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    "title": "What Mercury’s Unusual Orbit Reveals About the Sun",
    "description": "Mercury is special. As the closest planet to the Sun, it occupies a region where the Sun’s influence is changing dramatically. The Sun’s magnetic field, which dominates space close to the Sun, is rapidly waning. And Mercury’s orbit – more elliptical or “oval-shaped” than any other planet – allows it to experience a wider range of solar magnetic field conditions than any other planet. As a result, Mercury provides a unique opportunity to study how the Sun’s influence on a planet varies with distance.In a new study published in Nature Communications, Goddard scientists Norberto Romanelli and Gina DiBraccio used data from NASA’s MESSENGER spacecraft to study the Sun’s changing interaction with Mercury. As Mercury moves through the solar wind, the steady stream of particles escaping the Sun, some of them strike Mercury’s magnetosphere and bounce back towards the Sun. These rebounding solar wind particles generate low-frequency waves that reverberate through space, traveling “upstream” in the solar wind towards the Sun. Romanelli and DiBraccio observed these waves emanating from Mercury and discovered that the rate of wave production varied throughout Mercury’s orbit. As Mercury moved farther from the Sun it generated more waves; as it got closer, the rate of wave production dropped. The results provide key evidence for a theory that these waves are affected, in part, by the strength of the Sun’s magnetic field, which grows weaker with distance. || ",
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        "alt_text": "Music Credits: “Swirling Blizzard” by Laurent Dury [SACEM], “Sparkle Shimmer” by William Henries [PRS] and Michael Holborn [PRS] from Universal Production Music\rAdditional footage from:\r\rScience@NASA: \rhttps://science.nasa.gov/science-news/news-articles/on-the-cusp-of-understanding\r\rJPL:\rhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMZ5WFRbSTc\r\rJohns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab: \rhttps://messenger.jhuapl.edu/\r",
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            "description": "Mercury is special. As the closest planet to the Sun, it occupies a region where the Sun’s influence is changing dramatically. The Sun’s magnetic field, which dominates space close to the Sun, is rapidly waning. And Mercury’s orbit – more elliptical or “oval-shaped” than any other planet – allows it to experience a wider range of solar magnetic field conditions than any other planet. As a result, Mercury provides a unique opportunity to study how the Sun’s influence on a planet varies with distance.\r<br>\r<br>In a <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-26344-2\">new study</a> published in Nature Communications, Goddard scientists Norberto Romanelli and Gina DiBraccio used data from NASA’s MESSENGER spacecraft to study the Sun’s changing interaction with Mercury. As Mercury moves through the solar wind, the steady stream of particles escaping the Sun, some of them strike Mercury’s magnetosphere and bounce back towards the Sun. These rebounding solar wind particles generate low-frequency waves that reverberate through space, traveling “upstream” in the solar wind towards the Sun. \r<br>\r<br>Romanelli and DiBraccio observed these waves emanating from Mercury and discovered that the rate of wave production varied throughout Mercury’s orbit. As Mercury moved farther from the Sun it generated more waves; as it got closer, the rate of wave production dropped. The results provide key evidence for a theory that these waves are affected, in part, by the strength of the Sun’s magnetic field, which grows weaker with distance.",
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                        "alt_text": "Music Credits: “Swirling Blizzard” by Laurent Dury [SACEM], “Sparkle Shimmer” by William Henries [PRS] and Michael Holborn [PRS] from Universal Production Music\rAdditional footage from:\r\rScience@NASA: \rhttps://science.nasa.gov/science-news/news-articles/on-the-cusp-of-understanding\r\rJPL:\rhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMZ5WFRbSTc\r\rJohns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab: \rhttps://messenger.jhuapl.edu/\r",
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    "funding_sources": [
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    "credits": [
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            "role": "Producer",
            "people": [
                {
                    "name": "Miles S. Hatfield",
                    "employer": "Telophase"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Anna Blaustein",
                    "employer": "NASA/GSFC"
                }
            ]
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        {
