\rMagnetic reconnection is one of the most important processes in the space — filled with charged particles known as plasma — around Earth. This fundamental process dissipates magnetic energy and propels charged particles, both of which contribute to a dynamic space weather system that scientists want to better understand, and even someday predict, as we do terrestrial weather. Reconnection occurs when crossed magnetic field lines snap, explosively flinging away nearby particles at high speeds. The new discovery found reconnection where it has never been seen before — in turbulent plasma.
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Complete transcript available.
Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Joy Ng
Music credits: ‘Think Tank’ and ‘Natural Time Cycles’ by Laurent Dury from Killer Tracks
Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.
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In a turbulent magnetic environment, magnetic field lines become scrambled. As the field lines cross, intense electric currents (shown here as bright regions) form and eventually trigger magnetic reconnection (indicated by a flash), which is an explosive event that releases magnetic energy accumulated in the current layers and ejects high-speed bi-directional jets of electrons. NASA’s Magnetospheric Multiscale mission witnessed this process in action as it flew through the electron jets the turbulent boundary just at the edge of Earth’s magnetic environment.
Credit: NASA Goddard’s Conceptual Image Lab/Lisa Poje
\rSimulations by: University of Chicago/Colby Haggerty; University of Delaware/Tulasi Parashar
Watch this video on the NASA.gov Video YouTube channel.
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Earth is surrounded by a protective magnetic environment — the magnetosphere —shown here in blue, which deflects a supersonic stream of charged particles from the Sun, known as the solar wind. As the particles flow around the Earth’s magnetosphere, it forms a highly turbulent boundary layer called the magnetosheath, shown in yellow. Scientists, like those involved with NASA’s Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, are studying this turbulent region to help us learn more about our dynamic space environment.
Credit: NASA Goddard/Mary Pat Hrybyk-Keith; NASA Goddard’s Conceptual Image Lab/Josh Masters
Watch this video on the NASA.gov Video YouTube channel.
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Earth is surrounded by a protective magnetic environment — the magnetosphere —shown here in blue, which deflects a supersonic stream of charged particles from the Sun, known as the solar wind. As the particles flow around the Earth’s magnetosphere, it forms a highly turbulent boundary layer called the magnetosheath, shown in yellow. Scientists, like those involved with NASA’s Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, are studying this turbulent region to help us learn more about our dynamic space environment.
Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Mary Pat Hrybyk-Keith", "items": [ { "id": 248781, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 405586, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012900/a012901/MMS_Poster_Turbulence_v8_Cropped.jpeg", "filename": "MMS_Poster_Turbulence_v8_Cropped.jpeg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": " Still image - Exploring Turbulent Space Around EarthEarth is surrounded by a protective magnetic environment — the magnetosphere —shown here in blue, which deflects a supersonic stream of charged particles from the Sun, known as the solar wind. As the particles flow around the Earth’s magnetosphere, it forms a highly turbulent boundary layer called the magnetosheath, shown in yellow. Scientists, like those involved with NASA’s Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, are studying this turbulent region to help us learn more about our dynamic space environment.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Mary Pat Hrybyk-Keith", "width": 5991, "height": 4054, "pixels": 24287514 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 326924, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12901/#media_group_326924", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "GIF optimized for Twitter
The four identical MMS spacecraft — flying through this region in a tight pyramid formation — saw the event in 3-D. The arrows in the data visualization below show the hundreds of observations MMS took to measure the changes in particle motion and the magnetic field.
Credit: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio/Tom Bridgman", "items": [ { "id": 248782, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 405587, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012900/a012901/MMS.gif", "filename": "MMS.gif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "GIF optimized for TwitterThe four identical MMS spacecraft — flying through this region in a tight pyramid formation — saw the event in 3-D. The arrows in the data visualization below show the hundreds of observations MMS took to measure the changes in particle motion and the magnetic field.Credit: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio/Tom Bridgman", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 326925, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12901/#media_group_326925", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "GIF optimized for Twitter
In a turbulent magnetic environment, magnetic field lines become scrambled. As the field lines cross, intense electric currents (shown here as bright regions) form and eventually trigger magnetic reconnection (indicated by a flash), which is an explosive event that releases magnetic energy accumulated in the current layers and ejects high-speed bi-directional jets of electrons. NASA’s Magnetospheric Multiscale mission witnessed this process in action as it flew through the electron jets the turbulent boundary just at the edge of Earth’s magnetic environment.
