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It orbits above the upper atmosphere, through the bottom edge of near-Earth space. From this vantage point, ICON observes both the upper atmosphere and a layer of charged particles called the ionosphere, which extends from about 50 to 360 miles above the surface of Earth. Processes in the ionosphere also create bright swaths of color in the sky, known as airglow. ICON will observe how interactions between Earth's weather and the ionosphere create such shimmering airglow as well as other changes in the space environment.


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ICON launches on a Northrop Grumman Pegasus XL rocket, which is carried aloft by the Stargazer L-1011 aircraft.Join NASA on a behind-the-scenes tour of this plane, once a jet airliner and now uniquely retrofitted to boost spacecraft into low-Earth orbit. Learn about ICON’s science and meet the people — including an engineer, technician, and pilot — who will help launch the spacecraft into orbit.Learn more at: nasa.gov/icon || ", "release_date": "2018-11-06T03:30:00-05:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:46:18.183282-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 399329, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013100/a013106/L1011PlaneTour_Final.00403_print.jpg", "filename": "L1011PlaneTour_Final.00403_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Complete transcript available.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 12902, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12902/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "The Secrets behind Earth’s Multi-colored Glow", "description": "What does our planet look like from space? Most are familiar with the beloved images of the blue marble or pale blue dot — Earth from 18,000 and 3.7 billion miles away, respectively. But closer to home, within the nearest region of space, you might encounter an unfamiliar sight. If you peer down on Earth from just 300 miles above the surface, near the orbit of the International Space Station, you can see vibrant swaths of red and green or purple and yellow light emanating from the upper atmosphere. This is airglow. Airglow occurs when atoms and molecules in the upper atmosphere, excited by sunlight, emit light in order to shed their excess energy. Or, it can happen when atoms and molecules that have been ionized by sunlight collide with and capture a free electron. In both cases, they eject a particle of light — called a photon — in order to relax again. The phenomenon is similar to auroras, but where auroras are driven by high-energy particles originating from the solar wind, airglow is energized by day-to-day solar radiation. || ", "release_date": "2018-10-22T10:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:46:19.257214-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 405598, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012900/a012902/12902_Airglow_VX-919658_large.00320_print.jpg", "filename": "12902_Airglow_VX-919658_large.00320_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Music: \"Nature Daydream\" by Laurent Dury [SACEM], \"Grape Picking\" by Laurent Dury [SACEM] from Killer TracksComplete transcript available.Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 12974, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12974/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "ICON's Launch Site", "description": "The Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, will study the frontier of space: the dynamic zone high in our atmosphere where Earth weather and space weather meet. In fall 2018, the mission launches on an Northrop Grumman (formerly Orbital ATK) Pegasus XL rocket from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. || ", "release_date": "2018-10-21T12:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:46:19.384082-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 403195, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012900/a012974/CapeCanaveralAirForceStationnolabels.00001_print.jpg", "filename": "CapeCanaveralAirForceStationnolabels.00001_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "An animation zooming into ICON's launch site at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Cap Canaveral, Florida with no location labels.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 12971, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12971/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Unboxing a New NASA Spacecraft", "description": "Go behind the scenes as we unbox NASA’s Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, after its arrival at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. Northrop Grumman engineer Steve Turek and NASA EDGE’s Chris Giersch walk us through the whole process of unboxing a spacecraft – from the instrument that records every tiny bump on its journey to the special crane used to lift the spacecraft to its new home.ICON launches in fall 2018 from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida to study Earth’s interface to space. 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