Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.
Music credit: “In The End” By Andrew John Skeet [PRS], Andrew Michael Britton [PRS], David Stephen Goldsmith [PRS] from Killer Tracks
Complete transcript available.
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Credit: PMC Turbo
", "items": [ { "id": 244547, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 400306, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013000/a013073/TurboMissionPhoto_1_print.jpg", "filename": "TurboMissionPhoto_1_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The PMC Turbo gondola suspended from the launch vehicle at Esrange, Sweden.Credit: PMC Turbo", "width": 1024, "height": 768, "pixels": 786432 } }, { "id": 244546, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 400305, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013000/a013073/TurboMissionPhoto_1.jpeg", "filename": "TurboMissionPhoto_1.jpeg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The PMC Turbo gondola suspended from the launch vehicle at Esrange, Sweden.Credit: PMC Turbo", "width": 3264, "height": 2448, "pixels": 7990272 } }, { "id": 244548, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 400307, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013000/a013073/TurboMissionPhoto_1_searchweb.png", "filename": "TurboMissionPhoto_1_searchweb.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The PMC Turbo gondola suspended from the launch vehicle at Esrange, Sweden.Credit: PMC Turbo", "width": 320, "height": 180, "pixels": 57600 } }, { "id": 244549, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 400308, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013000/a013073/TurboMissionPhoto_1_web.png", "filename": "TurboMissionPhoto_1_web.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The PMC Turbo gondola suspended from the launch vehicle at Esrange, Sweden.Credit: PMC Turbo", "width": 320, "height": 240, "pixels": 76800 } }, { "id": 244550, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 400309, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013000/a013073/TurboMissionPhoto_1_thm.png", "filename": "TurboMissionPhoto_1_thm.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The PMC Turbo gondola suspended from the launch vehicle at Esrange, Sweden.Credit: PMC Turbo", "width": 80, "height": 40, "pixels": 3200 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 325459, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13073/#media_group_325459", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "The PMC Turbo gondola suspended from the launch vehicle at Esrange, Sweden.
Credit: PMC Turbo", "items": [ { "id": 244551, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 400310, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013000/a013073/TurboMissionPhoto_2.jpeg", "filename": "TurboMissionPhoto_2.jpeg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The PMC Turbo gondola suspended from the launch vehicle at Esrange, Sweden.Credit: PMC Turbo", "width": 3264, "height": 2448, "pixels": 7990272 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 325460, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13073/#media_group_325460", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "The PMC Turbo payload, underconstruction.
The PMC Turbo balloon payload was equipped with seven specially designed imaging systems to observe the clouds. The seven imaging systems were arranged to create a mosaic of wide views extending one hundred miles across, with each narrow views able to image turbulence features as small as twenty yards wide. For the first time, a lidar — or laser radar — measured the precise altitudes of the PMCs as well as the temperature fluctuations of the gravity waves above and below the PMCs.
Credit: PMC Turbo", "items": [ { "id": 244552, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 400311, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013000/a013073/TurboMissionPhoto_3.jpeg", "filename": "TurboMissionPhoto_3.jpeg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The PMC Turbo payload, underconstruction.The PMC Turbo balloon payload was equipped with seven specially designed imaging systems to observe the clouds. The seven imaging systems were arranged to create a mosaic of wide views extending one hundred miles across, with each narrow views able to image turbulence features as small as twenty yards wide. For the first time, a lidar — or laser radar — measured the precise altitudes of the PMCs as well as the temperature fluctuations of the gravity waves above and below the PMCs.Credit: PMC Turbo", "width": 900, "height": 675, "pixels": 607500 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 325461, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13073/#media_group_325461", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "PMC-Turbo scientist Bernd Kaifler assembles the lidar telescope.
Credit: PMC Turbo
", "items": [ { "id": 244553, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 400312, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013000/a013073/TurboMissionPhoto_6.jpeg", "filename": "TurboMissionPhoto_6.jpeg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "PMC-Turbo scientist Bernd Kaifler assembles the lidar telescope.Credit: PMC Turbo", "width": 900, "height": 675, "pixels": 607500 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 325462, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13073/#media_group_325462", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "The PMC Turbo field team, consisting of (from left to right) Christopher Geach, Bernd Kaifler, Biff Williams and Bjorn Kjellstrand.
