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"description": "A new computer simulation tracking dark matter particles in the extreme gravity of a black hole shows that strong, potentially observable gamma-ray light can be produced. Detecting this emission would provide astronomers with a new tool for understanding both black holes and the nature of dark matter, an elusive substance accounting for most of the mass of the universe that neither reflects, absorbs nor emits light.
Jeremy Schnittman, an astrophysicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, developed a computer simulation to follow the orbits of hundreds of millions of dark matter particles, as well as the gamma rays produced when they collide, in the vicinity of a black hole. He found that some gamma rays escaped with energies far exceeding what had been previously regarded as theoretical limits.
In the simulation, dark matter takes the form of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles, or WIMPS, now widely regarded as the leading candidate class. In this model, WIMPs that crash into other WIMPs mutually annihilate and convert into gamma rays, the most energetic form of light. But these collisions are extremely rare under normal circumstances.
Over the past few years, theorists have turned to black holes as dark matter concentrators, where WIMPs can be forced together in a way that increases both the rate and energies of collisions. The concept is a variant of the Penrose process, first identified in 1969 by British astrophysicist Sir Roger Penrose as a mechanism for extracting energy from a spinning black hole. The faster it spins, the greater the potential energy gain.
In this process, all of the action takes place outside the black hole's event horizon, the boundary beyond which nothing can escape, in a flattened region called the ergosphere. Within the ergosphere, the black hole's rotation drags space-time along with it and everything is forced to move in the same direction at nearly speed of light. This creates a natural laboratory more extreme than any possible on Earth.
Previous work indicated that the maximum gamma-ray energy from the collisional version of the Penrose process was only about 1.3 times the rest mass of the annihilating particles. In addition, only a small portion of high-energy gamma rays managed to escape the ergosphere. These results suggested that a conclusive annihilation signal might never be seen from a supermassive black hole.
However, earlier work made simplifying assumptions about the locations of the highest-energy collisions. Schnittman's model instead tracks the positions and properties of hundreds of millions of randomly distributed particles as they collide and annihilate near a black hole. The new model reveals processes that produce gamma rays with much higher energies, as well as a better likelihood of escape and detection, than ever thought possible. He identified previously unrecognized trajectories where collisions produce gamma rays with a peak energy 14 times the rest mass of the annihilating particles.
The simulation tells astronomers that there is an astrophysically interesting signal they may be able to detect as gamma-ray telescopes improve.",
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Credit: NASA Goddard Scientific Visualization Studio ", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 301644, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 442803, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011800/a011894/DMBH_layered_print.jpg", "filename": "DMBH_layered_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A new computer simulation tracking dark matter particles in the extreme gravity of a black hole shows that strong, potentially observable gamma-ray light can be produced. Detecting this emission would provide astronomers with a new tool for understanding both black holes and the nature of dark matter, an elusive substance accounting for most of the mass of the universe that neither reflects, absorbs nor emits light. \n\nJeremy Schnittman, an astrophysicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, developed a computer simulation to follow the orbits of hundreds of millions of dark matter particles, as well as the gamma rays produced when they collide, in the vicinity of a black hole. He found that some gamma rays escaped with energies far exceeding what had been previously regarded as theoretical limits. \n\nIn the simulation, dark matter takes the form of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles, or WIMPS, now widely regarded as the leading candidate class. In this model, WIMPs that crash into other WIMPs mutually annihilate and convert into gamma rays, the most energetic form of light. 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Redder trails indicate particles more strongly affected by the black hole's gravitation and closer to its event horizon (black sphere at center, mostly hidden by trails). The ergosphere, where all matter and light must follow the black hole's spin, is shown in teal. Credit: NASA Goddard Scientific Visualization Studio ", "width": 7680, "height": 4320, "pixels": 33177600 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 344112, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11894/#media_group_344112", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "This image shows the gamma-ray signal produced in the computer simulation by annihilations of dark matter particles. Lighter colors indicate higher energies. The highest-energy gamma rays originate from the center of the crescent-shaped region at left, closest to the black hole's equator and event horizon. The gamma rays with the greatest chances of escape are produced on the side of the black hole that spins toward us. Such lopsided emission is typical for a rotating black hole.
