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    "title": "Arctic Sea Ice Reaches 2014 Minimum Extent",
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            "description": "Sea ice acts as an air conditioner for the planet, reflecting energy from the Sun. On September 17, the Arctic Sea ice reached its minimum extent for 2014  — at 1.94 million square miles (5.02 million square kilometers), it’s the sixth lowest extent of the satellite record.  With warmer temperatures and thinner, less resilient ice, the Arctic sea ice is on a downward trend.<br><br>Here is the <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjwpOWeRZus\">YouTube video</a>.",
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            "description": "See [http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/2014-arctic-sea-ice-minimum-sixth-lowest-on-record/#.VnQjVxorIUE](http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/2014-arctic-sea-ice-minimum-sixth-lowest-on-record/#.VnQjVxorIUE)",
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                    "name": "Trent L. Schindler",
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        "Arctic Sea Ice is still shrinking  (Produced by: Liam Krauss)"
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    "related": [
        {
            "id": 11643,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11643/",
            "page_type": "Produced Video",
            "title": "Shrinking Ice",
            "description": "Arctic sea ice plays an important role in regulating Earth’s climate. The thickness and extent of the sea ice varies over the course of the year due to changes in the amount of incoming energy from the sun. Since the late 1970s, NASA has used satellites and aircraft to monitor the sea ice and create an ongoing record of its health. Observations in recent years show the sea ice is receding to alarmingly low levels during the summer melt season, the time when it reaches a yearly minimum extent. But that’s not all. According to scientists, the Arctic is also losing about 13 percent of its sea ice each decade. If the trend continues, the region could become free of ice in the summer by the end of the century. Watch the video to see the retreat of Arctic sea ice leading up to this year's minimum extent. || ",
            "release_date": "2014-09-25T11:45:00-04:00",
            "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:50:30.864339-04:00",
            "main_image": {
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                "filename": "z-1024.jpg",
                "media_type": "Image",
                "alt_text": "How much longer will sea ice cover the Arctic?",
                "width": 1024,
                "height": 576,
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        },
        {
            "id": 11653,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11653/",
            "page_type": "Produced Video",
            "title": "Instagram: Arctic Sea Ice Minimum 2014",
            "description": "Sea ice acts as an air conditioner for the planet, reflecting energy from the Sun. On September 17, the Arctic sea ice reached its minimum extent for 2014. At 1.94 million square miles (5.02 million square kilometers), it’s the sixth lowest extent of the satellite record.  With warmer temperatures and thinner, less resilient ice, the Arctic sea ice is on a downward trend. || ",
            "release_date": "2014-09-22T06:00:00-04:00",
            "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:50:32.309175-04:00",
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        },
        {
            "id": 11655,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11655/",
            "page_type": "Produced Video",
            "title": "NASA On Air: Arctic Sea Ice Reaches Annual Minimum (9/22/2014)",
            "description": "LEAD: Scientists just announced that the summer melt season has ended in the Arctic Ocean and the summer sea ice area is the 6th lowest on record. 1. This figure remains in line with the 35-year downward melting trend measured by NASA satellites.2. The Arctic Ocean is losing about 13% each decade, with individual year variations.3. NASA is currently flying a C-130 to extend the research on how the heat and moisture from  ice-free open Arctic Ocean may affect extreme weather patterns over the U.S.TAG: Details on the floating Antarctic winter sea ice are due soon. || WC_ArcticSeaIceMin-1920-MASTER_iPad_1920x0180.00527_print.jpg (1024x576) [147.7 KB] || WC_ArcticSeaIceMin-1920-MASTER_iPad_1920x0180_searchweb.png (320x180) [95.4 KB] || WC_ArcticSeaIceMin-1920-MASTER_iPad_1920x0180_web.png (320x180) [95.4 KB] || WC_ArcticSeaIceMin-1920-MASTER_iPad_1920x0180_thm.png (80x40) [6.8 KB] || WC_ArcticSeaIceMin-1920-MASTER_1920x1080.mov (1920x1080) [799.5 MB] || WC_ArcticSeaIceMin-1920-MASTER_1280x720.mov (1280x720) [940.4 MB] || WC_ArcticSeaIceMin-1920-MASTER_NBC_Today.mov (1920x1080) [145.1 MB] || WC_ArcticSeaIceMin-1920-MASTER_WEA_CEN.wmv (1280x720) [9.4 MB] || ASIM_WC.avi (1280x720) [13.6 MB] || WC_ArcticSeaIceMin-1920-MASTER_baron.mp4 (1920x1080) [18.0 MB] || WC_ArcticSeaIceMin-1920-MASTER_prores.mov (1920x1080) [510.4 MB] || WC_ArcticSeaIceMin-1920-MASTER_iPad_960x540.m4v (960x540) [45.0 MB] || WC_ArcticSeaIceMin-1920-MASTER_iPad_1280x720.m4v (1280x720) [72.0 MB] || WC_ArcticSeaIceMin-1920-MASTER_iPad_1920x0180.m4v (1920x1080) [144.3 MB] || WC_ArcticSeaIceMin-1920-MASTER_iPad_960x540.webmhd.webm (960x540) [4.2 MB] || ",
            "release_date": "2014-09-22T06:00:00-04:00",
            "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:50:32.533051-04:00",
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                "alt_text": "LEAD: Scientists just announced that the summer melt season has ended in the Arctic Ocean and the summer sea ice area is the 6th lowest on record. 1. This figure remains in line with the 35-year downward melting trend measured by NASA satellites.2. The Arctic Ocean is losing about 13% each decade, with individual year variations.3. NASA is currently flying a C-130 to extend the research on how the heat and moisture from  ice-free open Arctic Ocean may affect extreme weather patterns over the U.S.TAG: Details on the floating Antarctic winter sea ice are due soon.",
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        },
        {
            "id": 4215,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4215/",
            "page_type": "Visualization",
            "title": "North Polar Sea Ice Minimum, 2014",
            "description": "Sea ice acts as an air conditioner for the planet, reflecting energy from the Sun. On September 17, the Arctic Sea ice reached its minimum extent for 2014 — at 1.94 million square miles (5.02 million square kilometers), it’s the sixth lowest extent of the satellite record. With warmer temperatures and thinner, less resilient ice, the Arctic sea ice is on a downward trend. The red line in the still image indicates the average ice extent over the 30 year period between 1981 and 2011. || ",
            "release_date": "2014-09-22T00:00:00-04:00",
            "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:50:32.662175-04:00",
            "main_image": {
                "id": 451199,
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                "filename": "seaIce_min_2014_still_no_date.jpg",
                "media_type": "Image",
                "alt_text": "Print-resolution still, no date",
                "width": 3840,
                "height": 2160,
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        },
        {
            "id": 4206,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4206/",
            "page_type": "Visualization",
            "title": "Average September Arctic Sea Ice Comparison: 1979 vs 2013",
            "description": "This visualization compares the difference in the area, volume and depth of the average September Arctic sea ice between 1979, shown in blue, and 2013, shown in orange.  The data from these two years has been projected onto a circle to provide for easy visual comparison without altering its area or volume.  The depth is shown as a histogram that is uniform rotationally around the central axis.  Each grid cell of the ground plane is 1,000 kilometers in width, or one million square kilometers per cell.  The depth of the sea ice is measured in meters.This data comes from the Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS).  This system combines real observations of the Arctic sea ice from 1979 through the present with data of the ocean and atmosphere to produce a complete picture of the changes in Arctic Sea ice area, thickness, and volume.  The sharp spike at the center of the visualization represents the very real phenomenon of thick ice ridges formed by ice dynamics.  PIOMAS is more completely described here. || ",
            "release_date": "2014-09-18T09:00:00-04:00",
            "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:50:33.540564-04:00",
            "main_image": {
                "id": 452033,
                "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004206/ave_Sept_sea_ice_1979_2013.1400_print.jpg",
                "filename": "ave_Sept_sea_ice_1979_2013.1400_print.jpg",
                "media_type": "Image",
                "alt_text": "This animation shows the difference in the area, volume and depth of the average September Arctic sea ice between 1979 and 2013.This video is also available on our YouTube channel.",
                "width": 1024,
                "height": 576,