Credit: NASA Goddard’s Conceptual Image Lab/Lisa Poje
\rSimulations by: University of Chicago/Colby Haggerty; University of Delaware/Tulasi Parashar
", "items": [ { "id": 248783, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 405588, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012900/a012901/TurbulentPlasma.gif", "filename": "TurbulentPlasma.gif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "GIF optimized for TwitterIn a turbulent magnetic environment, magnetic field lines become scrambled. As the field lines cross, intense electric currents (shown here as bright regions) form and eventually trigger magnetic reconnection (indicated by a flash), which is an explosive event that releases magnetic energy accumulated in the current layers and ejects high-speed bi-directional jets of electrons. NASA’s Magnetospheric Multiscale mission witnessed this process in action as it flew through the electron jets the turbulent boundary just at the edge of Earth’s magnetic environment.Credit: NASA Goddard’s Conceptual Image Lab/Lisa Poje\rSimulations by: University of Chicago/Colby Haggerty; University of Delaware/Tulasi Parashar", "width": 1280, "height": 971, "pixels": 1242880 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 326926, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12901/#media_group_326926", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "GIF optimized for Twitter
For the first time, magnetic reconnection was seen in the magnetosheath — the boundary between our magnetosphere and the solar wind that flows throughout the solar system and one of the most turbulent regions in near-Earth space.
Credit: NASA Goddard/Mary Pat Hrybyk-Keith; NASA Goddard’s Conceptual Image Lab/Josh Masters", "items": [ { "id": 248784, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 405589, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012900/a012901/Magnetosheath.gif", "filename": "Magnetosheath.gif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "GIF optimized for TwitterFor the first time, magnetic reconnection was seen in the magnetosheath — the boundary between our magnetosphere and the solar wind that flows throughout the solar system and one of the most turbulent regions in near-Earth space. Credit: NASA Goddard/Mary Pat Hrybyk-Keith; NASA Goddard’s Conceptual Image Lab/Josh Masters", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 326927, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12901/#media_group_326927", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "GIF optimized for Twitter
Just as gravity is one key to how things move on Earth, a process called magnetic reconnection is key to how electrically-charged particles speed through space. Scientists have observed this phenomenon many times in Earth’s vast magnetic environment, the magnetosphere.
Credit: NASA Goddard's Conceptual Image Lab", "items": [ { "id": 248785, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 405590, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012900/a012901/MagneticReconnectionMagnetosphere.gif", "filename": "MagneticReconnectionMagnetosphere.gif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "GIF optimized for TwitterJust as gravity is one key to how things move on Earth, a process called magnetic reconnection is key to how electrically-charged particles speed through space. Scientists have observed this phenomenon many times in Earth’s vast magnetic environment, the magnetosphere.Credit: NASA Goddard's Conceptual Image Lab", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 326928, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12901/#media_group_326928", "widget": "Basic text", "title": "For More Information", "caption": "", "description": "See the following sources:\n\n* [Nature Paper](http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0091-5)\n* [NASA.gov Feature](https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/nasa-spacecraft-discovers-new-magnetic-process-in-turbulent-space)", "items": [], "extra_data": {} } ], "studio": "gms", "funding_sources": [ "PAO" ], "credits": [ { "role": "Scientist", "people": [ { "name": "Tai Phan", "employer": "University of California at Berkeley" }, { "name": "James Drake", "employer": "University of Maryland" }, { "name": "Michael Shay", "employer": "University of Delaware" }, { "name": "Jonathan Eastwood", "employer": "Imperial College London" } ] }, { "role": "Producer", "people": [ { "name": "Joy Ng", "employer": "USRA" } ] }, { "role": "Writer", "people": [ { "name": "Mara Johnson-Groh", "employer": "Wyle Information Systems" } ] }, { "role": "Data visualizer", "people": [ { "name": "Tom Bridgman", "employer": "Global Science and Technology, Inc." } ] }, { "role": "Animator", "people": [ { "name": "Lisa Poje", "employer": "Freelance" }, { "name": "Josh Masters", "employer": "USRA" }, { "name": "Walt Feimer", "employer": "KBR Wyle Services, LLC" }, { "name": "Brian Monroe", "employer": "USRA" }, { "name": "Joy Ng", "employer": "USRA" } ] }, { "role": "Graphic designer", "people": [ { "name": "Mary P. Hrybyk-Keith", "employer": "TRAX International" } ] }, { "role": "Visualizer", "people": [ { "name": "Colby Haggerty", "employer": "University of Chicago" }, { "name": "Ashley Michini", "employer": "University of Pennsylvania" }, { "name": "Tulasi Parashar", "employer": "University of Delaware" } ] }, { "role": "Technical support", "people": [ { "name": "Aaron E. Lepsch", "employer": "ADNET Systems, Inc." } ] } ], "missions": [ "Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS)" ], "series": [ "MMS", "Narrated Movies" ], "tapes": [], "papers": [], "datasets": [], "nasa_science_categories": [ "Sun" ], "keywords": [ "Electron Magnetic Reconnection", "HDTV", "Magnetic Reconnection", "Magnetosheath", "Magnetosphere", "MMS" ], "recommended_pages": [], "related": [ { "id": 14805, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14805/", "page_type": "Animation", "title": "TRACERS Spacecraft Beauty Passes", "description": "The TRACERS, or the Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites, mission will help scientists understand an explosive process called magnetic reconnection and its effects in Earth’s atmosphere. Magnetic reconnection occurs when magnetic fields and particles from the Sun interact with Earth’s magnetic field. By understanding this process, scientists will be able to better understand and prepare for impacts of solar activity on Earth, such as auroras and disruptions to telecommunications.Learn more about the mission: https://science.nasa.gov/mission/tracers/ || ", "release_date": "2025-03-24T12:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2025-06-03T12:24:37-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 1154340, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014800/a014805/TRACERSbeauty_Iowa_4K_ProRes.00001_print.jpg", "filename": "TRACERSbeauty_Iowa_4K_ProRes.00001_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Beauty Pass – 4KCredit: University of Iowa / Andy Kale", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ], "sources": [ { "id": 4639, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4639/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "MMS Sees a New Type of Reconnection", "description": "The Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission consists of four identical satellites that traverse various regions of Earth's magnetosphere measuring the particles and electric and magnetic field which influence them.In the turbulent plasma between Earth's magnetopause and bow shock, a region called the magnetosheath, the MMS satellite constellation has measured multiple jets of energetic electrons between magnetic bubbles. This appears to be a new 'flavor' of magnetic reconnection based on electrons and occuring on smaller time and spatial scales than the standard model of magnetic reconnection with ions.In these data visualizations, the arrows represent the data collected by the spacecraft. To better comprehend changes as the spacecraft moves along, the data are allowed to 'echo' along the spacecraft trail. The length of the vectors represent the relative magnitude of the vector. However, the electron and proton vectors are scaled so equal velocities correspond to vectors of equal magnitude.Magenta represents the direction and magnitude of the magnetic field at the spacecraft position.Green represents the direction and magnitude of the net electric current created by the motion of the electrons and ions measured at the spacecraft position.The four MMS spacecraft are represented by colored spheres, corresponding to the plotted data lines in the lower graphicMMS1MMS2MMS3MMS4The clocks on MMS are synchronized for the TAI (International Atomic Time) system provided through the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. It provides a high-precision time reference for comparing MMS measurements to other datasets. || ", "release_date": "2018-05-09T13:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2025-01-06T00:12:51.453633-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 404491, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004600/a004639/PhanNewReconnect_Fly2Pursuit2Drift_Dec09DataShort_RE_MMS.slate_CRTT.HD1080i.3000_print.jpg", "filename": "PhanNewReconnect_Fly2Pursuit2Drift_Dec09DataShort_RE_MMS.slate_CRTT.HD1080i.3000_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "From a wide view of the MMS orbit, this visualization zooms down to the four spacecraft as they move between the magnetopause and bow shock. Along the track of each spacecraft we see the measured magnetic field vectors (magenta arrows) and the measured current vectors (green arrows). The energetic event of interest occurs at clock time of 09:03:54.3 TAI.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 20237, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20237/", "page_type": "Animation", "title": "Beyond Earth - Earth's Geomagnetic Activity", "description": "Space is a better vacuum than any we can create on Earth, but it's nonetheless bustling with activity. It overflows with energy, particles and a complex system of magnetic field lines. This animation shows the busy-ness of near-Earth space, where the magnetic environment around Earth can trap electrons and charged particles. || beyondearth.jpg (1280x720) [261.9 KB] || beyondearth_searchweb.png (320x180) [136.2 KB] || beyondearth_thm.png (80x40) [22.8 KB] || BeyondEarthAnimatedGIFFinal30fpsv02.webm (1920x1080) [4.4 MB] || BeyondEarthAnimatedGIFFinal30fpsv02.mov (1920x1080) [429.8 MB] || BeyondEarthAnimatedGIFFinal60fpsv02.mov (1920x1080) [429.8 MB] || beyond-earth-earths-geomagnetic-activity.hwshow || ", "release_date": "2016-05-12T14:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2025-06-23T00:18:27.866024-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 425632, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a020000/a020200/a020237/beyondearth.jpg", "filename": "beyondearth.