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            "people": [
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                    "name": "Norberto Romanelli",
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                },
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        "MESSENGER: Mercury, Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging"
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    "sources": [
        {
            "id": 14095,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14095/",
            "page_type": "Produced Video",
            "title": "NASA’s New Views of Venus’ Surface From Space",
            "description": "NASA’s Parker Solar Probe has taken its first visible light images of the surface of Venus from space. Smothered in thick clouds, Venus’ surface is usually shrouded from sight. But in two recent flybys of the planet, Parker used its Wide-Field Imager, or WISPR, to image the entire nightside in wavelengths of the visible spectrum – the type of light that the human eye can see – and extending into the near-infrared.The images, combined into a video, reveal a faint glow from the surface that shows distinctive features like continental regions, plains, and plateaus. A luminescent halo of oxygen in the atmosphere can also be seen surrounding the planet.Link to NASA.gov feature.Link to associated research paper. || ",
            "release_date": "2022-02-09T09:00:00-05:00",
            "update_date": "2025-01-02T12:39:12.964232-05:00",
            "main_image": {
                "id": 373309,
                "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014000/a014095/wispr_composite_topo_project_flat_vfb4.00017_print.jpg",
                "filename": "wispr_composite_topo_project_flat_vfb4.00017_print.jpg",
                "media_type": "Image",
                "alt_text": "VIDEOThis composite shows the images from Parker Solar Probe’s fourth flyby of Venus superimposed on a radar map of Venus previously taken by NASA's Magellan mission. Credit: Magellan Team/JPL/USGS",
                "width": 1024,
                "height": 512,
                "pixels": 524288
            }
        },
        {
            "id": 4954,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4954/",
            "page_type": "Visualization",
            "title": "Mercury Makes Waves Cruising through the Solar Wind",
            "description": "Mercury orbits the Sun in a unique regime. The solar wind is still fresh from the Sun, and the Sun’s magnetic field strength (which drops with the square of distance) is rapidly waning. Furthermore, Mercury’s highly elliptical orbit means the planet passes through a wider range of distances from the Sun than any other planet. As a result, Mercury provides a unique opportunity to study how the Sun’s influence on a planet varies with distance.These animations provide a conceptual schematic of the results of one such investigation as described in “Occurrence rate of ultra-low frequency waves in the foreshock of Mercury increases with heliocentric distance.” Using data from NASA’s MESSENGER spacecraft, the authors has detected Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) waves rebounding from Mercury’s foreshock, the turbulent area where solar wind particles collide with Mercury’s magnetosphere. These waves are caused by solar wind protons – the steady stream of particles escaping the Sun –collide with and reflect off of this foreshock against the stream of the solar wind. The authors discovered that the ULF wave production rate varied throughout Mercury’s orbit. MESSENGER detected more ULF waves as Mercury moved farther from the Sun in its orbit, and fewer as it approached the Sun. The results support an existing theory that claimed that ULF waves are affected in part by the strength of the solar magnetic field, which is at its weakest when Mercury is farthest from the Sun. || ",
            "release_date": "2021-11-11T00:00:00-05:00",
            "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:43:44.426265-04:00",
            "main_image": {
                "id": 375424,
                "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004900/a004954/Messenger_All_2021-11-04_1455.00407_print.jpg",
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                "media_type": "Image",
                "alt_text": "Mercury (black and white circle; black indicating the nightside) orbits the Sun. The Sun’s magnetic field is rendered in the gradient blue background, where dark blue (close to the Sun) indicates the strongest magnetic field and light blue (far from the Sun) indicates weakest. Mercury’s orbit is shown with a dotted white line. Mercury’s magnetosphere, the region of space influenced by the planet’s magnetic field, is rendered as a peach-colored parabola around the planet. The solar wind is modeled as tiny rays escaping from the Sun. As Mercury moves along its orbit, solar wind particles strike the front boundary of its magnetosphere, or foreshock. Some number of solar wind protons rebound from the foreshock, generating low-frequency plasma waves (green curved lines) that issue from the leading edge of Mercury’s foreshock. As Mercury moves along to the portion of its orbit farthest from the Sun, the rate of ULF waves increases. This far away portion is where the solar magnetic field is weakest.",
