Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.
Music provided by Killer Tracks: \"Particle Waves,\" \"Odyssey,\" \"Solaris,\" \"Expansive,\"
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"alt_text": "Since arriving at Saturn in 2004, Cassini has used its Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) to study the ringed planet and its moons in heat radiation. Complete transcript available.Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.Music provided by Killer Tracks: \"Particle Waves,\" \"Odyssey,\" \"Solaris,\" \"Expansive,\"\"Horizon Ahead,\" \"Ion Bridge,\" \"Outer Space\"",
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"description": "The Cassini-Huygens mission arrived at Saturn in 2004, beginning an epic thirteen-year tour of the ringed planet and its many moons. Cassini and its companion probe, Huygens, were an international collaboration between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA). Cassini carried an impressive array of scientific instruments, including the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) built at Goddard Space Flight Center. By studying the Saturn system in heat radiation, CIRS observed hot spots in a giant Saturn storm, discovered a new hydrocarbon in Titan's smoggy atmosphere, found unexpected surface heating on Mimas and Tethys, and even detected evidence of a liquid water ocean under the icy shell of Enceladus. This video explores Cassini CIRS' greatest hits, as told by instrument team members Michael Flasar, Conor Nixon, and Carrie Anderson. Learn more about the CIRS instrument and team.",
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"description": "\"Directors Cut\" version with extended intro and conclusion. Complete transcript available.
Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.
Music provided by Killer Tracks: \"Journey in the Milky Way,\" \"Odyssey,\" \"Solaris,\" \"Expansive,\" \"Horizon Ahead,\" \"Ion Bridge,\" \"Outer Space\"", "items": [ { "id": 255742, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 411305, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012700/a012709/CassiniCIRSpreviewLong.jpg", "filename": "CassiniCIRSpreviewLong.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "\"Directors Cut\" version with extended intro and conclusion. Complete transcript available.Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.Music provided by Killer Tracks: \"Journey in the Milky Way,\" \"Odyssey,\" \"Solaris,\" \"Expansive,\" \"Horizon Ahead,\" \"Ion Bridge,\" \"Outer Space\"", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 255740, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 411303, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012700/a012709/12709_Cassini_CIRS_Long_TWTR.mp4", "filename": "12709_Cassini_CIRS_Long_TWTR.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "\"Directors Cut\" version with extended intro and conclusion. Complete transcript available.Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.Music provided by Killer Tracks: \"Journey in the Milky Way,\" \"Odyssey,\" \"Solaris,\" \"Expansive,\" \"Horizon Ahead,\" \"Ion Bridge,\" \"Outer Space\"", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } }, { "id": 255741, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 411306, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012700/a012709/WEBM-12709_Cassini_CIRS_Long_APR.webm", "filename": "WEBM-12709_Cassini_CIRS_Long_APR.webm", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "\"Directors Cut\" version with extended intro and conclusion. Complete transcript available.Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.Music provided by Killer Tracks: \"Journey in the Milky Way,\" \"Odyssey,\" \"Solaris,\" \"Expansive,\" \"Horizon Ahead,\" \"Ion Bridge,\" \"Outer Space\"", "width": 960, "height": 540, "pixels": 518400 } }, { "id": 255739, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 411302, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012700/a012709/12709_Cassini_CIRS_Long_FB.mp4", "filename": "12709_Cassini_CIRS_Long_FB.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "\"Directors Cut\" version with extended intro and conclusion. Complete transcript available.Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.Music provided by Killer Tracks: \"Journey in the Milky Way,\" \"Odyssey,\" \"Solaris,\" \"Expansive,\" \"Horizon Ahead,\" \"Ion Bridge,\" \"Outer Space\"", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } }, { "id": 255743, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 851547, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012700/a012709/12709_Cassini_CIRS_Long_YT_Output.en_US.srt", "filename": "12709_Cassini_CIRS_Long_YT_Output.en_US.srt", "media_type": "Captions", "alt_text": "\"Directors Cut\" version with extended intro and conclusion. Complete transcript available.Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.Music provided by Killer Tracks: \"Journey in the Milky Way,\" \"Odyssey,\" \"Solaris,\" \"Expansive,\" \"Horizon Ahead,\" \"Ion Bridge,\" \"Outer Space\"", "label": "English", "language_code": "en-US" } }, { "id": 255744, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 851548, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012700/a012709/12709_Cassini_CIRS_Long_YT_Output.en_US.vtt", "filename": "12709_Cassini_CIRS_Long_YT_Output.en_US.vtt", "media_type": "Captions", "alt_text": "\"Directors Cut\" version with extended intro and conclusion. Complete transcript available.Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.Music provided by Killer Tracks: \"Journey in the Milky Way,\" \"Odyssey,\" \"Solaris,\" \"Expansive,\" \"Horizon Ahead,\" \"Ion Bridge,\" \"Outer Space\"", "label": "English", "language_code": "en-US" } }, { "id": 255738, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 411304, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012700/a012709/12709_Cassini_CIRS_Long_YT.mp4", "filename": "12709_Cassini_CIRS_Long_YT.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "\"Directors Cut\" version with extended intro and conclusion. Complete transcript available.Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.Music provided by Killer Tracks: \"Journey in the Milky Way,\" \"Odyssey,\" \"Solaris,\" \"Expansive,\" \"Horizon Ahead,\" \"Ion Bridge,\" \"Outer Space\"", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 255737, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 411301, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012700/a012709/12709_Cassini_CIRS_Long_APR.mov", "filename": "12709_Cassini_CIRS_Long_APR.mov", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "\"Directors Cut\" version with extended intro and conclusion. Complete transcript available.Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.Music provided by Killer Tracks: \"Journey in the Milky Way,\" \"Odyssey,\" \"Solaris,\" \"Expansive,\" \"Horizon Ahead,\" \"Ion Bridge,\" \"Outer Space\"", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 329178, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12709/#media_group_329178", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Opening the Cassini CIRS engineering model inside its clean tent at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. This model is a twin of the CIRS instrument on the Cassini spacecraft.", "items": [ { "id": 255745, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 411307, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012700/a012709/Opening_CIRS_Model.png", "filename": "Opening_CIRS_Model.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Opening the Cassini CIRS engineering model inside its clean tent at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. This model is a twin of the CIRS instrument on the Cassini spacecraft.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 255746, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 411308, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012700/a012709/Opnening_CIRS_Model.jpg", "filename": "Opnening_CIRS_Model.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Opening the Cassini CIRS engineering model inside its clean tent at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. 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station, where instrument commands are tested before they are sent to JPL for transmission to the Cassini spacecraft.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 255754, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 411315, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012700/a012709/CIRS_Computer_Station.jpg", "filename": "CIRS_Computer_Station.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The CIRS computer station, where instrument commands are tested before they are sent to JPL for transmission to the Cassini spacecraft.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 329183, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12709/#media_group_329183", "widget": "Basic text", "title": "For More Information", "caption": "", "description": "See [NASA.gov](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html)", "items": [], "extra_data": {} } ], "studio": "gms", "funding_sources": [ "ESE" ], "credits": [ { "role": "Scientist", "people": [ { "name": "Michael Flasar", "employer": "NASA/GSFC" }, { "name": "Conor Nixon", "employer": "NASA/GSFC" }, { "name": "Carrie Anderson", "employer": "NASA/GSFC" } ] }, { "role": "Producer", "people": [ { "name": "Dan Gallagher", "employer": "eMITS" } ] }, { "role": "Editor", "people": [ { "name": "Dan Gallagher", "employer": "USRA" } ] }, { "role": "Science writer", "people": [ { "name": "Elizabeth Zubritsky", "employer": "ADNET Systems, Inc." } ] }, { "role": "Project support", "people": [ { "name": "Marcia Segura", "employer": "University of Maryland" }, { "name": "Aaron E. Lepsch", "employer": "ADNET Systems, Inc." } ] }, { "role": "Videographer", "people": [ { "name": "Rob Andreoli", "employer": "Advocates in Manpower Management, Inc." }, { "name": "John Caldwell", "employer": "Advocates in Manpower Management, Inc." }, { "name": "Katrina Jackson", "employer": "USRA" } ] }, { "role": "Animator", "people": [ { "name": "Michael Lentz", "employer": "USRA" }, { "name": "Chris Smith", "employer": "SLAC" }, { "name": "Chris Meaney", "employer": "KBR Wyle Services, LLC" } ] }, { "role": "Data visualizer", "people": [ { "name": "Tom Bridgman", "employer": "Global Science and Technology, Inc." } ] } ], "missions": [ "Cassini-Huygens" ], "series": [ "Narrated Movies" ], "tapes": [], "papers": [], "datasets": [], "nasa_science_categories": [ "Planets & Moons" ], "keywords": [ "Cassini", "CIRS", "Enceladus", "HDTV", "Heat", "Hydrocarbon", "Infrared", "instrument", "Mimas", "Moons", "Planets", "Propylene", "Radiation", "Saturn", "Science", "Scientist", "Solar System", "Spectrograph", "Spectrometer", "Spectroscopy", "Spectrum", "Storm", "Tethys", "Titan" ], "recommended_pages": [], "related": [ { "id": 20411, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20411/", "page_type": "Animation", "title": "A Pathway to Protocells on Titan – Animations", "description": "These animations illustrate how simple protocells could form in the lakes of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. When rain falls from Titan’s methane clouds into its hydrocarbon lakes, it can transport organic molecules like acrylonitrile that are attracted to both water and oil. Such amphiphile molecules are likely to collect in a thin film on the surface of Titan’s lakes. As large raindrops pelt the lakes, they could stir up this floating “pond scum” to form spherical droplets of methane coated in a bilayer of amphiphiles – structures called vesicles that resemble cell membranes on Earth.Although such vesicles have yet to be detected on Titan, a 2025 study by Christian Mayer and NASA scientist Conor Nixon lays out the process for their formation and evolution, and it proposes a mechanism for their discovery by a future mission to Titan. The paper also proposes that different mixtures of amphiphiles could stabilize vesicles and lead to the evolution of simple protocells on Titan. || ", "release_date": "2026-01-14T10:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2026-01-15T21:08:15.267311-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 1195773, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a020000/a020400/a020411/3-Acrylonitrile-Molecule-Thumbnail_print.jpg", "filename": "3-Acrylonitrile-Molecule-Thumbnail_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Acrylonitrile molecules drift through Titan’s atmosphere. These simple organics could form membrane-like bubbles called “vesicles” within Titan’s lakes.Credit: NASA Goddard/CI Lab", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 14843, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14843/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Webb Spies Rain Clouds, New Molecule on Titan", "description": "NASA’s Webb Telescope has discovered a new molecule in Titan’s atmosphere – one that may have implications for the future of this surprisingly Earthlike world.Complete transcript available.Universal Production Music: “Barfuß Durch Die Stadt” by Edgar Möller [GEMA] and Lucia Wilke [GEMA]; “Into the Void” by Gage Boozan [ASCAP]; “Pulse of Progress” by Emma Zarobyan [SOCAN]; “Playing With The Narrative” by Cathleen Flynn [ASCAP] and Micah Barnes [BMI]; “Back From The Brink” by Daniel Gunnar Louis Trachtenberg [PRS]Watch this video on the James Webb Space Telescope YouTube channel. || Webb_Titan_Climate_Thumbnail_print.jpg (1024x576) [189.4 KB] || Webb_Titan_Climate_Thumbnail.jpg (1280x720) [872.3 KB] || Webb_Titan_Climate_Thumbnail.png (1280x720) [1.3 MB] || Webb_Titan_Climate_Thumbnail_searchweb.png (320x180) [88.6 KB] || Webb_Titan_Climate_Thumbnail_thm.png [6.7 KB] || 14843_Webb_Titan_Climate_720.mp4 (1280x720) [77.0 MB] || 14843_Webb_Titan_Climate_1080.mp4 (1920x1080) [431.4 MB] || WebbTitanClimate.en_US.srt [7.3 KB] || WebbTitanClimate.en_US.vtt [6.9 KB] || 14843_Webb_Titan_Climate_4K.mp4 (3840x2160) [4.9 GB] || 14843_Webb_Titan_Climate_ProRes.mov (3840x2160) [29.0 GB] || ", "release_date": "2025-05-14T08:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2025-05-13T19:37:57.647758-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 1155076, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014800/a014843/Webb_Titan_Climate_Thumbnail.jpg", "filename": "Webb_Titan_Climate_Thumbnail.