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On Oct. 14, 2014, a CME left the Sun, as measured by spacecraft that watch for CMEs from afar using an instrument called a coronagraph. From there, the CME washed over spacecraft throughout the inner solar system – including by Curiosity on Mars, near comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, and out to Saturn. This wealth of data is a boon for scientists working on space science simulations. At NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, scientists work to validate, host, and improve such simulations, and this new information provides the most comprehensive look to date at how the speed of a CME evolves over time.

CMEs like this are common, especially when the Sun is in an active phase, as it was in 2014. This particular CME first caught scientists’ interest because of its interference with another set of observations: the interaction between Comet Siding Spring and the Martian atmosphere.

After scientists realized that comet 67P – and therefore ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft, then orbiting the comet – was lined up to be right in the path of the CME, too, they began hunting for other observations.

This added up to seven direct, confirmed detections of the CME. ESA’s Venus Express also measured the CME indirectly, and two additional NASA spacecraft had probable detections of the CME as well – a few months and then over a year after it burst from the Sun. New Horizons on its way to Pluto very likely observed this same CME in January 2015, and Voyager 2 on the edge of the heliosphere may have observed it in March 2016. 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Understanding and predicting solar eruptions is crucial for safe space exploration. Almost 50 years since those 1972 storms, the data, technology and resources available to NASA have improved, enabling advancements towards space weather forecasts and astronaut protection — key to NASA’s Artemis program to return astronauts to the Moon.", "release_date": "2019-08-07T11:30:00-04:00", "update_date": "2026-02-20T16:18:25.752581-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 393941, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013200/a013275/13275_AstronautRadiation_Twitter.01205_print.jpg", "filename": "13275_AstronautRadiation_Twitter.01205_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.Complete transcript available.Music credits: “Boreal Moment” by Benoit Scarwell [SACEM]; “Sensory Questioning”, “Natural Time Cycles”, “Emerging Designer”, and “Experimental Design” by Laurent Dury [SACEM]; “Superluminal” by Lee Groves [PRS], Peter George Marett [PRS] from Killer Tracks", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ], "newer_versions": [], "older_versions": [], "alternate_versions": [] }