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        },
        {
            "id": 13194,
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            "page_type": "Produced Video",
            "title": "Distant Planet May Be On Its Second Atmosphere, NASA’s Hubble Finds",
            "description": "Scientists using NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope have found evidence that a planet orbiting a distant star that may have lost its atmosphere but gained a second one through volcanic activity. The planet, GJ 1132 b, is hypothesized to have begun as a gaseous world with a thick hydrogen blanket of atmosphere. Starting out at several times the diameter of Earth, this so-called “sub-Neptune” is believed to have quickly lost its primordial hydrogen and helium atmosphere due to the intense radiation of the hot, young star it orbits. In a short period of time, such a planet would be stripped down to a bare core about the size of Earth. That’s when things got interesting.For more information, visit https://nasa.gov/hubble. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Paul Morris: Lead Producer Additional Visualizations:Artist’s impression of Exoplanet GJ 1132 b: Robert HurtAtmosphere escaping an exoplanet (artist’s impression): NASA, ESA, M. KornmesserArtist’s impression of WASP-107b: ESA/Hubble, NASA, M. KornmesserVideo animation of of Exoplanet GJ 1132 b: Robert HurtAerial of oozing red lava in Hawaii: ArtbeatsAerial from Puu Oo volcanic vents on Hawaii's Kilauea: ArtbeatsExovolcano Animation Background Only: Michael LentzIllustration depicting one interpretation of planet GJ 357 c: Chris SmithMusic Credits: \"Planetary Exploration\" by Richard Andrew Canavan [PRS] via Sound Pocket Music [PRS], and Universal Production Music. || ",
            "release_date": "2021-03-11T08:55:00-05:00",
            "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:44:17.379794-04:00",
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                "media_type": "Image",
                "alt_text": "Master VersionHorizontal version. This is for use on any YouTube or non-YouTube platform where you want to display the video horizontally.",
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                "height": 1080,
                "pixels": 2073600
            }
        },
        {
            "id": 13809,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13809/",
            "page_type": "Produced Video",
            "title": "Exploring Our Solar System with Dr. Amy Simon",
            "description": "Dr. Amy Simon has always been fascinated with space. From a young age she dreamed of lifting off in the Space Shuttle, just like her hero Sally Ride. Over the years her interest in space remained, and she eventually found herself working at NASA.Dr. Simon is the Senior Scientist for Planetary Atmospheres Research in the Solar System Exploration Division at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Her scientific research involves the study of the composition, dynamics, and cloud structure in jovian planet atmospheres, primarily from spacecraft observations like the Hubble Space Telescope.Dr. Simon is also involved in multiple robotic flight missions, as well as future mission concept development. She was a co-investigator on the Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) and is the Deputy Instrument Scientist for the OSIRIS-REx Visible and near-IR Spectrometer (OVIRS), as well as the Landsat 9 TIRS2 instrument, and the Lucy L'Ralph instrument Deputy PI. She is PI of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program. She recently served as science co-lead of the NASA Ice Giants Mission Concept study.This inspiring woman shows the world that anything is possible, and that you should always work hard to follow your passion in life.For more information, visit https://nasa.gov/hubble. Music Credits: \"Falling Freet\" by Christian Tschuggnall [AKM] and Michael Edwards [APRA] via Atmosphere Music Ltd. [PRS] and Universal Production Music.“Darwin’s Extraordinary Journey” by Laurent Dury [SACEM] via Koka Media [SACEM], Universal Publishing Production Music France [SACEM] and Universal Production Music. || ",
            "release_date": "2021-02-10T09:55:00-05:00",
            "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:44:21.670615-04:00",
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                "id": 379932,
