{ "id": 12916, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12916/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "50th Anniversary of NASA's OAO 2 Mission", "description": "“Seas of Infinity” (1968), full-length version scanned from 16mm color film and color corrected; run time 14:25. Original description: The film opens with an explanation of the electromagnetic spectrum. The limited capabilities of skyhook balloons and sounding rockets are used to illustrate the need for orbiting observatories. Reviews the planning, development, launching and function of the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, a series of orbiting telescopes which are being used to study our solar system and the stars beyond. Features comments by the following leading scientists on the potential of this advancement in astronomy: Dr. Arthur Code, Wisconsin telescopes; Dr. James Kupperian, Goddard Flight Center using Cassegrain designs; Dr. Fred Whipple on the ultraviolet light sky mapping project; and Dr. Donald Morton on the Princeton OAO ultraviolet spectroscopy project. The film has scenes of the assembly of the OAO. The OAO will be launched by an Atlas-Centaur. Credit: NASAComplete transcript available. || Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_Color_Corrected.22261_print.jpg (1024x768) [40.5 KB] || Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_Color_Corrected.22261_searchweb.png (320x180) [42.3 KB] || Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_Color_Corrected.22261_thm.png (80x40) [4.5 KB] || Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_Color_Corrected.mp4 (640x480) [136.1 MB] || Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_SRT_Captions.en_US.srt [16.6 KB] || Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_SRT_Captions.en_US.vtt [16.6 KB] || Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_Color_Corrected.webm (640x480) [110.9 MB] || ", "release_date": "2018-12-11T14:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:46:12.531914-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 399141, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012900/a012916/Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_Color_Corrected.22261_print.jpg", "filename": "Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_Color_Corrected.22261_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "“Seas of Infinity” (1968), full-length version scanned from 16mm color film and color corrected; run time 14:25. Original description: The film opens with an explanation of the electromagnetic spectrum. The limited capabilities of skyhook balloons and sounding rockets are used to illustrate the need for orbiting observatories. Reviews the planning, development, launching and function of the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, a series of orbiting telescopes which are being used to study our solar system and the stars beyond. Features comments by the following leading scientists on the potential of this advancement in astronomy: Dr. Arthur Code, Wisconsin telescopes; Dr. James Kupperian, Goddard Flight Center using Cassegrain designs; Dr. Fred Whipple on the ultraviolet light sky mapping project; and Dr. Donald Morton on the Princeton OAO ultraviolet spectroscopy project. The film has scenes of the assembly of the OAO. The OAO will be launched by an Atlas-Centaur. Credit: NASAComplete transcript available.", "width": 1024, "height": 768, "pixels": 786432 }, "main_video": { "id": 399140, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012900/a012916/Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_Color_Corrected.mp4", "filename": "Seas_Of_Infinity_OAO2_Color_Corrected.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "“Seas of Infinity” (1968), full-length version scanned from 16mm color film and color corrected; run time 14:25. Original description: The film opens with an explanation of the electromagnetic spectrum. The limited capabilities of skyhook balloons and sounding rockets are used to illustrate the need for orbiting observatories. Reviews the planning, development, launching and function of the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, a series of orbiting telescopes which are being used to study our solar system and the stars beyond. Features comments by the following leading scientists on the potential of this advancement in astronomy: Dr. Arthur Code, Wisconsin telescopes; Dr. James Kupperian, Goddard Flight Center using Cassegrain designs; Dr. Fred Whipple on the ultraviolet light sky mapping project; and Dr. Donald Morton on the Princeton OAO ultraviolet spectroscopy project. The film has scenes of the assembly of the OAO. The OAO will be launched by an Atlas-Centaur. Credit: NASAComplete transcript available.", "width": 640, "height": 480, "pixels": 307200 }, "main_credits": { "Produced by": [ { "name": "Scott Wiessinger", "employer": "USRA" } ], "Written by": [ { "name": "Francis Reddy", "employer": "University of Maryland College Park" } ] }, "progress": "Complete", "media_groups": [ { "id": 324594, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12916/#media_group_324594", "widget": "Video player", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "“Seas of Infinity” (1968), full-length version scanned from 16mm color film and color corrected; run time 14:25.