Credit: PMC Turbo
", "items": [ { "id": 244554, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 400313, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013000/a013073/TurboMissionPhoto_9.jpeg", "filename": "TurboMissionPhoto_9.jpeg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The PMC Turbo field team, consisting of (from left to right) Christopher Geach, Bernd Kaifler, Biff Williams and Bjorn Kjellstrand.Credit: PMC Turbo", "width": 4032, "height": 3024, "pixels": 12192768 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 325463, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13073/#media_group_325463", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Expedition 47 Flight Engineer Tim Peake of the European Space Agency photographed rare, high-altitude noctilucent clouds - also known as polar mesospheric clouds - from the International Space Station on May 29, 2016.
Credit: ESA/NASA", "items": [ { "id": 244555, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 400314, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013000/a013073/27420333805_6fd1876a46_o.jpg", "filename": "27420333805_6fd1876a46_o.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Expedition 47 Flight Engineer Tim Peake of the European Space Agency photographed rare, high-altitude noctilucent clouds - also known as polar mesospheric clouds - from the International Space Station on May 29, 2016.Credit: ESA/NASA", "width": 4940, "height": 3292, "pixels": 16262480 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 325464, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13073/#media_group_325464", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Atmospheric gravity waves over the Arabian Sea.
More information: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/5528/atmospheric-gravity-waves-over-arabian-sea
Credit: NASA/MODIS", "items": [ { "id": 244556, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 400315, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013000/a013073/ArabianSea.A2005143.0625.250m.jpg", "filename": "ArabianSea.A2005143.0625.250m.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Atmospheric gravity waves over the Arabian Sea. More information: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/5528/atmospheric-gravity-waves-over-arabian-seaCredit: NASA/MODIS", "width": 3000, "height": 4000, "pixels": 12000000 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 325465, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13073/#media_group_325465", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Gravity waves and sunglint on Lake Superior in North America.
More information: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/81650/gravity-waves-and-sunglint-lake-superior
Credit: ISS", "items": [ { "id": 244557, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 400316, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013000/a013073/ISS036-E-011843_lrg.jpg", "filename": "ISS036-E-011843_lrg.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Gravity waves and sunglint on Lake Superior in North America. More information: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/81650/gravity-waves-and-sunglint-lake-superiorCredit: ISS", "width": 3924, "height": 2616, "pixels": 10265184 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 325466, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13073/#media_group_325466", "widget": "Basic text", "title": "For More Information", "caption": "", "description": "See the following sources:\n\n* [NASA's AIM Mission](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aim/overview/index.html)\n* [NASA's AIM Observes Early Noctilucent Ice Clouds Over Antarctica](https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-s-aim-observes-early-noctilucent-ice-clouds-over-antarctica)", "items": [], "extra_data": {} } ], "studio": "gms", "funding_sources": [ "PAO" ], "credits": [ { "role": "Producer", "people": [ { "name": "Joy Ng", "employer": "USRA" } ] }, { "role": "Writer", "people": [ { "name": "Mara Johnson-Groh", "employer": "Wyle Information Systems" } ] }, { "role": "Data visualizer", "people": [ { "name": "Tom Bridgman", "employer": "Global Science and Technology, Inc." }, { "name": "William Putman", "employer": "NASA/GSFC" } ] } ], "missions": [], "series": [ "Balloon", "Narrated Movies" ], "tapes": [], "papers": [], "datasets": [], "nasa_science_categories": [ "Sun" ], "keywords": [ "AIM", "Balloon", "HDTV", "Noctilucent Clouds", "PMC Turbo Mission" ], "recommended_pages": [], "related": [ { "id": 14445, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14445/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Atmospheric Gravity Waves Imagery", "description": "Atmospheric gravity waves are similar to what happens when you drop a stone into a calm pond, but they roll through the air and cloud tops instead of water. Just like waves form in the ocean or a lake when water is disturbed, waves also form in the atmosphere when air is disturbed. They form when air is forced upward by hills or mountains into a layer of stable air in the atmosphere. Gravity causes the air to fall back down, and it begins to oscillate, creating a ripple effect. Wind flowing over the Rocky Mountains, for