Credit: NASA Goddard/Jeremy Schnittman", "items": [ { "id": 301647, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 442809, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011800/a011894/img_tot2.png", "filename": "img_tot2.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This image shows the gamma-ray signal produced in the computer simulation by annihilations of dark matter particles. Lighter colors indicate higher energies. The highest-energy gamma rays originate from the center of the crescent-shaped region at left, closest to the black hole's equator and event horizon. The gamma rays with the greatest chances of escape are produced on the side of the black hole that spins toward us. Such lopsided emission is typical for a rotating black hole.Credit: NASA Goddard/Jeremy Schnittman", "width": 2048, "height": 2048, "pixels": 4194304 } }, { "id": 301648, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 442810, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011800/a011894/img_tot2.jpg", "filename": "img_tot2.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This image shows the gamma-ray signal produced in the computer simulation by annihilations of dark matter particles. Lighter colors indicate higher energies. The highest-energy gamma rays originate from the center of the crescent-shaped region at left, closest to the black hole's equator and event horizon. The gamma rays with the greatest chances of escape are produced on the side of the black hole that spins toward us. Such lopsided emission is typical for a rotating black hole.Credit: NASA Goddard/Jeremy Schnittman", "width": 2048, "height": 2048, "pixels": 4194304 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 344113, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11894/#media_group_344113", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Same as above but aligned with the visualization image below.
Credit: NASA Goddard/Jeremy Schnittman", "items": [ { "id": 301650, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 442812, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011800/a011894/DMBH_Gamma_Ray_View2.jpg", "filename": "DMBH_Gamma_Ray_View2.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Same as above but aligned with the visualization image below.Credit: NASA Goddard/Jeremy Schnittman", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 301649, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 442811, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011800/a011894/DMBH_Gamma_Ray_View2.tiff", "filename": "DMBH_Gamma_Ray_View2.tiff", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Same as above but aligned with the visualization image below.Credit: NASA Goddard/Jeremy Schnittman", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 344114, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11894/#media_group_344114", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "A single frame of the visulization previously described. The image is registered with the simulated gamma-ray image above.
Credit: NASA Goddard Scientific Visualization Studio ", "items": [ { "id": 301652, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 442814, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011800/a011894/DMBH_Dark_Matter_View2b.jpg", "filename": "DMBH_Dark_Matter_View2b.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A single frame of the visulization previously described. The image is registered with the simulated gamma-ray image above. Credit: NASA Goddard Scientific Visualization Studio ", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 301653, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 442813, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011800/a011894/DMBH_Dark_Matter_View2b_print.jpg", "filename": "DMBH_Dark_Matter_View2b_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A single frame of the visulization previously described. The image is registered with the simulated gamma-ray image above. Credit: NASA Goddard Scientific Visualization Studio ", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 301651, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 442815, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011800/a011894/DMBH_Dark_Matter_View2b.tiff", "filename": "DMBH_Dark_Matter_View2b.tiff", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "A single frame of the visulization previously described. The image is registered with the simulated gamma-ray image above. Credit: NASA Goddard Scientific Visualization Studio ", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 344115, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11894/#media_group_344115", "widget": "Basic text", "title": "For More Information", "caption": "", "description": "See [http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-simulation-suggests-black-holes-may-make-ideal-dark-matter-labs](http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-simulation-suggests-black-holes-may-make-ideal-dark-matter-labs)", "items": [], "extra_data": {} } ], "studio": "gms", "funding_sources": [ "NASA Astrophysics" ], "credits": [ { "role": "Producer", "people": [ { "name": "Scott Wiessinger", "employer": "USRA" } ] }, { "role": "Writer", "people": [ { "name": "Francis Reddy", "employer": "Syneren Technologies" } ] }, { "role": "Editor", "people": [ { "name": "Scott Wiessinger", "employer": "USRA" } ] }, { "role": "Scientist", "people": [ { "name": "Jeremy Schnittman", "employer": "NASA/GSFC" } ] }, { "role": "Animator", "people": [ { "name": "Tom Bridgman", "employer": "Global Science and Technology, Inc." }, { "name": "Scott Wiessinger", "employer": "USRA" }, { "name": "Chris Meaney", "employer": "HTSI" } ] }, { "role": "Videographer", "people": [ { "name": "Rob Andreoli", "employer": "Advocates in Manpower Management, Inc." }, { "name": "John Caldwell", "employer": "Advocates in Manpower Management, Inc." } ] }, { "role": "Interviewee", "people": [ { "name": "Jeremy Schnittman", "employer": "NASA/GSFC" } ] } ], "missions": [ "Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope" ], "series": [ "Astrophysics Features", "Astrophysics Stills", "Astrophysics Visualizations", "Narrated Movies" ], "tapes": [ "Dark Matter Black Hole (Produced by: Robert Crippen)" ], "papers": [], "datasets": [], "nasa_science_categories": [ "Universe" ], "keywords": [ "Ast", "Astrophysics", "Black Hole", "Dark Matter", "Earth Science", "Fermi", "Gamma Ray", "HDTV", "Simulation", "Space", "Spectral/Engineering", "Supercomputer" ], "recommended_pages": [], "related": [ { "id": 14132, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14132/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Black Hole Week: Black Hole GIFs", "description": "Black Hole WeekThis page provides social media assets used during previous celebrations of Black Hole Week. Join in! Below, you'll find many GIFs to use. || ", "release_date": "2022-04-12T00:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T11:44:14.472149-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 372070, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014100/a014132/BHW_BH_GIF_Thumbnail.jpg", "filename": "BHW_BH_GIF_Thumbnail.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Thumbnail", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } }, { "id": 12907, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12907/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Hubble Views a Galaxy Lacking Dark Matter", "description": "NASA's Hubble Space Telescope took an image of a bizarre, ghostly looking galaxy called NGC 1052-DF2 that astronomers calculate to have little to no dark matter. This is the first galaxy astronomers have discovered to be so lacking in dark matter, which is thought to comprise 85% of our universe's mass.Read the full story at nasa.gov.Download the release images at HubbleSite.org.Find the science paper at nature.com. || ", "release_date": "2018-03-28T12:55:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:46:55.290996-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 405412, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012900/a012907/hubble_galaxy_without_dark_matter_thumbnail.png", "filename": "hubble_galaxy_without_dark_matter_thumbnail.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.Music credit: \"Reborn\" by Maksim Tyutmanov [PRS] and Victoria Beits [PRS]; Atmosphere Music Ltd PRS; Score Addiction; Killer Tracks Production Music", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 4183, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4183/", "page_type": "Visualization", "title": "Capturing Dark Matter with Black Holes", "description": "In this visualization, we plot the trajectories of random-distribution of hypothesized dark matter particles around a maximally-rotating black hole. The particles captured by the hole are seen collecting around the event horizon in the center, the particles experiencing stronger and stronger redshift, respresented by the stronger red coloration of the particle trail.The ergosphere is represented by the bluish oblate spheroid shape around the spherical event horizon. Inside the ergosphere, the distortion of space is so strong that particles must be deflected and carried with the rotation of the black hole. Hence, while the particles are traveling all different directions far from the black hole, we see them carried in the same direction close to the event horizon. || ", "release_date": "2015-06-23T14:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:49:39.719953-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 453747, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004100/a004183/BlackHoleParticlesOblique_inertial.HD1080i.0400_print.jpg", "filename": "BlackHoleParticlesOblique_inertial.HD1080i.0400_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Oblique view of dark matter particles collecting around the black hole. This provides a better view of some of the more complex trajectories near the spin axis.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ], "sources": [], "products": [], "newer_versions": [], "older_versions": [], "alternate_versions": [] }