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "NASA’s Webb Telescope has discovered a new molecule in Titan’s atmosphere – one that may have implications for the future of this surprisingly Earthlike world.Complete transcript available.Universal Production Music: “Barfuß Durch Die Stadt” by Edgar Möller [GEMA] and Lucia Wilke [GEMA]; “Into the Void” by Gage Boozan [ASCAP]; “Pulse of Progress” by Emma Zarobyan [SOCAN]; “Playing With The Narrative” by Cathleen Flynn [ASCAP] and Micah Barnes [BMI]; “Back From The Brink” by Daniel Gunnar Louis Trachtenberg [PRS]Watch this video on the James Webb Space Telescope YouTube channel.", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } }, { "id": 14162, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14162/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Saturn Through the Veil of Enceladus – Artist’s Concept", "description": "Artist’s concept of Saturn and its icy moons Enceladus (foreground), Titan (large crescent at upper left), and Rhea (small crescent). Based on imagery from the Cassini spacecraft. || SaturnMoonsConceptArt_print.jpg (1024x460) [68.0 KB] || SaturnMoonsConceptArt.png (4800x2160) [6.3 MB] || SaturnMoonsConceptArt.jpg (4800x2160) [502.7 KB] || SaturnMoonsConceptArt_searchweb.png (320x180) [61.1 KB] || SaturnMoonsConceptArt_thm.png (80x40) [4.9 KB] || ", "release_date": "2022-05-19T15:30:00-04:00", "update_date": "2025-01-06T11:44:10.846094-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 371100, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014162/SaturnMoonsConceptArt_print.jpg", "filename": "SaturnMoonsConceptArt_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Artist’s concept of Saturn and its icy moons Enceladus (foreground), Titan (large crescent at upper left), and Rhea (small crescent). Based on imagery from the Cassini spacecraft.", "width": 1024, "height": 460, "pixels": 471040 } }, { "id": 13693, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13693/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Ocean Worlds: The Search for Life", "description": "NASA scientists discuss the search for life on the ocean worlds of our solar system and beyond.Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.Universal Production Music: “Superluminal” by Lee Groves and Peter George Marett; “Earthrise,” “Prism Lights,” and “Uncertain Ahead” by Ben Niblett and Jon Cotton; “Infinite Sky” and “Human Architecture” by Andy Blythe and Marten Joustra; “Imagine If” by Paul WernerComplete transcript available. || 13693OceanWorldsThumbnail2_print.jpg (1024x576) [269.6 KB] || 13693OceanWorldsThumbnail2.jpg (1920x1080) [763.8 KB] || 13693OceanWorldsThumbnail2_searchweb.png (180x320) [88.2 KB] || 13693OceanWorldsThumbnail2_thm.png (80x40) [7.9 KB] || 13693_Ocean_Worlds_GSFC_YouTube.webm (1920x1080) [103.5 MB] || 13693OceanWorldsCaptionsV3.en_US.srt [19.9 KB] || 13693OceanWorldsCaptionsV3.en_US.vtt [19.0 KB] || 13693_Ocean_Worlds_GSFC_Facebook.mp4 (1920x1080) [1.1 GB] || 13693_Ocean_Worlds_GSFC_YouTube.mp4 (1920x1080) [2.9 GB] || 13693_Ocean_Worlds_GSFC_MASTER.mov (1920x1080) [11.8 GB] || ", "release_date": "2020-08-17T00:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2024-01-31T18:57:24-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 383309, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013600/a013693/13693OceanWorldsThumbnail2.jpg", "filename": "13693OceanWorldsThumbnail2.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "NASA scientists discuss the search for life on the ocean worlds of our solar system and beyond.Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.Universal Production Music: “Superluminal” by Lee Groves and Peter George Marett; “Earthrise,” “Prism Lights,” and “Uncertain Ahead” by Ben Niblett and Jon Cotton; “Infinite Sky” and “Human Architecture” by Andy Blythe and Marten Joustra; “Imagine If” by Paul WernerComplete transcript available.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 12714, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12714/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Goddard Team Reflects on 20 Years of Cassini", "description": "The people behind Cassini's Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) reflect on their years-long experience working with their team - relationships formed, children born, challenges conquered, and their feelings as the Cassini mission comes to an end. CIRS was built and is operated at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Cassini is making its final dive into Saturn on September 15, 2017.Read the web feature on nasa.gov. || ", "release_date": "2017-09-14T00:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:47:22.446097-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 411228, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012700/a012714/cirs_thumbnail.png", "filename": "cirs_thumbnail.