                "pixels": 589824
            }
        },
        {
            "id": 4131,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4131/",
            "page_type": "Visualization",
            "title": "Annual Arctic Sea Ice Minimum 1979-2013 with Area Graph",
            "description": "Satellite-based passive microwave images of the sea ice have provided a reliable tool for continuously monitoring changes in the Arctic ice since 1979. Every summer the Arctic ice cap melts down to what scientists call its \"minimum\" before colder weather begins to cause ice cover to increase. The ice parameters derived from satellite ice concentration data that are most relevant to climate change studies are sea ice extent and sea ice area. This graph displays the area of the minimum sea ice coverage each year from 1979 through 2013. In 2013, the Arctic minimum sea ice covered an area of 4.704 million square kilometers. This visualization shows the expanse of the annual minimum Arctic sea ice for each year from 1979 to 2013 as derived from SSMI data. A semi-transparent graph overlay shows the area in million square kilometers for each year's minimum day. The date shown in the upper right corner indicates the current year being displayed. || ",
            "release_date": "2014-01-24T00:00:00-05:00",
            "update_date": "2025-01-05T22:27:38.139613-05:00",
            "main_image": {
                "id": 469011,
                "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004100/a004131/seaIce_min_with_graph.2369.jpg",
                "filename": "seaIce_min_with_graph.2369.jpg",
                "media_type": "Image",
                "alt_text": "The Earth showing the annual minimum sea ice with a graph overlay showing the annual minimum sea ice area in millions of square kilometers.",
                "width": 1920,
                "height": 1080,
                "pixels": 2073600
            }
        },
        {
            "id": 4135,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4135/",
            "page_type": "Visualization",
            "title": "Five-Year Global Temperature Anomalies from 1880 to 2013",
            "description": "NASA scientists say 2013 tied with 2009 and 2006 for the seventh warmest year since 1880, continuing a long-term trend of rising global temperatures. With the exception of 1998, the 10 warmest years in the 134-year record all have occurred since 2000, with 2010 and 2005 ranking as the warmest years on record.NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York, which analyzes global surface temperatures on an ongoing basis, released an updated report Tuesday on temperatures around the globe in 2013. The comparison shows how Earth continues to experience temperatures warmer than those measured several decades ago.  The average temperature in 2013 was 58.3 degrees Fahrenheit (14.6 degrees Celsius), which is 1.1 °F (0.6 °C) warmer than the mid-20th century baseline. The average global temperature has risen about 1.4 °F (0.8 °C) since 1880, according to the new analysis. Exact rankings for individual years are sensitive to data inputs and analysis methods.\"Long-term trends in surface temperatures are unusual and 2013 adds to the evidence for ongoing climate change,\" GISS climatologist Gavin Schmidt said. \"While one year or one season can be affected by random weather events, this analysis shows the necessity for continued, long-term monitoring.\"Scientists emphasize that weather patterns always will cause fluctuations in average temperatures from year to year, but the continued increases in greenhouse gas levels in Earth's atmosphere are driving a long-term rise in global temperatures. Each successive year will not necessarily be warmer than the year before, but with the current level of greenhouse gas emissions, scientists expect each successive decade to be warmer than the previous.Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that traps heat and plays a major role in controlling changes to Earth's climate. It occurs naturally and also is emitted by the burning of fossil fuels for energy. Driven by increasing man-made emissions, the level of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere presently is higher than at any time in the last 800,000 years. The carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere was about 285 parts per million in 1880, the first year in the GISS temperature record. By 1960, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, measured at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, was about 315 parts per million. This measurement peaked last year at more than 400 parts per million.While the world experienced relatively warm temperatures in 2013, the continental United States experienced the 42nd warmest year