                "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013800/a013809/13809_SIMON_WIDE_PRINT.jpg",
                "filename": "13809_SIMON_WIDE_PRINT.jpg",
                "media_type": "Image",
                "alt_text": "Master Version Horizontal version. This is for use on any YouTube or non-YouTube platform where you want to display the video horizontally.",
                "width": 1920,
                "height": 1080,
                "pixels": 2073600
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        },
        {
            "id": 20299,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20299/",
            "page_type": "Animation",
            "title": "Parker Science Result animations",
            "description": "On Dec. 4, 2019, four new papers in the journal Nature describe what scientists working with data from NASA's Parker Solar Probe have learned from this unprecedented exploration of our star — and what they look forward to learning next. These findings reveal new information about the behavior of the material and particles that speed away from the Sun, bringing scientists closer to answering fundamental questions about the physics of our star. These animations represent five of those findings. || ",
            "release_date": "2019-12-04T13:00:00-05:00",
            "update_date": "2025-03-16T23:28:24.418035-04:00",
            "main_image": {
                "id": 392323,
                "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a020000/a020200/a020299/SwitchbackSun_4k_0000_print.jpg",
                "filename": "SwitchbackSun_4k_0000_print.jpg",
                "media_type": "Image",
                "alt_text": "Top-down view of Switchback Magnetic FieldsParker indicated that the solar magnetic field embedded in the solar wind flips in the direction. These reversals — dubbed \"switchbacks\" — last anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes as they flow over Parker Solar Probe. During a switchback, the magnetic field whips back on itself until it is pointed almost directly back at the Sun.Credit: NASA Goddard/CIL/Adriana Manrique Gutierrez",
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                "height": 576,
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        {
            "id": 4763,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4763/",
            "page_type": "Visualization",
            "title": "Mercury Transit, 2019 (SDO 4K imagery)",
            "description": "Mercury transit visible through the 171 angstrom filter on SDO. || AIA171_00025_print.jpg (1024x1024) [108.7 KB] || AIA171_00025_searchweb.png (320x180) [65.6 KB] || AIA171_00025_thm.png (80x40) [5.2 KB] || AIA171_2048p30.mp4 (2048x2048) [19.2 MB] || AIA171_1024p30.mp4 (1024x1024) [3.7 MB] || AIA171-Frames (4096x4096) [0 Item(s)] || AIA171-Time (4096x4096) [0 Item(s)] || AIA171_4096p30_h265.mp4 (4096x4096) [13.6 MB] || AIA171_4096p30_h265.webm (4096x4096) [2.7 MB] || ",
            "release_date": "2019-11-11T16:30:00-05:00",
            "update_date": "2025-02-02T22:42:44.095832-05:00",
            "main_image": {
                "id": 391227,
                "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004700/a004763/AIA171_00025_print.jpg",
                "filename": "AIA171_00025_print.jpg",
                "media_type": "Image",
                "alt_text": "Mercury transit visible through the 171 angstrom filter on SDO.",
                "width": 1024,
                "height": 1024,
                "pixels": 1048576
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        },
        {
            "id": 12962,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12962/",
            "page_type": "Produced Video",
            "title": "Searching for Signs of Life on Mars",
            "description": "The European Space Agency's Rosalind Franklin rover will search for signs of life on Mars, using a NASA-built instrument called MOMA. Complete transcript available.Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.Music provided by Killer Tracks: \"Fast Motion\" by Stephen Daniel Lemaire, \"Game Show Spheres 5-6\" by Anselm Kreuzer, \"Floating\" by Ben Niblett & Jon Cotton || ExoMarsPreview.jpg (1920x1080) [175.9 KB] || ExoMarsPreview_searchweb.png (320x180) [80.6 KB] || ExoMarsPreview_thm.png (80x40) [6.3 KB] || TWITTER_720_12962_MOMA_Profile_Master_APR_twitter_720.mp4 (1280x720) [69.5 MB] || 12962_MOMA_Profile_Master.webm (960x540) [125.9 MB] || FACEBOOK_720_12962_MOMA_Profile_Master_APR_facebook_720.mp4 (1280x720) [377.8 MB] || YOUTUBE_1080_12962_MOMA_Profile_Master_APR_youtube_1080.mp4 (1920x1080) [510.9 MB] || 12962_MOMA_Profile_Master_youtube_hq.mov (1920x1080) [856.3 MB] || 12962_MOMA_Profile_Master_APR_Output.en_US.srt [6.0 KB] || 12962_MOMA_Profile_Master_APR_Output.en_US.vtt [6.0 KB] || 12962_MOMA_Profile_Master_APR.mov (1920x1080) [7.2 GB] || Moma.hwshow [108 bytes] || ",