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Space is a better vacuum than any we can create on Earth, but it's nonetheless bustling with activity. It overflows with energy, particles and a complex system of magnetic field lines. This animation shows the busy-ness of near-Earth space, where the magnetic environment around Earth can trap electrons and charged particles.", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } }, { "id": 20210, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20210/", "page_type": "Animation", "title": "MMS Spacecraft Animation", "description": "The Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission is a Solar Terrestrial Probes mission comprising four identically instrumented spacecraft that will use Earth’s magnetosphere as a laboratory to study the microphysics of three fundamental plasma processes: magnetic reconnection, energetic particle acceleration, and turbulence. These processes occur in all astrophysical plasma systems but can be studied in situ only in our solar system and most efficiently only in Earth’s magnetosphere, where they control the dynamics of the geospace environment and play an important role in the processes known as “space weather.”Learn more about MMS at www.nasa.gov/mms || ", "release_date": "2014-03-14T10:30:00-04:00", "update_date": "2025-01-13T00:18:48.835899-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 457344, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a020000/a020200/a020210/MMS_Solo00600.jpg", "filename": "MMS_Solo00600.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "MMS beauty pass showing 4 observatories on the dayside.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 10623, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10623/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Rebounding Plasma Flows in the Inner Magnetosphere", "description": "Substorms send jets of plasma careening Earthward at speeds near 600,000 miles/hour. Researchers comparing multipoint THEMIS spacecraft observations with the predictions of numerical simulations have determined the width of one such jet and determined what happened to it when it encountered the strong magnetic fields within the inner magnetosphere. Plasma jets with the width of the Earth slam into the inner magnetosphere, generating vortices with opposite senses of rotation that appear and disappear on either side of the plasma jet. These vortices become sources of field-aligned electrical currents that flow down to the Earth's ionosphere, where they generate auroral brightenings and intense magnetic field disturbances. After striking the inner magnetospheric magnetic field, the plasma jet itself bounces back and forth, losing energy each time it encounters the magnetic field, and continuing to oscillate until the flow energy is dissipated in the form of plasma heating. || ", "release_date": "2010-07-29T00:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2024-12-27T12:59:17.449775-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 491009, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a010600/a010623/ReconBounce1322.01202_print.jpg", "filename": "ReconBounce1322.01202_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Reconnection bounce animation", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 20101, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20101/", "page_type": "Animation", "title": "Magnetic Reconnection 2", "description": "This is an update to an older magnetic reconnection animation (10072). The ionized wind from the Sun generates reconnection in the Earth's magnetic field. Particles leak in from the rediation belts producing the auroras. || ", "release_date": "2007-04-06T00:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:55:43.540777-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 508929, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a020000/a020100/a020101/reconL090500897_print.jpg", "filename": "reconL090500897_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "3-D Anaglyph Reconnection animation", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ], "products": [ { "id": 14392, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14392/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Introducing the Heliophysics Big Year", "description": "In October 2023, NASA is launching the Heliophysics Big Year – a global celebration of solar science and the Sun’s influence on Earth, our solar system, and beyond. Modeled after the “Big Year” concept from citizen scientists in the bird-watching community, the Heliophysics Big Year challenges everyone to get involved with Sun-related activities. The Heliophysics Big Year begins in October 2023 and runs through December 2024. || ", "release_date": "2023-08-08T08:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-08-04T15:35:00.323295-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 857262, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014392/14392_Thumbnail.jpg", "filename": "14392_Thumbnail.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight CenterWatch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.Music: “Nanofiber” by Andrew Michael Britton [PRS], David Stephen Goldsmith [PRS]; “Climbing the Ladder” by Jose Tomas Novoa Espinosa [BMI] via Universal Production MusicComplete transcript available.", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } }, { "id": 14299, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14299/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "What is Plasma?", "description": "Plasma makes up 99.9% of the visible universe, but what is it? This video discusses what plasma is, where it lives, and how NASA studies it. || ", "release_date": "2023-03-10T10:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T11:43:40.616712-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 765272, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014200/a014299/14299_PlasmaMMS_YouTube.00420_print.jpg", "filename": "14299_PlasmaMMS_YouTube.00420_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Complete transcript available.Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterMusic credit: “Artificial Intelligence” by Matteo Pagamici [SUISA], Max Molling [SUISA] via Universal Production Music", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ], "newer_versions": [], "older_versions": [], "alternate_versions": [] }