on record, according to GISS analysis. For some other countries, such as Australia, 2013 was the hottest year on record.The temperature analysis produced at GISS is compiled from weather data from more than 1,000 meteorological stations around the world, satellite observations of sea-surface temperature, and Antarctic research station measurements, taking into account station history and urban heat island effects. Software is used to calculate the difference between surface temperature in a given month and the average temperature for the same place from 1951 to 1980. This three-decade period functions as a baseline for the analysis. It has been 38 years since the recording of a year of cooler than average temperatures.The GISS temperature record is one of several global temperature analyses, along with those produced by the Met Office Hadley Centre in the United Kingdom and NOAA's National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, N.C. These three primary records use slightly different methods, but overall, their trends show close agreement.Additional commentary on the 2013 temperature anomaly is provided by Dr. James Hansen of Columbia University at: http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/mailings/2014/20140121_Temperature2013.pdfThe GISTEMP analysis website is located at: http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/ || ",
            "release_date": "2014-01-21T00:00:00-05:00",
            "update_date": "2025-02-02T22:13:21.205434-05:00",
            "main_image": {
                "id": 459440,
                "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004100/a004135/GCM2013update_robinson_composite.0790.jpg",
                "filename": "GCM2013update_robinson_composite.0790.jpg",
                "media_type": "Image",
                "alt_text": "This color-coded map in Robinson projection displays a progression of changing global surface temperatures anomalies from 1880 through 2013. Higher than normal temperatures are shown in red and lower then normal temperatures are shown in blue.The final frame represents global temperature anomalies averaged from 2009 through 2013. ",
                "width": 1920,
                "height": 1080,
                "pixels": 2073600
            }
        },
        {
            "id": 10518,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10518/",
            "page_type": "Produced Video",
            "title": "ICESat Spacecraft",
            "description": "Animations of the ICESat spacecraft on orbit || ICESat's collector viewed with Earth reflecting in its lens || icec000100002_print.jpg (1024x576) [47.9 KB] || icec0001_web.png (320x180) [266.4 KB] || icec0001_thm.png (80x40) [15.5 KB] || Collector_1080i.webmhd.webm (960x540) [2.1 MB] || collector (1920x1080) [32.0 KB] || Collector_1080i.m2v (1920x1080) [47.2 MB] || Collector.mp4 (1920x1080) [7.1 MB] || Collector_512x288.m1v (512x288) [3.2 MB] || ",
            "release_date": "2010-01-04T00:00:00-05:00",
            "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:54:25.642041-04:00",
            "main_image": {
                "id": 494743,
                "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a010500/a010518/icec000100002_print.jpg",
                "filename": "icec000100002_print.jpg",
                "media_type": "Image",
                "alt_text": "ICESat's collector viewed with Earth reflecting in its lens",
                "width": 1024,
                "height": 576,
                "pixels": 589824
            }
        },
        {
            "id": 20021,
            "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20021/",
            "page_type": "Animation",
            "title": "Ice Albedo - Global View",
            "description": "This is a conceptual animation showing how polar ice reflects light from the sun. As this ice begins to melt, less sunlight gets reflected into space. It is instead absorbed into the oceans and land, raising the overall temperature, and fueling further melting. || ",
            "release_date": "2003-12-12T12:00:00-05:00",
            "update_date": "2024-10-10T00:17:34.453868-04:00",
            "main_image": {
                "id": 521038,
                "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a020000/a020000/a020021/iceAlglobal030000102_print.jpg",
                "filename": "iceAlglobal030000102_print.jpg",
                "media_type": "Image",
                "alt_text": "This is the high definition version of the Ice Albedo-Global animation MPEG.",
                "width": 1024,
                "height": 586,
                "pixels": 600064
            }
        }
    ],
    "sources": [],
    "products": [],
    "newer_versions": [],
    "older_versions": [],
    "alternate_versions": []
}