Credit: National Archives (306-SR-138B)
Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.
Complete transcript available.",
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"description": "NASA’s Copernicus satellite, the heaviest and most complex space telescope of its time, launched into orbit on Aug. 21, 1972.
Initially known as Orbiting Astronomical Observatory C, it was renamed to honor the 500th anniversary of the birth of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543), the Polish astronomer who formulated a model of the solar system with the Sun in the central position instead of Earth.
Fitted with the largest ultraviolet telescope ever orbited at the time as well as four co-aligned X-ray instruments, Copernicus was arguably NASA’s first dedicated multiwavelength astronomy observatory.
The UV telescope produced a treasure trove of information about interstellar gas and the ionized outflows of hot stars. Copernicus measured the UV light of stars to sample the gases between them, finding evidence that most of it comes in the form of molecular hydrogen.
The X-ray experiment discovered several long-period pulsars, including X Persei. Pulsars – typically, spinning neutron stars – swing a beam of radiation in our direction each time they rotate, usually at tens to thousands of times a second. Oddly, the X Persei pulsar takes a leisurely 14 minutes per spin. The mission performed long-term monitoring of other pulsars and bright sources.
Copernicus returned UV and X-ray observations for 8.5 years before its retirement in 1981 – data that appear in more than 650 scientific papers. Its instruments studied some 450 unique objects targeted by more than 160 investigators in the United States and 13 other countries.",
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Credit: National Archives (255-S-5436, 255-S-5430, and 255-S-5916)
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Credit: National Archives (255-CB-72-H-1043)", "items": [ { "id": 210945, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 370083, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014189/255-CB-72-H-1043_CL_1500.png", "filename": "255-CB-72-H-1043_CL_1500.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Atlas Centaur 22, which sent Orbiting Astronomical Observatory C (later named Copernicus) into space, undergoes prelaunch tests at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.Credit: National Archives (255-CB-72-H-1043)", "width": 1500, "height": 1894, "pixels": 2841000 } }, { "id": 210947, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 370085, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014189/255-CB-72-H-1043_CL_1500_print.jpg", "filename": "255-CB-72-H-1043_CL_1500_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Atlas Centaur 22, which sent Orbiting Astronomical Observatory C (later named Copernicus) into space, undergoes prelaunch tests at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.Credit: National Archives (255-CB-72-H-1043)", "width": 1024, "height": 1292, "pixels": 1323008 } }, { "id": 210946, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 370084, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014189/255-CB-72-H-1043_CL_3168.png", "filename": "255-CB-72-H-1043_CL_3168.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Atlas Centaur 22, which sent Orbiting Astronomical Observatory C (later named Copernicus) into space, undergoes prelaunch tests at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.Credit: National Archives (255-CB-72-H-1043)", "width": 3168, "height": 4000, "pixels": 12672000 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 314089, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14189/#media_group_314089", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "At 6:28 a.m. EDT on Aug. 21, 1972, Copernicus lifted off from Complex 36B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.
Credit: NASA", "items": [ { "id": 210949, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 370088, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014189/72PC-422_864.jpg", "filename": "72PC-422_864.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "At 6:28 a.m. EDT on Aug. 21, 1972, Copernicus lifted off from Complex 36B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.Credit: NASA", "width": 864, "height": 1080, "pixels": 933120 } }, { "id": 210948, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 370087, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014189/72PC-422_1920.jpg", "filename": "72PC-422_1920.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "At 6:28 a.m. EDT on Aug. 21, 1972, Copernicus lifted off from Complex 36B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.Credit: NASA", "width": 1920, "height": 2400, "pixels": 4608000 } }, { "id": 210950, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 370086, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014189/72PC-422_orig.jpg", "filename": "72PC-422_orig.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "At 6:28 a.m. EDT on Aug. 21, 1972, Copernicus lifted off from Complex 36B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.Credit: NASA", "width": 2400, "height": 3000, "pixels": 7200000 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 314090, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14189/#media_group_314090", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "A July 1971 article from Goddard News celebrated the OAO C development effort as the team prepared for its launch the following year.
Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
Complete transcript", "items": [ { "id": 210951, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 370089, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014189/GN-19710712-3_2494.png", "filename": "GN-19710712-3_2494.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A July 1971 article from Goddard News celebrated the OAO C development effort as the team prepared for its launch the following year. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight CenterComplete transcript", "width": 2494, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2693520 } }, { "id": 210952, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 370090, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014189/GN-19710712-3_full.png", "filename": "GN-19710712-3_full.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A July 1971 article from Goddard News celebrated the OAO C development effort as the team prepared for its launch the following year. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight CenterComplete transcript", "width": 9473, "height": 4103, "pixels": 38867719 } }, { "id": 210953, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 370091, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014189/GN-19710712-3_2494_print.jpg", "filename": "GN-19710712-3_2494_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A July 1971 article from Goddard News celebrated the OAO C development effort as the team prepared for its launch the following year. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight CenterComplete transcript", "width": 1024, "height": 443, "pixels": 453632 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 314091, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14189/#media_group_314091", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "A January 1981 article from Goddard News describes the end of OAO-C's mission and summarizes its successes.
Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
Complete transcript", "items": [ { "id": 210954, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 370092, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014189/GN-19810105-2_1135.png", "filename": "GN-19810105-2_1135.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A January 1981 article from Goddard News describes the end of OAO-C's mission and summarizes its successes.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight CenterComplete transcript", "width": 1135, "height": 1080, "pixels": 1225800 } }, { "id": 210956, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 370094, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014189/GN-19810105-2_1135_print.jpg", "filename": "GN-19810105-2_1135_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A January 1981 article from Goddard News describes the end of OAO-C's mission and summarizes its successes.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight CenterComplete transcript", "width": 1024, "height": 974, "pixels": 997376 } }, { "id": 210955, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 370093, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014189/GN-19810105-2_full.png", "filename": "GN-19810105-2_full.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A January 1981 article from Goddard News describes the end of OAO-C's mission and summarizes its successes.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight CenterComplete transcript", "width": 3975, "height": 3782, "pixels": 15033450 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 314092, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14189/#media_group_314092", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "This mid-1960s illustration shows an astronaut servicing a future OAO satellite. Astronauts made orbital repairs to Skylab, NASA's first space station, in 1973 and to the Solar Maximum Mission satellite in 1984. But the vision illustrated here found its ultimate realization with the five successful missions to service and upgrade the Hubble Space Telescope from 1993 to 2009.
Credit: NASA", "items": [ { "id": 210957, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 370095, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014189/OAO_servicing.png", "filename": "OAO_servicing.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This mid-1960s illustration shows an astronaut servicing a future OAO satellite. Astronauts made orbital repairs to Skylab, NASA's first space station, in 1973 and to the Solar Maximum Mission satellite in 1984. But the vision illustrated here found its ultimate realization with the five successful missions to service and upgrade the Hubble Space Telescope from 1993 to 2009.Credit: NASA", "width": 1371, "height": 1080, "pixels": 1480680 } }, { "id": 210958, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 370096, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014189/OAO_servicing_print.jpg", "filename": "OAO_servicing_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This mid-1960s illustration shows an astronaut servicing a future OAO satellite. Astronauts made orbital repairs to Skylab, NASA's first space station, in 1973 and to the Solar Maximum Mission satellite in 1984. But the vision illustrated here found its ultimate realization with the five successful missions to service and upgrade the Hubble Space Telescope from 1993 to 2009.Credit: NASA", "width": 1024, "height": 806, "pixels": 825344 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 314093, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14189/#media_group_314093", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "A sticker design for OAO C.
