfur, argon, calcium, and iron. 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Inset at right is an image of N132D captured by XRISM’s Xtend instrument.\r\rCredit: JAXA/NASA/XRISM Resolve and Xtend", "width": 320, "height": 180, "pixels": 57600 } }, { "id": 14405, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14405/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "XRISM: Exploring the Hidden X-ray Cosmos", "description": "Watch this video to learn more about XRISM (X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission), a collaboration between JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) and NASA.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight CenterMusic Credits: Universal Production MusicLights On by Hugh Robert Edwin Wilkinson Dreams by Jez Fox and Rohan JonesChanging Tide by Rob ManningWandering Imagination by Joel GoodmanIn Unison by Samuel Sim || YTframe_XRISM_Exploring_XrayCosmos.jpg (1280x720) [668.5 KB] || YTframe_XRISM_Exploring_XrayCosmos_searchweb.png (320x180) [100.3 KB] || YTframe_XRISM_Exploring_XrayCosmos_thm.png (80x40) [7.6 KB] || XRISM_Exploring_the_Hidden_Xray_Cosmos.en_US_FR.en_US.srt [7.8 KB] || XRISM_Exploring_the_Hidden_Xray_Cosmos.en_US_FR.en_US.vtt [7.4 KB] || XRISM_Exploring_the_Hidden_Xray_Cosmos.webm (3840x2160) [107.8 MB] || XRISM_Exploring_the_Hidden_Xray_Cosmos.mp4 (3840x2160) [3.4 GB] || XRISM_Exploring_the_Hidden_Xray_Cosmos.mov (3840x2160) [21.6 GB] || ", "release_date": "2023-08-25T10:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-08-25T10:58:17.399336-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 858110, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014400/a014405/YTframe_XRISM_Exploring_XrayCosmos.jpg", "filename": "YTframe_XRISM_Exploring_XrayCosmos.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Watch this video to learn more about XRISM (X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission), a collaboration between JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) and NASA.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight CenterMusic Credits: Universal Production MusicLights On by Hugh Robert Edwin Wilkinson Dreams by Jez Fox and Rohan JonesChanging Tide by Rob ManningWandering Imagination by Joel GoodmanIn Unison by Samuel Sim", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } } ], "sources": [], "products": [], "newer_versions": [], "older_versions": [], "alternate_versions": [] }