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Credit: NASA

Complete transcript available.

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Credit: NASAComplete transcript available.", "width": 640, "height": 480, "pixels": 307200 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 324593, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12916/#media_group_324593", "widget": "Basic text with HTML", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "On Dec. 7, 1968, an Atlas-Centaur rocket carrying NASA’s heaviest and most ambitious uncrewed satellite to date blasted into the sky from Launch Complex 36B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.

Formally known as Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO) 2 and nicknamed Stargazer, it would become NASA’s first successful cosmic explorer and the direct ancestor of Hubble, Chandra, Swift, Kepler, FUSE, GALEX and many other astronomy satellites.

OAO 2 provided the first orbital stellar observations in ultraviolet light, shorter than wavelengths in the visible range spanning 3,800 (violet) to 7,500 (red) angstroms. Much of UV light is screened out by the atmosphere and unavailable to ground-based telescopes. Stargazer's experiments made nearly 23,000 measurements, showed that young, hot stars were hotter than theoretical models of the time indicated, confirmed that comets are surrounded by vast clouds of hydrogen and discovered a curious feature of the interstellar medium that would take scientists decades to understand.

One of the key problems scientists had to solve was how to direct a telescope to any point on the celestial sphere and hold it there for a half hour or so in order for instruments to record the data from faint sources. This makes OAO 2 the ancestor of all space telescopes that can point to a given spot on the sky and track it for an extended period.

Prior to OAO 2, ultraviolet observations of stars were acquired by suborbital sounding rockets which collect data for only five minutes each flight as they arc above much of the atmosphere. By 1968, it was estimated that sounding rockets had captured a total of three hours of stellar UV measurements in some 40 flights. OAO 2 could collect more data than this in a single day.

OAO 2 carried two experiments. Project Celescope (from \"celestial telescope\") was led by Fred Whipple, director of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Wisconsin Experiment Package was led by Arthur Code, a professor of astronomy at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The experiments were mounted back-to-back within the 4,436-pound (2,012 kilogram) spacecraft and looked out opposite ends, taking turns viewing the universe.", "items": [], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 324595, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12916/#media_group_324595", "widget": "Video player", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "A shortened cut of \"Seas of Infinity\" above; run time 7:13.

Credit: NASA

Complete transcript available.

Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.

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Credit: NASA

Complete transcript available.

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Credit: NASA

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Credit: NASA

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Credit: NASA

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Credit: Photograph courtesy of Bill Waggener and Ball Aerospace. Curatorial Files, \"Celescope,\" Department of Space History, National Air and Space Museum

", "items": [ { "id": 242040, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 399193, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012900/a012916/Celescope_payload_test_Ball_a19740046000h4-1-l_cleaned.png", "filename": "Celescope_payload_test_Ball_a19740046000h4-1-l_cleaned.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Pre-integration checkout of the four 12-inch telescopes that formed the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's Celescope experiment on OAO 2, circa mid-to-late 1960s. The next step would be placing the payload within the satellite housekeeping shroud. Credit: Photograph courtesy of Bill Waggener and Ball Aerospace. Curatorial Files, \"Celescope,\" Department of Space History, National Air and Space Museum", "width": 1875, "height": 1968, "pixels": 3690000 } }, { "id": 242041, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 399192, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012900/a012916/Celescope_payload_test_Ball_a19740046000h4-1-l_cleaned.jpg", "filename": "Celescope_payload_test_Ball_a19740046000h4-1-l_cleaned.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Pre-integration checkout of the four 12-inch telescopes that formed the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's Celescope experiment on OAO 2, circa mid-to-late 1960s. The next step would be placing the payload within the satellite housekeeping shroud. Credit: Photograph courtesy of Bill Waggener and Ball Aerospace. Curatorial Files, \"Celescope,\" Department of Space History, National Air and Space Museum", "width": 1875, "height": 1968, "pixels": 3690000 } }, { "id": 242042, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 399194, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012900/a012916/Celescope_payload_test_Ball_a19740046000h4-1-l_cleaned_print.jpg", "filename": "Celescope_payload_test_Ball_a19740046000h4-1-l_cleaned_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Pre-integration checkout of the four 12-inch telescopes that formed the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's Celescope experiment on OAO 2, circa mid-to-late 1960s. The next step would be placing the payload within the satellite housekeeping shroud. Credit: Photograph courtesy of Bill Waggener and Ball Aerospace. Curatorial Files, \"Celescope,\" Department of Space History, National Air and Space Museum", "width": 1024, "height": 1074, "pixels": 1099776 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 324612, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12916/#media_group_324612", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "A sticker design for the OAO satellites.