            "release_date": "2018-05-24T13:00:00-04:00",
            "update_date": "2025-03-16T23:20:29.893522-04:00",
            "main_image": {
                "id": 403623,
                "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012900/a012962/ExoMarsPreview.jpg",
                "filename": "ExoMarsPreview.jpg",
                "media_type": "Image",
                "alt_text": "The European Space Agency's Rosalind Franklin rover will search for signs of life on Mars, using a NASA-built instrument called MOMA. Complete transcript available.Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.Music provided by Killer Tracks: \"Fast Motion\" by Stephen Daniel Lemaire, \"Game Show Spheres 5-6\" by Anselm Kreuzer, \"Floating\" by Ben Niblett & Jon Cotton",
                "width": 1920,
                "height": 1080,
                "pixels": 2073600
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        },
        {
            "id": 12639,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12639/",
            "page_type": "Produced Video",
            "title": "Where is the Edge of the Solar System?",
            "description": "Complete transcript available.Music credit: Dream Girl 3 by Yuri Sazonoff || EdgeofSolarSystem_ThumbnailOption2_print.jpg (1024x576) [252.4 KB] || EdgeofSolarSystem_ThumbnailOption2.png (3840x2160) [14.7 MB] || EdgeofSolarSystem_ThumbnailOption2_thm.png (80x40) [7.0 KB] || EdgeofSolarSystem_ThumbnailOption2_searchweb.png (320x180) [115.1 KB] || 12639_EdgeofSolarSystem_Final_24fps_v02_VX-718267_appletv.m4v (1280x720) [28.8 MB] || 12639_EdgeofSolarSystem_Final_24fps_v02_VX-718267_appletv_subtitles.m4v (1280x720) [28.8 MB] || YOUTUBE_1080_12639_EdgeofSolarSystem_Final_24fps_v02_VX-718267_youtube_1080.webm (1920x1080) [7.2 MB] || TWITTER_720_12639_EdgeofSolarSystem_Final_24fps_v02_VX-718267_twitter_720.mp4 (1280x720) [12.3 MB] || YOUTUBE_1080_12639_EdgeofSolarSystem_Final_24fps_v02_VX-718267_youtube_1080.mp4 (1920x1080) [95.1 MB] || FACEBOOK_720_12639_EdgeofSolarSystem_Final_24fps_v02_VX-718267_facebook_720.mp4 (1280x720) [70.5 MB] || YOUTUBE_720_12639_EdgeofSolarSystem_Final_24fps_v02_VX-718267_youtube_720.mp4 (1280x720) [96.0 MB] || PRORES_B-ROLL_12639_EdgeofSolarSystem_Final_24fps_v02_VX-718267_prores.mov (1280x720) [403.5 MB] || 12639_Edge_of_the_Solar_System.en_US.srt [810 bytes] || 12639_Edge_of_the_Solar_System.en_US.vtt [823 bytes] || YOUTUBE_4K_12639_EdgeofSolarSystem_Final_24fps_v02_VX-718267_youtube_4k.mp4 (3840x2160) [246.9 MB] || 12639_EdgeofSolarSystem_Final_24fps_v02_VX-718267_lowres.mp4 (480x272) [9.5 MB] || 12639_EdgeofSolarSystem_Final_24fps_v02_VX-718267_youtube_hq.mov (3840x2160) [1.8 GB] || 12639_EdgeofSolarSystem_Final_24fps_v02.mov (3840x2160) [3.0 GB] || 12639_EdgeofSolarSystem_Final_2997fps_v02.mov (3840x2160) [3.7 GB] || ",
            "release_date": "2017-09-05T10:00:00-04:00",
            "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:47:23.709732-04:00",
            "main_image": {
                "id": 413600,
                "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012600/a012639/EdgeofSolarSystem_ThumbnailOption2_print.jpg",
                "filename": "EdgeofSolarSystem_ThumbnailOption2_print.jpg",
                "media_type": "Image",
                "alt_text": "Complete transcript available.Music credit: Dream Girl 3 by Yuri Sazonoff",
                "width": 1024,
                "height": 576,
                "pixels": 589824
            }
        },
        {
            "id": 20236,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20236/",
            "page_type": "Animation",
            "title": "Mercury Transit May 9, 2016",
            "description": "Mercury transiting the Sun || MercuryTransit_fr_00074_print.jpg (1024x576) [68.6 KB] || MercuryTransit_fr_00074_searchweb.png (180x320) [65.8 KB] || MercuryTransit_fr_00074_web.png (320x180) [65.8 KB] || MercuryTransit_fr_00074_thm.png (80x40) [6.0 KB] || 1920x1080_16x9_60p (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || Mercury_Transit_ProRes.webm (1920x1080) [2.3 MB] || Mercury_Transit_H264.mov (1920x1080) [242.6 MB] || Mercury_Transit_ProRes.mov (1920x1080) [2.6 GB] || ",
            "release_date": "2016-04-25T00:00:00-04:00",
            "update_date": "2025-01-06T01:41:38.638919-05:00",
            "main_image": {
                "id": 424974,
                "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a020000/a020200/a020236/MercuryTransit_fr_00074_print.jpg",
                "filename": "MercuryTransit_fr_00074_print.jpg",
                "media_type": "Image",
                "alt_text": "Mercury transiting the Sun",
                "width": 1024,
                "height": 576,
                "pixels": 589824
            }
        }
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