example, can create gravity waves that are felt as turbulence on an airplane. || ", "release_date": "2023-10-25T15:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-10-26T09:29:10.027006-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 860420, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014400/a014445/14445_AGW_LakeSuperior_print.jpg", "filename": "14445_AGW_LakeSuperior_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "From the vantage point of the International Space Station, astronauts frequently observe atmospheric and surface phenomena in ways that are impossible to view from the ground. Two such phenomena—gravity waves and sunglint—are illustrated in this photograph of northeastern Lake Superior.Gravity waves are produced when moisture-laden air encounters imbalances in air density, such as might be expected when cool air flows over warmer air. This can cause the flowing air to oscillate up and down as it moves, causing clouds to condense as the air rises and cools and to evaporate away as the air sinks and warms. This produces parallel bands of clouds oriented perpendicular to the wind direction. The orientation of the cloud bands in this image, parallel to the coastlines, suggests that air flowing off of the land surfaces to the north is interacting with moist, stable air over the lake surface, creating gravity waves.Caption by William L. Stefanov, Jacobs/JETS and Michael H. Trenchard, Barrios/JETS, both at NASA-JSC. Image Credit: NASA/ISS", "width": 1024, "height": 682, "pixels": 698368 } }, { "id": 14429, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14429/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "NASA's Scientific Balloon Program", "description": "Since its establishment more than 30 years ago, NASA’s Balloon Program has provided high-altitude scientific balloon platforms for scientific and technological investigations, including fundamental scientific discoveries that contribute to our understanding of the Earth, the solar system, and the universe. This short video highlights several key discoveries made with NASA's scientific balloons.Visit nasa.gov/scientificballoons to learn more! || ", "release_date": "2023-10-14T13:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-10-12T15:30:01-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 859693, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014400/a014429/14429_Balloon_Program_thumbnail.jpg", "filename": "14429_Balloon_Program_thumbnail.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "NASA's Scientific Balloon Program OverviewComplete transcript available.Music Credit: “Enviro Tense” by Max Van Thun [GEMA] via Universal Production Music", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } } ], "sources": [ { "id": 30591, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30591/", "page_type": "Hyperwall Visual", "title": "Simulated Clouds and Aerosols", "description": "GEOS-5 Model Visible || visible_1080_print.jpg (1024x576) [207.1 KB] || visible_1080_searchweb.png (180x320) [102.7 KB] || visible_1080_web.png (320x180) [102.7 KB] || visible_1080_thm.png (80x40) [7.7 KB] || visible (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || visible_1080.webm (1920x1080) [28.9 MB] || geos_visible_720p.mp4 (1280x720) [285.3 MB] || visible_1080.mp4 (1920x1080) [423.8 MB] || geos_visible_1080p.mp4 (1920x1080) [572.6 MB] || visible (5760x2881) [0 Item(s)] || geos_visible_2160p.mp4 (3840x2160) [1.8 GB] || ", "release_date": "2014-12-10T10:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2025-01-05T00:24:28.071225-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 431594, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a030000/a030500/a030591/visible_1080_print.jpg", "filename": "visible_1080_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "GEOS-5 Model Visible", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 3484, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3484/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "The First Season of Noctilucent Clouds from AIM", "description": "The Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) mission is the first satellite dedicated to the study of noctilucent clouds. Noctilucent clouds, sometimes called Polar Mesospheric Clouds, were first reported in 1885. Forming at altitudes above 50 miles, they are so faint that they can only be seen from the ground in the reflected light of the Sun after it has set below the horizon. Since their discovery, their cause has been a subject of study as a possible indicator of climate change. For those interested in observing noctilucent clouds from the ground, there are images and information at SpaceWeather's Gallery of Noctilucent Clouds. || ", "release_date": "2007-12-10T00:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:55:31.081234-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 506548, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a003400/a003484/aim_seasonb_GEOmove.HRstills.0162.jpg", "filename": "aim_seasonb_GEOmove.HRstills.0162.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "August 4, 2007", "width": 2560, "height": 1440, "pixels": 3686400 } } ], "products": [], "newer_versions": [], "older_versions": [], "alternate_versions": [] }