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Music credits:Ion Bridge by Ben Niblett [PRS] and Jon Cotton [PRS]; Atmosphere Music Ltc PRS; Killer Tracks Production Music.Tango Seduction by Brice Davoli [SACEM]; Koka Media SACEM, Universal Publiching Production Music (France) SACEM; Killer Tracks Production Music.Sparks by Ben Niblett [PRS] and Jon Cotton [PRS]; Atmosphere Music Ltd PRS; Killer Tracks Production Music.Espix by Mathieu Tiger [SACEM]; KTSA Publishing SACEM; Gum Tapes; Killer Tracks Production Music.Moving South by Chris Constantinou [PRS] and Paul Frazer [PRS]; Killer Tracks BMI; Killer Tracks Production Music.Waiting for the Morning by Jay Price [PRS]; Atmosphere Music Ltd PRS; Volta Music; Killer Tracks Production Music.Aega by Ervin Trofimov [SACEM]; KTSA Publishing SACEM; Gum Tapes; Killer Tracks Production Music.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 11339, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11339/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Propylene on Titan", "description": "With a thick atmosphere, clouds, a rain cycle and giant lakes, Saturn's large moon Titan is a surprisingly Earthlike place. But unlike on Earth, Titan's surface is far too cold for liquid water - instead, Titan's clouds, rain, and lakes consist of liquid hydrocarbons like methane and ethane (which exist as gases here on Earth). When these hydrocarbons evaporate and encounter ultraviolet radiation in Titan's upper atmosphere, some of the molecules are broken apart and reassembled into longer hydrocarbons like ethylene and propane.NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft first revealed the presence of several species of atmospheric hydrocarbons when it flew by Titan in 1980, but one molecule was curiously missing - propylene, the main ingredient in plastic number 5. Now, thanks to NASA's Cassini spacecraft, scientists have detected propylene on Titan for the first time, solving a long-standing mystery about the solar system's most Earthlike moon. || ", "release_date": "2013-09-30T12:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2025-01-06T12:01:05.570789-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 462972, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011300/a011339/G2013-074_Propy_Titan_MASTER_youtube_hq00502_print.jpg", "filename": "G2013-074_Propy_Titan_MASTER_youtube_hq00502_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "NASA Planetary Scientist Conor Nixon explains his discovery of propylene on Titan, Saturn's largest moon. Scientists have known about the presence of atmospheric hydrocarbons on Titan since Voyager 1 flew by in 1980, but one molecule, propylene, was curiously missing. Now, thanks to new data from NASA's Cassini spacecraft, propylene has been detected for the first time on Titan.For complete transcript, click here.Watch this video on the NASAexplorer YouTube channel.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 11038, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11038/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Saturn's Record-Setting Storm", "description": "NASA scientist Brigette Hesman discusses extreme temperature changes in Saturn's 2010 Great White Spot. || ", "release_date": "2012-10-25T09:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:52:40.753340-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 472202, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011000/a011038/G2012-080_Saturn_Storm_MASTER_youtube_hq.03727_print.jpg", "filename": "G2012-080_Saturn_Storm_MASTER_youtube_hq.03727_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Saturn's 2010 Great White Spot storm has set a new record for the largest temperature change ever detected on the ringed planet. By studying the monstrous disturbance using NASA's Cassini spacecraft, researchers spotted a massive belch of energy that sent temperatures soaring to an unprecedented 150 degrees Fahrenheit above normal in Saturn's stratosphere, accompanied by an enormous release of ethylene gas.For complete transcript, click here.