Credit: NASA's Godard Space Flight Center ", "items": [ { "id": 210959, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 370097, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014189/Copernicus_sticker.png", "filename": "Copernicus_sticker.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A sticker design for OAO C.Credit: NASA's Godard Space Flight Center ", "width": 2000, "height": 2008, "pixels": 4016000 } }, { "id": 210960, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 370098, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014189/Copernicus_sticker_1076.png", "filename": "Copernicus_sticker_1076.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A sticker design for OAO C.Credit: NASA's Godard Space Flight Center ", "width": 1076, "height": 1080, "pixels": 1162080 } }, { "id": 210961, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 370099, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014189/Copernicus_sticker_1920.png", "filename": "Copernicus_sticker_1920.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A sticker design for OAO C.Credit: NASA's Godard Space Flight Center ", "width": 1920, "height": 1928, "pixels": 3701760 } }, { "id": 210962, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 370100, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014189/Copernicus_sticker_1076_print.jpg", "filename": "Copernicus_sticker_1076_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A sticker design for OAO C.Credit: NASA's Godard Space Flight Center ", "width": 1024, "height": 1027, "pixels": 1051648 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 314094, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14189/#media_group_314094", "widget": "Basic text", "title": "For More Information", "caption": "", "description": "See [https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/50-years-ago-nasa-s-copernicus-set-the-bar-for-space-astronomy](https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/50-years-ago-nasa-s-copernicus-set-the-bar-for-space-astronomy)", "items": [], "extra_data": {} } ], "studio": "gms", "funding_sources": [ "PAO" ], "credits": [ { "role": "Producer", "people": [ { "name": "Sophia Roberts", "employer": "Advocates in Manpower Management, Inc." } ] }, { "role": "Science writer", "people": [ { "name": "Francis Reddy", "employer": "University of Maryland College Park" } ] }, { "role": "Scientist", "people": [ { "name": "Brad Cenko", "employer": "NASA/GSFC" } ] } ], "missions": [], "series": [ "Astrophysics B-Roll", "Astrophysics Features", "Astrophysics Stills", "Narrated Movies" ], "tapes": [], "papers": [], "datasets": [], "nasa_science_categories": [ "Universe" ], "keywords": [ "Ast", "Astrophysics", "Black Hole", "Galaxy", "Neutron Star", "Pulsar", "Space", "Star", "Ultraviolet", "Universe", "X-ray" ], "recommended_pages": [], "related": [ { "id": 12916, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12916/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "50th Anniversary of NASA's OAO 2 Mission", "description": "“Seas of Infinity” (1968), full-length version scanned from 16mm color film and color corrected; run time 14:25. Original description: The film opens with an explanation of the electromagnetic spectrum. The limited capabilities of skyhook balloons and sounding rockets are used to illustrate the need for orbiting observatories. Reviews the planning, development, launching and function of the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, a series of orbiting telescopes which are being used to study our solar system and the stars beyond. Features comments by the following leading scientists on the potential of this advancement in astronomy: Dr. Arthur Code, Wisconsin telescopes; Dr. James Kupperian, Goddard Flight Center using Cassegrain designs; Dr. Fred Whipple on the ultraviolet light sky mapping project; and Dr. Donald Morton on the Princeton OAO ultraviolet spectroscopy project. The film has scenes of the assembly of the OAO. The OAO will be launched by an Atlas-Centaur. Credit: NASAComplete transcript available. || Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_Color_Corrected.22261_print.jpg (1024x768) [40.5 KB] || Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_Color_Corrected.22261_searchweb.png (320x180) [42.3 KB] || Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_Color_Corrected.22261_thm.png (80x40) [4.5 KB] || Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_Color_Corrected.mp4 (640x480) [136.1 MB] || Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_SRT_Captions.en_US.srt [16.6 KB] || Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_SRT_Captions.en_US.vtt [16.6 KB] || Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_Color_Corrected.webm (640x480) [110.9 MB] || ", "release_date": "2018-12-11T14:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:46:12.531914-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 399141, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012900/a012916/Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_Color_Corrected.22261_print.jpg", "filename": "Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_Color_Corrected.22261_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "“Seas of Infinity” (1968), full-length version scanned from 16mm color film and color corrected; run time 14:25. Original description: The film opens with an explanation of the electromagnetic spectrum. The limited capabilities of skyhook balloons and sounding rockets are used to illustrate the need for orbiting observatories. Reviews the planning, development, launching and function of the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, a series of orbiting telescopes which are being used to study our solar system and the stars beyond. Features comments by the following leading scientists on the potential of this advancement in astronomy: Dr. Arthur Code, Wisconsin telescopes; Dr. James Kupperian, Goddard Flight Center using Cassegrain designs; Dr. Fred Whipple on the ultraviolet light sky mapping project; and Dr. Donald Morton on the Princeton OAO ultraviolet spectroscopy project. The film has scenes of the assembly of the OAO. The OAO will be launched by an Atlas-Centaur. Credit: NASAComplete transcript available.", "width": 1024, "height": 768, "pixels": 786432 } } ], "sources": [], "products": [], "newer_versions": [], "older_versions": [], "alternate_versions": [] }