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Credit: National Archives (306-SR-138B)Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.Complete transcript available. || OAO-CopernicusFilm.02735_print.jpg (1024x768) [108.8 KB] || OAO-CopernicusFilm.mov (1440x1080) [2.1 GB] || OAO-CopernicusFilm.mp4 (1440x1080) [235.2 MB] || OAO-CopernicusFilm.webm (1440x1080) [24.5 MB] || OAO-CopernicusFilm.en_US.srt [3.8 KB] || OAO-CopernicusFilm.en_US.vtt [3.8 KB] || ", "release_date": "2022-08-19T12:45:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T11:44:02.058395-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 370064, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014189/72-HC-705_1104_.jpg", "filename": "72-HC-705_1104_.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Orbiting Astronomical Observatory C stands in the Hangar AE clean room at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, following the mounting of its stationary solar panels. Once in orbit, the observatory was named Copernicus in honor of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543), the Polish astronomer regarded as the founder of modern astronomy. Credit: National Archives (255-CB-72-H-873)", "width": 1014, "height": 1080, "pixels": 1095120 } } ], "sources": [], "products": [ { "id": 13184, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13184/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Goddard at 60", "description": "On July 29, 1958, President Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, establishing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. When it began operations on October 1, 1958, NASA consisted mainly of the four laboratories and some 80 employees of the government's 46-year-old research agency, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). Goddard Space Flight Center was established on May 1, 1959 as NASA's first space flight center.In celebration of its 60th year, we look back at the innovations and scientific impacts the women and men of Goddard have made throughout its history. || ", "release_date": "2019-04-29T00:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:45:59.759185-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 396305, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013100/a013184/G60_Thumb.png", "filename": "G60_Thumb.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Goddard End Tag Version. This version uses a Goddard specific animation ending.Music: \"Downloading Landscapes,\" \"Virtual Memory,\" \"Momentum,\" \"History in Motion,\" Killer Tracks MusicComplete transcript available.Speakers in order of appearance:James Kupperian, Jr., Orbiting Astronomical Observatories Project Scientist John Mather, COBE Principal InvestigatorJean Olivier, HST Deputy Project ManagerDouglas Broome, HST Program ManagerDavid Leckrone, HST Project ScientistBarbara Mikulski, US Senator, MarylandClaire Parkinson, Aqua Project ScientistMarshall Shepard, TRMM Project ScientistMichael Mumma, Planetary ScientistGeorge Simnett, SOHO/LASCO ScientistCharles Bennett, WMAP Principal InvestigatorJennifer Wiseman, HST Program ScientistCathy Peddie, LRO Deputy Project ManagerJennifer Eigenbrode, Mars Science Laboratory ScientistEric Christian, IBEX Mission ScientistJulie McEnery, Fermi Project ScientistC. Alex Young, SDO ScientistJim Garvin, GSFC Chief ScientistEugene Parker, AstrophysicistAmber Straughn, JWST Deputy Project ScientistNeil Gehrels, Swift Principal InvestigatorMichelle Thaller, NASA AstrophysicistTemilola Fatoyinbo, Research ScientistPiers Sellers, Earth Science Division DirectorChris Scolese, Goddard Center Director<>John F. Clark, Goddard Center Director", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } } ], "newer_versions": [], "older_versions": [], "alternate_versions": [] }