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ], "sources": [ { "id": 4665, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4665/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Saturn's Magnetosphere", "description": "A basic view of Saturn's magnetosphere. || Saturn_SaturnBasic_Dayside.slate_BaseRig.HD1080i.1500_print.jpg (1024x576) [186.2 KB] || Saturn_SaturnBasic_Dayside.slate_BaseRig.HD1080i.1500_searchweb.png (320x180) [107.8 KB] || Saturn_SaturnBasic_Dayside.slate_BaseRig.HD1080i.1500_thm.png (80x40) [7.1 KB] || SaturnBasic-noglyph (1920x1080) [0 Item(s)] || Saturn_SaturnBasic_Dayside.HD1080i_p30.webm (1920x1080) [22.1 MB] || Saturn_SaturnBasic_Dayside.HD1080i_p30.mp4 (1920x1080) [365.5 MB] || SaturnBasic-noglyph (3840x2160) [0 Item(s)] || Saturn_SaturnBasic_Dayside_2160p30.mp4 (3840x2160) [938.9 MB] || Saturn_SaturnBasic_Dayside.HD1080i_p30.mp4.hwshow || ", "release_date": "2018-07-27T00:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2025-06-23T00:09:00.427394-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 458762, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004600/a004665/Saturn_SaturnBasic_Dayside.slate_BaseRig.HD1080i.1500_print.jpg", "filename": "Saturn_SaturnBasic_Dayside.slate_BaseRig.HD1080i.1500_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A basic view of Saturn's magnetosphere.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 4143, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4143/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Saturn's Magnetosphere", "description": "Earth's magnetic field creates a 'bubble' around Earth that helps protect our planet from some of the more harmful effects of energetic particles streaming out from the sun in the solar wind. Some of the earliest hints of this interaction go back to the 1850s with the work of Richard Carrington, and in the early 1900s with the work of Kristian Birkeland and Carl Stormer. That this field might form a type of 'bubble' around Earth was hypothesized by Sidney Chapman and Vincent Ferraro in the 1930s. The term 'magnetosphere' was applied to magnetic bubble by Thomas Gold in 1959. But it wasn't until the Space Age, when we sent the first probes to other planets, that we found clear evidence of their magnetic fields (though there were hints of a magnetic field for Jupiter in the 1950s, due to observations from radio telescopes). The Voyager program , two spacecraft launched in 1977, and successors to the Pioneer 10 and 11 missions, completed flybys of the giant outer planets. They became the implementation of the 'Grand Tour' of the outer planets originally proposed in the late 1960s. The Voyagers provided some of the first detailed measurments of the strength, extent and diversity of the magnetospheres of the outer planets.In these visualizations, we present simplified models of these planetary magnetospheres, designed to illustrate their scale, and basic features of their structure and impacts of the magnetic axes offset from the planetary rotation axes. For these visualizations, the magnetic field structure is represented by gold/copper lines. Some additional glyphs are provided to indicate some key directions in the field model.The Yellow arrow points towards the sun. The magnetotail is pointed in the opposite direction.The Cyan arrow represents the magnetic axis, usually tilted relative to the rotation axis. The arrow indicates the NORTH magnetic pole (convention has field lines moving north to south as the north pole of bar magnet (and compass pointer) points to the south magnetic pole).The Blue arrow represents the north rotation axis. It is part of the 3-D axis glyph (red, green, and blue arrows) included to make the planetary rotation more apparent.The semi-transparent grey mesh in the distance represents the boundary of the magnetosphere.Major satellites of the planetary system are also included. When appropriate for the time window of the visualization, the Voyager flyby trajectories are indicated.The models are constructed by combining the fields of a simple magnetic dipole, a current sheet (whose intensity is tuned match the scale of the magnetotail), and occasionally a ring current. This is a variation of the simple Luhmann-Friesen magnetosphere model. They are meant to be representative of the basic characteristics of the planetary magnetic fields. Some features NOT included are longitudes of magnetic poles to a standard planetary coordinate system and offsets of the dipole center from the planetary center. ReferencesT. Gold, Motions in the Magnetosphere of the EarthLuhmann & Friesen, A simple model of the magnetosphereLASP: Polarity of planetary magnetic fieldsWikipedia: The Solar Storm of 1859Wikipedia: Kristian BirkelandWikipedia: Carl StørmerSpecial thanks to Arik Posner (NASA/HQ) and Gina DiBraccio (UMBC/GSFC) for helpful pointers on orientation of planetary rotation and magnetic axes. || ", "release_date": "2017-07-12T10:01:00-04:00", "update_date": "2025-06-23T00:04:38.521535-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 458659, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004100/a004143/Saturn_SaturnBasic_Dayside.slate_BaseRig.HD1080i.1500_print.jpg", "filename": "Saturn_SaturnBasic_Dayside.slate_BaseRig.HD1080i.1500_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A basic view of Saturn's magnetosphere.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ], "products": [], "newer_versions": [], "older_versions": [], "alternate_versions": [] }