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    "title": "Arctic Bubbles",
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            "description": "The Arctic stores one of the largest natural reservoirs of organic carbon in the world in its frozen ground, called permafrost. But in our warming world, that permafrost is thawing, When the frozen ground thaws, soil microbes wake up and turn that stored carbon into greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane that are then released into the atmosphere. An international team of U.S. and German researchers participating in NASA’s Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE), a ten-year program to understand climate change effects on the Arctic, used field measurements and computer models to study a process called abrupt thawing. Abrupt thawing takes place under a type of lake, called thermokarst, that forms when melted permafrost causes the land to slump into a depression that then fills with rain, snowmelt or meltwater. Abrupt thawing increases the release of ancient carbon stored in the soil 125 to 190 percent compared to gradual thawing alone and more than doubles previous estimates of permafrost-derived greenhouse warming. Because the thermokarst lakes are relatively small and scattered throughout the Arctic landscapes, computer models of their behavior are not currently incorporated into global climate models. However, including them in future models is important for understanding the role of permafrost in the global carbon budget. Watch the video to learn more.",
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            "description": "Permafrost stretches across the continents bordering the Arctic with continuous bands at the northern-most reaches.",
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            "description": "See [Climate.nasa.gov](https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2785/unexpected-future-boost-of-methane-possible-from-arctic-permafrost/)",
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        {
            "id": 13047,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13047/",
            "page_type": "Produced Video",
            "title": "New Arctic Lakes Could Soon Be a Major Source of Atmospheric Methane",
            "description": "For centuries, a massive store of carbon has been locked underground in the Arctic's permanently frozen soil known as permafrost. As Earth's climate continues to warm, that carbon has begun to leach into the atmosphere, the result of microbes waking up and digesting once-frozen organic materials. A new NASA-funded study focuses on a mechanism that could accelerate the release of this atmospheric carbon, the result of thermokarst lakes. These lakes form when thawing permafrost causes the ground to slump, creating a depression that collects rain and snowmelt and perpetuates a cycle of further permafrost thaw. || ",
            "release_date": "2018-08-17T11:00:00-04:00",
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                "media_type": "Image",
                "alt_text": "Music: Coveted Jewels by Reuben James Cornell [PRS]Complete transcript available.",
                "width": 1755,
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        {
            "id": 12351,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12351/",
            "page_type": "Produced Video",
            "title": "ABoVE campaign videos",
            "description": "The Arctic Boreal and Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) covers 2.5 million square miles of tundra, forests, permafrost and lakes in Alaska and Northwestern Canada. ABoVE scientists are using satellites and aircraft to study this formidable terrain as it changes in a warming climate. Remote sensing by itself is not enough to understand the whole picture, so teams of researchers will go out into the field to gather data. With support from NASA’s Terrestrial Ecology Program, ABoVE researchers investigate questions about the role of climate in wildfires, thawing permafrost, wildlife migration habits, insect outbreaks and more. || ",
            "release_date": "2016-08-26T13:00:00-04:00",
            "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:48:20.523901-04:00",
            "main_image": {
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                "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012300/a012351/Bubbles_9.00030_print.jpg",
                "filename": "Bubbles_9.00030_print.jpg",
                "media_type": "Image",
                "alt_text": "Bubbles, bubbles, and more bubbles, in a steady stream. Many lakes in the boreal regions of Alaska are emitting methane, the product of decomposing organic matter left over from the Ice Age. Thawing permafrost has caused areas of land to slump and fill up with water, creating these bodies of water called thermokarst lakes. The water then exacerbates the thawing, expanding the size of the lake and producing even more methane. In the early cold season, ice covers the lakes and traps methane in large pockets just beneath the surface. University of Alaska Fairbanks scientists working as part of NASA’s Arctic boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) find and measure the methane gas in these pockets seep-by-seep and lake-by-lake. ABoVE combines precise methane measurements from individual lakes with satellite data that can monitor lakes like these across the Arctic, to accurately model how much methane sub-lake seeps are adding to the atmosphere. For more on the bubbling lakes: https://blogs.nasa.gov/earthexpeditions/2016/08/23/mapping-methane-in-a-bubbling-arctic-lake/Complete transcript available.",
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            "id": 30515,
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            "title": "Simulated Atmospheric Carbon Concentrations",
            "description": "Carbon exists in many forms—e.g., carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO)—and continually cycles through Earth’s atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial ecosystems. This visualization, created using data from the 7-km GEOS-5 Nature Run model, shows average column concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (colored shades) and CO (white shades underneath) from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2006.CO2 variations are largely controlled by fossil fuel emissions and seasonal fluxes of carbon between the atmosphere and land biosphere. For example, dark red and pink shades represent regions where CO2 concentrations are enhanced by carbon sources, mainly from human activities. During Northern Hemisphere spring and summer months, plants absorb a substantial amount of CO2 through photosynthesis, thus removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Atmospheric CO, a pollutant harmful to human health, is produced mainly from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning. Here, high concentrations of CO (white) are mainly from fire activity in Africa, South America, and Australia. Scientists use model output data such as these to help answer important questions about Earth’s climate and to help design future satellite missions.These model simulations use fossil fuel emissions estimates provided by the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR). NASA’s Quick Fire Emissions Dataset (QFED) estimates fire emissions using MODIS fire radiative power observations. Additional, observationally constrained estimates of CO2 flux between the atmosphere and land and ocean carbon reservoirs were produced as part of NASA’s Carbon Monitoring System Flux Pilot Project (http://carbon.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/cms/inv_pgp.pl?pgid=581). Land biosphere fluxes come from the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach Global Fire Emissions Database (CASA-GFED) model which incorporates MODIS vegetation classification and AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data. Ocean fluxes are produced by the NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model (NOBM) which incorporates MODIS chlorophyll observations. || ",
            "release_date": "2014-06-30T13:00:00-04:00",
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